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REPORT 



OF THE 



XJ ^- Xj zM I 



Maryland Council of Defense 



TO THE 



Governor 



AND 



General Assembly 



OF 



MARYLAND 




3} 



z■>■^ 
■ 1 




AUS 2S ]920 



PREFACE 

In this report and the reports and letters which accompany 
it will be found an account of the Council's work in Maryland 
during the Great War. Maryland's nearness to Washington 
and its contact with Government life gave it unique experi- 
ence in many angles of the war. Most States lost popu- 
lation due to their young men going into service. Maryland 
furnished 61,839 men, which was more than its quota, 
and yet its war population was far above its normal pop- 
ulation, due to the fact that vast numbers were brought to 
Maryland by forty Government centers and operations and 
by the shipyards, the munition w^orks and other war industries. 
Under the circumstances, Maryland's record in solving the 
problems involved in these new conditions and in meeting every 
call of the Government for service, money or labor was deeply 
gratifying, and, added to all this, was its remarkable achieve- 
ment in materially increasing its agricultural production dur- 
ing the war period, bringing the yields of its farms and gar- 
dens to the highest point known in the history of the State. 

The larger and finer story of Maryland in the war will tell 
of the service of its 60,000 men and women in uniform, of their 
courage and sacrifice on every battle front; but through co- 
operation and personal sacrifice without limit their hoioe folk^ 
were doing all in their power to send them food, supplies and 
support, and to keep their State keyed to the top notch in 
loyalty and production. 

The receipts and expenditures are given in detail, but it 
would be impossible to present in a report the details that 
would cover the entire scope of the Council's work. We found 
that the cost was not the best measure of value; some of the 
finest and most useful undertakings of the Council required 
little expenditure; they were beyond price, because they came 
through the co-operation of the people. 

Some of the best service of the Council was in fwt doing 
things. The Executive Committee spent much time in heading 
off well meant but unwise projects, in preventing duplicatiou 
of work; thus thousands of dollars were saved to the people of 
Maryland. Our office was a clearing-house for people within 
and without the Council's work, and to this office came repre- 



sentatives of every branch of the Government and every war 
undertaking. The Council was, therefore, in touch with all 
war work, and the mass of information tliat was dispensed 
through its headquarters was very large. 

Particular attention is directed to the reports of Mrs. Eliza- 
beth T. Shoemaker, Chairman of the Women's Section; pages 
168 to 212. These present a continuous narrative of the work 
of the Women's Section and it is a very remarkable account of 
notable achievement. During the war the women of Maryland 
rose to new eminence in service and patriotism. Maryland 
never knew anything to equal it; no state anywhere surpassed 
it. To Mrs. Shoemaker we owe a debt of gratitude for her 
arduous labor, her constant assistance and her inspiring leader- 
ship, and to all her associates we make our best acknowledg- 
ments. No one can read the reports of their work without 
realizing that the women of Maryland contributed their full 
share towards winning the war. 

Our Counties did great work, and their chairmen, both 
men and women, deserve large credit. The plan for the history 
of Maryland in the war given in the proceedings of the Execu- 
tive Committee and the General Meeting and in the i-eport of 
the Historical Division, emphasizes the duty of each county to 
put its history in shape as promptly as possible. 

Organizing a State and its people to help the Government 
win a world Avar was new work. It would require many vol- 
umes to tell the full story, to give individual credit in all cases 
where individual credit is due, but, if it can be said that our 
work has been even to a degree successful, it is the people of 
Maryland to whom the credit belongs. They furnished the 
funds, co-operated magnificently and gave to their sons and 
daughters in the service loyal support during the war and a 
glorious welcome home. 

May we not hope that the spirit of unselfishness and mutual 
help will remain with us as the heritage of our war work and 
as an inspiration in our thoughts and deeds as citizens of the 
State that lias done its duty in every war and crisis of the 
nation ! 

This report was printed in a first edition in December, 1019, 
and copies of it were distributed to the Slate officers and mem- 
bers of the General Assembly. It was then held back in order 
that it might include, in a second edition, the history of the 
work of the Council to the day of its dissolution — Juu'^ 30, 
n)LM>. The l>ook wns compiled by Lynn R. Meekins. 



Index 



Page 

COMMISSION OF THE GOVERNOR ii 

PREFACE iii 

INDEX V 

APPENDIX INDEX vii 

TESTIMONIAL PRESENTED TO THE FAMILIES OF MARY- 
LANDERS WFIO LOST THEIR LIVES IN THE SERVICE 

OF THE GOVERNMENT DURING THE WAR viii 

CERTIFICATE FOR COUNCIL WORKERS ix 

LETTER OF GOVERNOR EMERSON C. HARRINGTON, CON- 
TINUING THE LEGAL EXISTENCE OF THE COUNCIL.. x 

LETTER OF GOVERNOR ALBERT C. RITCHIE xi 

LETTER OF SECRETARY NEWTON D. BAKER xii 

REPORT OF THE EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE OF THE MARY- 
LAND COUNCIL OF DEFENSE, 1918 and 1919, FRANCIS 

E. WATERS, CHAIRMAN 9 

Appropriations 9 

Changes in ttie Council 11 

Administration 12 

Audits . . 13 

Report of Treasurer 1^ 

Permanent Assets 14 

Co-operation with the National Council 14 

The Annual Meeting 15 

Military • ■ . . • • 17 

Second Infantry 19 

Military Enrollment 21 

Guarding Waterworks of Baltimore City 21 

Registration Day 22 

Reception of Troops 23 

Camp Meade 27 

Camp Community Work 28 

Caring for Soldiers 31 

Housing Problem .32 

Motor Truck Trains .32 

Bureau of Returning Soldiers, Sailors and War Workers 35 

Protecting the Camp Zone 39 

Ordnance Department 40 

Deserters and Delinquents 40 

Maryland War Board 41 

lyegal Committees 42 

Women's Section ••..•• 43 

American Red Cross 4.5 

Americanization 47 

Food Administration 47 

Fuel Administration 48 

Transportation 49 

Non-War Construction • • • • 51 

Commercial Economy 53 



Page 

Maryland Physicians ^ 

Helping the Navy '^ 

Labor and Employment ^' 

Boys' Working Reserve ^ 

Compulsory Work Bureau ^ 

Rent Profiteering Committee o- 

Educational Committee ^ 

Agricultural : 

Maryland Farms Gained During War 6» 

Value of the College "70 

Farm Labor ^1 

Better Seed for Farmers 73 

Maryland's Notable E}xperiment in Tractors 73 

Increasing and Saving Wheat 74 

Protecting the Sheep 74 

Fighting Bovine Tuberculosis 75 

Fighting Pests and Diseases 75 

Women's Excellent Work 76 

Tribute to the Homemakers 76 

All Helped 77 

Health 77 

Report of Si>ecial Committee 78 

CJommunicable Discards 79 

Influenza Epidemic 79 

Insane Soldiers 79 

Appropriations 80 

To Meet the Scarcity of Nurses 80 

Colored Division 80 

Solicitation of Funds 83 

Communitj' Singing 85 

Community Council 87 

letter of President Wilson to Maryland Chairman 88 

Growth of State Council 89 

The New Field Division 91 

Publications 93 

Historical Division 94 

Testimonials land Memorials 97 

After the Armistice Was Signed 98 

Council Property 100 

Publicity 101 

State Officers ■ • 101 

Recommendations 104 

Conclusion 104 

MARYLAND COUNCIL OF DEFENSE, MEMBERS 106 

COUNTY COMMISSIONS 106 

WOMEN'S SECTION, STATE COMMISSION 108 

WOMEN'S SECTION. COUNTY COMMISSIONS 109 

.10IX)RED DIVISION Ill 

WOMEN'S DEPARTMENT. COLORED DIVISION 118 

REPORT OF THE TREASURER 114 

STATE AUDITOR'S REPORT 116 



APPENDIX INDEX 

Page 

A. — Joint Resolution No. 1, Pledging the Resources of Maryland 139 

B. — Text of Act Creating the Maryland Cbuneil of Defense 139 

C— Act Authorizing the War Loan of $1,000,000 141 

D. — Act providing for the Maryland State Guard 143 

B. — The War Address of Grovernor Emerson C. Harrington 143 

F. — First Report of the Executive Committee July 11, 1917, to 

December 31, 1917. Francis E. Waters, Chairman 153 

G. — First Report of the Women's Section for 1917. Mrs. Elizabeth 

T. Shoemaker, Chairman Ib8 

H. — Second Report of the Women's Section: April 10, 1917, to 

February 16, 1919. Mrs. Elizabeth T. Shoemaker, chairman 201 

I.— Officers of the Second Infantry, Maryland State Guard 213 

J. — Military Enrollment of Maryland 215 

K. — The Educational Committee and a brief Summary of its 

Work. Dr. John H. Latane, Chairman 216 

L. — Report of the Agricultural Work conducted under the Agri- 
cultural Committee. Dr. A. F. Woods, Chairman 222 

M. — Furloughs for Farmers 243 

N. — The Call of Labor. Advertisement and Letters 244 

O.— Report of the Legal Committee. T. Scott Off utt. Chairman . . 246 

P.— School Children and Farm Work 260 

Q. — United States Boys' Working Reserve, 1918; Frank B. Cahn, 

Director. After the Armistice ; Gen. Clinton L. Riggs 261 

R. — History of the Bureau For Returning Soldiers, Sailors and 

War Workers. John K. Shavp, Chairman 272 

S. — United States Employment Service, State of Maryland 278 

T. — Compulsory Work Bureau. George A. Mahone, Director 281 

U. — The Maryland Council's Effort to Increase The Supply of 

Nurses During: the War Period 285 

V. — Non-War O>nstruction. The Work at Mt Vernon Place. . . . 291 

W. — The Colored Division. Dr. Ei'nest Lyon, Chairman 296 

X.— Report of Chief of Police, Camp Meade 303 

Y. — Commendations of the Work and Publioations of the Mary- 
land Council 304 

Z. — Taking Care of the War Truck Trains in 1918 308 

ZZ. — Historical Division, George L. Radcliffe, Chairman 318 

ADDENDUM 

October, 1919, to June 30, 1920. The E^nal Meeting of the Executive 

Committee 324 





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Executive Department 

Annapouis Maryu 



January 0th, 1920. 



General Francis B. Waters, Chairman, 
Maryland Council of Defense, 
Baltimore, Maryland, 

My dear General Waters: 

The time has now cone when the work of the CoxiriOil i3 
practically over, and, were it not that the Committee ap- 
pointed by your Bod^' to collect the data of the war work 
activities, and especially the record or history of every 
one in the service of our Country from Maryland in the late 
war, have not completed its work, I woizld deem it proper 
at this time to dissolve your Body, But, helieving that 
the completion of this work will be of the highest importance 
to the State, I shall continue the legal existence of tha 
Council until such time as this work shall be completed or 
until such time as my suoceasor shall act in the premises, 

I want, in language as strong as I can comiioand, to 
ooramend the excellent service rendered by the Council, and 
especially to commend the noble patriotic work of the Exec- 
utive Committee in the great trust committed to them. liay 
I not, throi^gh you, express to them my highest appreciation 
of their service. Bo Governor in the Union had the support 
of abler, or more patriotic men and women than I had during 
the war. To you personally, as Chairman of this Body and 
this Committee, I extend my own and the State's warmest con- 
gratulations and good wishes. 

Very sincerely yours. 



LfceR* C R iTCm It 




^''^.Ji%y^- 



ExECUTivE Department 

wo Anoirso" Jb Sec 

ANr^APOLiS Maryland 



June 9, 1920. 



General Prancia E, v/atere, 
Union Trust Building, 
Baltimore, llaryland. 

Dear General V/aters : 

The emergency which called Into 
being the Ilaryland Coimcil of Defense, 
created by Chapter 24 of the Acta of 1917, 
being terminated, and the activities of 
the body being ended, it be cornea my duty 
to formally dlsaolve the council, which I 
hereby do, to take effect June 30^ 1920, 

I have been advised that the 
council, of which you are Chairman, has 
wound up its affairs and is awaiting thio 
letter from me before holding its final 
meeting* 

The termination of the ?.iarylao4 
Council of Defense marks the close of a 
bright page in the history of the State. 
You and your associates are deserving of 
the hi^est praise for the able, oonscientiouB 
and untiring manner in which all of you 
worked during the war to enable Maryland to 
respond to the demands made upon its resouroea 
at a time when the existance of the nation 
was imperilled. 

I congratulate you and the other 
members of the council upon the splendid aor- 
vloes you have given the State, 

Very truly youra, 



A^i^^^(<Lj^ 



OoTemor, 






December 16, 1919. 

My dear General Waters: 

Prior to the report of the Maryland Council, I take this 
opportunity of congratulating you on the scope and effectiveness of 
its work. I ought to make special acknowledgment for the services 
rendered in the movement of motor truck trains through your State to 
the seaboard, particularly for the housing of the men in charge and 
for the supplying of food to thei^. It was a useful and commendabl'e 
service which you rendered in the care of the many truck trains and 
their crews arriving in Baltimore previous to the readiness of Camp 
Holabird to receive them. 

For this, as for the other contributions of Maryland 

toward the winning of the war, the thanks of the war Department and 

of your fellow citizens everywhere have been merited. 

Cordially yours , 

/^ifti*<« * . %iii. •• '^yf^ ■ • • 
f 

Kewton D. Baker, 
Secretary of War. 

General Francis E. Waters, Chairman, 
Maryland Council of Defense, 
Union Trust Building, 

Baltimore, Maryland, 
rm 



The Chairman's Report 

The Maryland Council of Defense, appointed hv Governor 
Emerson C. Harrington, was organized on July 11, 1917, and 
was dissolved by Governor Albert C. Ritchie on June 30, 1920, 
Its service, therefore, extended over practicallv three years. 

On January 1, 1918, 1 had the honor of submitting the 
first report of the Executive Committee of the Maryland Coun- 
cil of Defense, covering the period of its existence from July 11 
to December 31, 1917. It will be found on pages 153 to 168 in 
this Report. I now beg to submit the following, the second 
report of the Executive Committee of the Maryland Council 
of Defense, covering the years 1918 and 1919. Our Executive 
Committee expected to conclude its lal.ors in 1919, but the 
Council was continued to June 30, 1920. The report for the 
period from 1919 to June 30, 1920, will be found oa page 324. 
The reports of the Treasurer and the State Auditor, following 
the main report, are for the whole period of the Council's ex- 
istence. 

Under the Council's system were embraced more than two 
hundred organizations, reaching every part of the State and 
enlisting the services of about two thousand men and women. 

Our appropriations from the General Assembly were : 

EYom the extraordinary session of 1917 $1,000,000.00 

From the regular session of 1918 1,000,000.00 

Total $2,000,000.00 

The ending of the war made it unnecessary to consider the 
use of the second million dollars authorized by the General 
Assembly in 1918, but the history of this second million is an 
important part of our records. The report for 1917, which I 
submitted to your Excellency, was subsequently considered by 
the general meeting of the Maryland Council of Defense on 

9 



March 5, 1918, this meeting being attended by forty members 
and by the Governor of the State. At this meeting the follow- 
ing report was submitted and was unanimously adopted : 

Baltimore, Maryland, February 26, 1918. 

At a meeting held ttiis day of the Finance Committee of the Maryland 
Council of Defense, the following Resolution was unanimously adopted : 
RESOLVED, That the Finance Committee strongly recommend 
to the Maryland Council of Defense the advisability of representa- 
tion being made at once to the proper State officials of the neces- 
sity of creating an Emergency Defense Fund of not less than 
$1,000,000 to be available for State purposes between the sessions 
of the Legislature of 1918 and 1920. It is the unanimous opinion 
of the members of the Finance Committee that as the United 
States becomes more and more deeply involved in the present 
great war and as our soldiers go to the front that conditions of 
vital importance to the people of this State may readily arise 
and great suffering and loss be entailed by any delay in the use 
of funds necessary to meet emergency situations. The expendi- 
ture of the money should, of course, be properly safeguarded. 

Committee : Charles E. Rieman, Chairman ; John M. Dennis, 
Francis M. Jencks, B. Howell Griswold, Jr., and John J. Nelligan. 

After the acceptance of this report the following resolution, 
offered by B, Howell Gri.swold, Jr., and seconded by Frank N. 
IJoen, was adopted by unanimous vote : 

RESOLVED, That the Legislature of Maryland be urged to 
authorize the State of Maryland to borrow without further 
authority from the Legislature, the sum or sums of money not to 
exceed a total of $1,000,000, as an emergency war loan in the event 
that at any time or times the Maryland Council of Defense, with 
the approval of the Governor, declares that the emergency justify- 
ing such loan or loans exists in the State of Maryland. This 
authorization Is not to interfere in any way with State appropria- 
tions for the current or other expenses of the Maryland Council of 
Defense as heretofore. 

Members of the Executive Committee appeared before the 
committees of the General Assembly and presented our report 
to the Governor, and the report of the general meeting of the 
Maryland Council of Defense, and on request supplemented 
these statements witli their personal views. Both committees 
of the General Assembly reported unanimously in favor of the 
Act authorizing the second loan of a million dollars, and in due 

10 



course both houses of the General Assembly passed the bill 
unanimously. The vote of confidence thus given to the Mary- 
land Council of Defense was sincerely appreciated and deeply 
gratifying. 

Changes in the Council 

Under the law, the Treasurer of Maryland is a member of 
the Executive Committee. In 1917 Hon. William P. Jack- 
son was elected Treasurer and took the place on the Executive 
Committee occupied by Hon. John M. Dennis. Because of his 
duties as Chief of Operations of the Railroads of America, Gen- 
eral Carl R. Gray was unable to attend meetings of the Execu- 
tive Committee, and his resignation was accepted with regret. 
In his letter to the Chairman he wrote : " I have never had an 
association which was as pleasant and altogether satisfactory 
as with yourself and associates on the Executive Committee, 
and it was with a genuine sense of loss that I found my new 
duties to be such that I could no longer be of service." The 
Committee sent to General Gray an official letter of congratu- 
lation and good wishes. Hon. John M. Dennis, who as Treasurer 
of the State had been a member of the Executive Committe from 
the beginning of the Council, was at once elected to the vacancy 
caused by General Gray's withdrawal, and thus his valuable 
services were practically continuous in the Committee's work. 

Since the Council was organized in July, 1917, four members 
died. In the summer of 1917 we lost Dr. William Bullock Clark, 
one of our most efficient workers, who had just accepted the 
chairmanship of the Research Committee. Dr. Edward B. 
Mathews, of Johns Hopkins University, was appointed by the 
Governor to the vacancy. In 1918 Francis M. Jencks, of Balti- 
more; Senator Richard A. Johnson, chairman for Howard 
county, and John E. George, chairman for Queen Anne's county, 
died. Mr. Jencks was a faithful member of the Maryland 
Council of Defense and, in addition, was the inspiration and 
chief directing force of the Maryland League for National 
Defense, an organization that did great good during the 
war. As chairman of the Finance Committee of the 
Maryland Senate and as the floor leader of the Senate, 
Senator Johnson performed excellent service in legislation 

11 



affecting the Council. Mr. George, as the Council chairman in 
Queen Anne's county, was attentive in Council work and also in 
the Liberty Loan drives and other movements. George L. Rad- 
cliffe was appointed by the Governor to succeed Mr. Jencks. 
The vacancies caused by the deaths of Senator Johnson and 
Mr. George were not filled. 

Administration 
There was no expense to the State from the members of the 
Executive Committee or for the fifty-eight meetings held by the 
Committee. From July to December, 1917, the rooms for the 
meetings were provided by John M, Dennis, president of the 
Union Trust Company, and from December, 1917, to the close 
of the work the Surry Lumber Company gave the use of its 
large board room free of all cost. This room was also used for 
many meetings of other Council Committees. The office of the 
Chairman of the Council, 905 Union Trust Building, was pro- 
vided by the Surry Lumber Company and was in constant use 
for two years. There was no charge to the Council either for 
the office or for the telephone service over the wires of the 
Surry Lumber Company. 

The law contemplated and authorized the payment of ex- 
penses to members from the counties attending the meetings of 
the Committee. Mr. Williams and Judge Urner came to tlie 
meetings faithfully and at times were obliged to remain in Bal- 
timore until the next day. They declined to accept repayment 
of their expenses, and furthermore they gave of their time and 
means to Council work in their counties. Mr. McMullen and 
Mr. Jackson attended meetings and also declined to be reim- 
bursed. They contributed to Council work in their counties. 

At the General Meetings the expenses of the twenty-one mem- 
bers from the counties were offered, but in most instances were 
declined. At these General Meetings it was necessary to pro- 
vide luncheons, but the whole expenditure for this purpose, in- 
cluding rentals of rooms and all expenses, was small. 

The secretarial and clerical headquarters of the Committee 
and of the Council from July, 1917, to October, 1919 were at 
703 Union Trust Building, at an annual rental of |875.00. The 
office staff consisted of secretary, treasurr r. both of whom served 

12 



throughout the life of the Council ; assistant treasurer, auditor, 
assistant, and stenographer. 

We desire to make acknowedgraent of the courtesy and con- 
sideration received from the Union Trust Company, and from 
the Surry Lumber Company, of which Francis E. Waters is 
president. 

Audits 

From the beginning the Executive Committee sought the co- 
operation of the State Auditor in the care and accounting of 
its receipts and expenditures. The Auditor approved the sys- 
tem of voucher checks by which a history of every transaction 
was recorded. In case of doubt about a voucher or a check, 
the Auditor was consulted and, if found necessary, the opinion 
of the Attorney-General was asked. 

Five audits were made of the accounts of the Council, cover- 
ing its receipts and expenditures. The Auditor testified that 
the accounts were accurate and that the books were well kept. 

The accounts and audits of the Executive Committee have 
been open for inspection at all times. 

Report of the Treasurer 

The report of the Treasurer, with the detailed receipts and 
expenditures audited by the State Auditor, is given in full and 
is attached to this report. An examination of it will show the 
extent and wide range of the Council's activities. The Treas- 
urer reports that the War Loan of 1917 was sold at par, and the 
balance on hand with the Treasurer of the State of Maryland 
to our credit June 30, 1920, was 1100,000.00, and with the 
Union Trust Company, $7,907.30. The War Loan of 1918 of 
$1,000,000, authorized by the Legislature in regular session, 
was not issued and stands to the credit of the Council of De- 
fense. Therefore, he reports the total unexpended balance of 

13 



the Councirs resources ou June ao, 1920, |1, 107,907.30. and 
states that these amounts have been audited and certified to 
by the State Auditor. The full report, duly audited, covering 
the finances of the Council to the close of its work, is submitted. 

Permanent Assets 

While the expenditures of the Council amount to |980,000.00, 
a considerable portion has been expended for which the State 
has permanent assets, as per the following list: 

Prison Farm, House of Correction $57,000.00 

Sewage System, House of Correction 5,171.00 

Water Supply, Maryland State College of Agriculture.. 23,000.00 

Armories, Cambridge, Hyattsville and Westminster 45,000.00 

Armory Site, Cumberland 14,952.25 

Fish Hatcheries 8,500.00 

Foster Building. Spring Grove 25,000.00 

$178,623.25 

We have not included in this the |114,181 expended for the 
equipment of the Second Maryland Regiment, which is State 
property, nor the .|200,105.o0 expended in the clearing and care 
of Camp Meade, nor other amounts expended for the necessary 
work of the State or for purposes designated by the Legislature, 
but it is obvious that, considering the scope of the work and the 
activities carried on, the actual expenditures of the Council 
were very moderate. 

Co-operation With the National Council 

The first duty of the Maryland Council of Defense, under the 
Act creating it, was to co-operate with and to assist the Coun- 
cil of National Defense. This has been our main work. We 
have received and carried out more than two hundred definite 
requests from the national body. Many of these called for the 
assistance of our whole organization. Most of them involved 
much correspondence and labor. All of them had careful at- 
tention. There was also confidential work. By the national 

14 



body, or through its suggestions, the Maryland Council was 
called upon by departments and activities of the Government 
for individual investigations and reports. They were handled 
promptly and the Maryland Council had the co-operation of 
the United States Department of Justice, the Police Depart- 
ment, the American Protective League, and of individuals. For 
all this work your Chairman received the following letter from 
Hon. Grosvenor B. Clarkson, Director of the Council of Na- 
tional Defense after the armistice was signed : 

"We highly value the fine co-operation that you and your co- 
workers in the Maryland Council of Defense have rendered to 
the National Council throughout a long and trying period. It 
seems to me that you are very distinctly justified in feeling that 
you have made a definite and lasting contribution in connection 
with the prosecution of the war." 

I wish here to acknowledge the unfailing readiness of the 
Council of National Defense to render us aid and advice and 
guidance upon our visits to them or our requests by letter and 
telegram, and also for sending to us in Baltimore whenever we 
requested it, representatives to consult with us to the end that 
our work might be made more effective. Therefore, if we are 
entitled to the encomium contained in the letter of Mr. Clark- 
son, it is perhaps due to a large extent to the unvarying interest 
of the National Council in our efforts. 



The Annual Meeting 

The general meeting of the Maryland Council of Defense in 
Baltimore on June 24, 1918, ended practically one year of the 
Council's work, and in his address the Chairman reviewed the 
results. He said: 

"There have been planted in this State during this year the 
largest crops in its history. Shipbuilding for Government needs 
has gotten well under way; munitions and other essentials are 
being manufactured on an enormous scale; great sums of money 
have been raised for Liberty Loans, War Savings Stamps, Red 
Cross work and other war funds ; in the campaigns for the pro- 
motion of all of these we have aidetl, and every demand made 

15 



upon Maryland by the Maryland Council of Defense has had 
faithful attention. 

"The National Council of Defense is appreciative of your work, 
and in several important matters Maryland has received wide 
credit for its pioneer work, such as its educational propaganda, 
our Compulsory Work Law, our Community Councils, and our 
Colored Division, and by the National Council of Defense, Mary- 
laud has been placed in the first class of states as to organization." 

In emphasizing the spirit of patriotism, the Chairman said 
that it was important to educate the people how to live, and to 
this end Community Councils were being organized in each 
election district of every county. This meeting considered the 
question of paid secretaries for the counties. These secretaries 
were authorized, and later such secretaries were appointed in 
Harford, Frederick, Carroll, and Anne Arundel counties. 

At this general meeting it was said by the Governor and by 
Dr. Woods, of the Maryland State College of Agriculture, that 
Maryland was growing its largest crops and that these crops 
were being harvested. The increase was due to the encourage- 
ment and the systematic efforts under the Council of Defense. 

At this general meeting in June, 1918, the counties reported 
general co-operation and many activities. L. W. Gunby, of 
Salisbury, reported success in all the sixteen war activities in 
Wicomico county. This gave an idea of the range of work 
imposed upon the county councils. The Council organization 
in each county was the center of most of the various activities, 
and the amount of work that the county chairman and his 
associates did was extraordinary. Favorable reports were given 
for Harford, Carroll, Frederick, Prince George's, Talbot, and 
other counties. Judge Henry reported from Dorchester that 
more land was in tillage and was being better tilled than ever 
before, and that many women were working in the fields. Chair- 
man Beck, of Kent, reported that every man in his county was 
working. Dr. Bratton, of Cecil, stated that his county was 
doing its duty in all the activities, and that it had organized 
community councils in every precinct. Other reports were 
given, and Governor Harrington summarized them by a state- 
ment in which he said that never before in Maryland had there 

16 



been such co-operation in neighborhood welfare and help, and 
that in spite of the drain on farm labor, the crops would be 
gathered because the men of the towns had promised to help 
the men on the farms. This meeting was a historic one in the 
life of the Council. 

Military 

It is with great pride that we emphasize the fine co-operation 
of our State in the naval and military programs. Maryland 
was fortunate in having an Adjutant-General who had worked 
hard to put the National Guard and the Naval Militia of the 
State in excellent condition, and thus, when the call from the 
Government came, Maryland was able to turn into the Federal 
service more than seven thousand trained and organized men. 

First was the Maryland Naval Militia, which was called into 
service April 6, 1917, the day the United States declared war 
against Germany. The National Guard of Maryland was 
drafted into Federal service August 5, 1917. The following 
table was furnished by the Adjutant-General : 

AcTUAX, Steength, National Guard of Maryland, When Drafted Into 
Federal Service, Augist 5th, 1917. 

Organization Officers Men Total 

Adjutant General's Department 1 1 

Inspector General's Department 1 1 

Judge Advocate General's Department 1 ' 1 

Quartermaster Corps 5 4 9 

Ordnance Department 1 1 

Medical Department — 

Medical Corps 17 17 

Dental Corps 5 5 

Headquarters, 1st Brigade 3 14 17 

1st InfantiT 56 1698 1754 

4th Infantry 53 1411 14&i 

5th Infantry 53 2072 2125 

1st Deparate Co., Infantry 3 150 153 

Troop A 3 102 105 

Field Hospital No. 1 5 82 87 

Ambulance Company No. 1 4 147 151 

Battery A. Field Artillery 5 149 15i 

17 



Battery B, Field Artillery 5 157 162 

Battery C, Field Artillery 5 166 171 

Headquarters, Coast Artillery 4 15 

1st Company, Coast Artillery 3 107 110 

2nd Company, Coast Artillery 3 109 112 

3rd Company, Coast Artillery 3 109 112 

4th Company, Coast Artillery 3 109 112 

242 6587 6829 

Maryland Naval Militia, called into active 
service April 6th, 1917 24 589 613 

Aggregate 266 7176 7442 

No State Guard made a finer or better showing in the war. 
The Maryland men were among the very best oflScers and troops 
and sailors and most of these State troops were among the first 
to go overseas. In proportion to population, Maryland ranked 
among the foremost of the States, and in the history of the 
conflict no National Guard stands higher than the National 
Guard of Maryland. An equal record was made by the Naval 
Militia of Maryland. 

This action left the State without local military protection. 
Previous to its going, the Maryland Guard was used in guard- 
ing two important railroad bridges across the Susquehanna 
River, the Baltimore and Ohio and the Pennsylvania, the Balti- 
more City waterworks and other vulnerable points of possible 
attack by German sympathizers or other public enemies. 

At the extraordinary session of the Legislature in 1917 an 
Act was passed for the training, equipping and maintaining of 
a body of armed troops within the State, to be known as the 
Maryland State Guard, such State Guard not to exceed one 
thousand officers and men. 

At its first meeting, July 7, 1917, the Executive Committee 
paid the cost of the service of the old Guard from March 31st 
to July 3rd, inclusive, in amount |38,226.84, for guarding the 
lines of transportation and waterworks in Baltimore City, and 
at the second meeting, July 17, 1917, the following resolution 
was passed : 

RESOLVED, That the sentiment of this Committee is that it 
stands ready to appropriate money for the State Guard not 
exceeding 800 men, and that it should be organized at once. 

18 



The official title of the new troops was Second Infantry, 
Maryland State Guard, and the work of organization was car- 
ried through by the Adjutant-General, Henry M. Warfield. 

There was some delay because of the scarcity of officers, due 
to the demands of the Federal Government. Finally, General 
Warfield secured the following field officers: Col. Clinton L. 
Kiggs, commanding; Lieut.-Col. Irving W. Adams, and Majors 
David W. Jenkins, Thomas S. Janney and Jesse Slingluflf. 

The full roster of the officers of the Regiment will be found 
in the Appendix. 

Major Jenkins, appointed recruiting officer, began the enlist- 
ment of the men, and the strength of eight hundred men was 
reached. The services did not exempt the officers or the men 
from their obligations to the Government for services in the 
war. Nearly four hundred went into the war from this regi- 
ment. 

The standard equipment was procured, and the State pur- 
chased everything except the rifles. The members wore the 
service uniform, with distinctive marks, which were green trim- 
mings. 

The regiment was drilled to fine condition. Its first camp 
was held at Timonium in the summer of 1918, and was named 
Camp Waters, in honor of the Chairman of the Maryland Coun- 
cil of Defense. This camp attracted many visitors and made an 
excellent showing, which was favorably commented on by the 
visiting officers of tha regular army. The second camp was 
held in the summer of 1919 at the State Rifle Range, Glenbur- 
nie. This camp was a great success, and the results at rifle 
practice were very creditable. A rifle team was sent by this 
regiment to the national rifle matches at Camp Perry, Ohio, in 
1918, and Caldwell, New Jersey, in 1919. In both instances 
these teams made good records. 

The State service of the Regiment was when two companies 
were called out to preserve order at Annapolis when the negro 
Snowden was hanged, and one company was sent to preserve 
order at the trial of Fountain, a negro, at Eastou. 

19 



The cost of the Regiment was less than |200,000, of which 
the Maryland Council of Defense contributed $114,419.67, 
which was used for the purchase of equipment, including |7,000 
for the Motor Arms Battery, The Maryland Council paid ex- 
penses for the National Guard of Maryland up to August 1, 
1{»17, when it was drafted into Federal Service. 

War Department's table showing the total troops, including 
the Regular Army, the National Guard, the National Army, the 
Navy, the Marine Corps, the Coast Guard, and the United 
States Guards, furnished from April 7, 1917, to November 11, 
1918. states that Maryland furnished Gl,839, or 1.30 per cent, 
of the total of 4,704,071. 

At the second meeting of the Executive Committee an appro- 
priation of 145,000 was made for the completion of the State 
armories at Cambridge, Hyattsville and Westminster, th€» 
money to be expended by the Armory Commission. 

On July 24, 1917, a large delegation from Allegany county 
waited upon the Committee and presented the proposition of 
an armory for Cumberland. A resolution was adopted placing 
the purchase of the site in the hands of the Governor, the Adju- 
tant-General, the Brigade Commander, the Captain of the Cum- 
berland Company, and Col. George A. Pearre, a limit of |15,000 
being named. The site was purchased. 

The question of compulsory military training in Maryland 
was given a hearing by the Executive Committee on January 
80, 1918. The Committee declined to take action. 

On June 12, 1918, the Executive Committee received a letter 
from the Chairman of the Colored Division, offering a colored 
company for the Second Maryland Regiment. This was an 
offer to be appreciated by the State, and due acknowledgment 
of it was made, but when it was received the Regiment had prac- 
tically reached its quota. 

A State Constabulary for Maryland was a matter of discus- 
sion. It was referi-ed to Senator S. A. Williams for a confer- 
ence with Randolph Barton. Senator Williams reported that 
he would favor the bill only so far as it gave discretion to the 

20 



Governor to appoint such a police force in the State in case of 
an emergency. 

Military Enrollment 

In August, 1917, the first use of the Military Census was 
made, when the British recruiting oflScials were provided with 
typewritten lists of all British subjects in Baltimore and most 
of the counties, showing ages, addresses and countries. 

In January, 1918, General Lawrason Eiggs, president of the 
Police Board, called upon the Chairman of the Maryland 
Council of Defense and requested co-operation in securing the 
list of enemy aliens in Baltimore. The list was secured from 
the census records in the office of the Council and seven thou- 
sand cards were turned over to the police. This was the most 
noteworthy instance of the value of the military enrollment. 

The records of the military enrollment remained in the offices 
of the Council until April, 1919, when by order of the Execu 
tive Committee they were stored in the office of the Adjutant- 
General at Annapolis. 

Guarding Waterworks of Baltimore City 

The importance of guarding the waterworks of Baltimore 
City was a matter of long discussion at the meeting of January 
11, 1918, and came up for action at the meeting of January 
19th, when the following resolution was adopted : 

WHEREAS, The Executive Committee is officially informed by 
the Governor of the State that he has received a request from the 
Mayor of Baltimore City, and 

WHEREAS, The Governor has placed this emergency before 
the Executive Committee of the Maryland Council of Defense for 
consideration and action, therefore be it 

RESOLVED, That the Executive Committee authorizes the ex- 
penditure out of the funds of the Maryland Council of Defense, of 
$50,000, or so much thereof as may be necessary, subject to the 
approval of the Governor, for the guarding of the waterworks of 
Baltimore, under the supervision of the Police Board of Baltimore. 

21 



This work was undertaken and carried on successfully under 
the Police Commissioners of Baltimore City from January 19, 
1918, to November 18, 1918. The sum of |37,268.62 was ex- 
pended. Immediately after the armistice was declared the work 
was stopped. Before undertaking this work the Maryland Coun- 
cil inquired of the leading cities of the country as to the guard- 
ing of their waterworks, and it was found, with few exceptions, 
the expense was borne by the cities. 

The acknowledgment of this service for the city was made in 
a letter to your chairman from Walter E. Lee, Water Engineer, 
who wrote: 

"I desire to thank the Maryland Council of Defense, in behalf of the 
Water Department, for the services of the civilian guards who protected 
our impoundinir reservoir at Loch Raven and the filtration plant at 
I>ake Montebello, under your authorization to the Police Board. 

"The work was very etiiciently done in a quiet manner, and we appre- 
ciate the assistance and protection that was given us." 

Registration Day 

Kegistration Day, September 12, 1918, offered an excellent 
test of the efficiency of the Maryland Council organization in 
performing for the Government a task of great value. That was 
the day on which the man-power of the nation between the ages 
of eighteen and forty-five was summoned. Maryland had con- 
tributed far more than her pro rata in men and money and mu- 
nitions in every call that had been made upon her, so in some 
quarters there was a feeling that the new registration might 
not reach the high figures fixed by the Provost Marshal Gen- 
eral. 

The Maryland Council of Defense was asked to use its whole 
organization in arousing the interest of the State. This was 
done. Two weeks before Registration Day the Chairman began 
to send telegrams to the counties and to communicate with all 
the different committees. The first of these telegrams read: 
''Please co-operate fully with draft officials on Registration 



Day. National Council asks that every band be playing and 
every flag flying. Try to reach every man in your locality who 
should register. Help to make Maryland's record one hundred 
per cent." 

The Executive Committee secured bands from the neighbor- 
ing camps and authorized the county chairmen to hire bands 
for local parades. In Baltimore a very elaborate program was 
carried through. Bands playing all day criss-crossed the city 
in special street cars continuously. A great bell on a car was 
taken to every section and its noise was heard throughout 
the city. Army buglers in automobiles run by the Motor 
Messenger Service, under Captain Gambrill, reached all parts 
of the city. The services of the Motor Messenger Service were 
given by the young ladies. The McShane Bell Foundry, who 
furnished the big bell, and the United Eailways, who furnished 
the cars, charged nothing for their contributions. This spirit 
of generosity prevailed throughout the State. As usual, we 
found the people anxious to co-operate with the war work of t. 
Maryland Council of Defense. 

There never was in the whole history of Maryland a noisier 
or a more interesting day. It happened to be the 12th of Sep- 
tember, the anniversary of our national anthem, and this added 
to the interest and enthusiasm. The result of the work was 
that Maryland went far "over the top," and the following tele- 
gram was received from the Council of National Defense : 

"Provost Marshal General greatly pleased by your fine support 
and that given by state and county councils in draft registration. 
Congratulations." 

Reception of Troops 

In May, 1919, the matter of receiving the soldiers and sailors 
who had begun to return from abroad occupied the attention 
of the State, and there was a general desire that Maryland 
should give the men a worthy welcome. 



The first idea was to raise the money by private subscription, 
but the troops began to return before this could he done, and if 
became necessary to turn to the Maryland Council of Defense. 
Knowing that this action was contemplated, the Chairman 
asked the Attorney-General for his opinion, and the Attorney- 
General replied as follows : 

"I have your favor of May 17th, 1919. It is my opinion that ex- 
penses incident to the reception of Maryland troops on their return 
from the war are within the purposes for which the proceeds of 
the War Loan of 1917 may be expended, and your Committee is 
the sole judge of the character of expenditures which may be 
made in this connection." 

A meeting was held on May 19th, 1919, at which were present 
Francis E. Waters, chairman; Governor Emerson C, Harring- 
ton, Hon. Hugh A. McMullen, Hon. Stevenson A. Williams, 
Judge Hammond Urner, Frank A. Furst, Hon. John M. Dennis, 
and the Attorney-General, Hon. Albert C. Kitchie. A com- 
mittee represented the Maryland Reception and Memorial 
Committee as follows : Judge James P. Gorter, chairman ; Mrs. 
C. Baker Clotworthy, Van Lear Black and Walter B, Brooks. 

There was a general discussion in which all participated. 
Upon the retirement of the delegation, Stevenson A. Williams 
moved and Hugh A. McMullen seconded the motion, that $50,000 
or so much thereof as might be necessary, be appropriated for 
the reception and entertainment of Maryland soldiers, sailors 
and marines by the Maryland Reception and Memorial Com- 
mittee, and that the bills be audited by a committee consisting 
of Judge James P. Gorter, Van Lear Black, Walter B. Brooks, 
and Mrs. C. Baker Clotworthy, and paid on the approval of the 
Chairman of the Maryland Council of Defense. This motion 
was carried unanimously. 

Mr. McMullen then moved, and Mr. Dennis seconded the mo- 
tion, that for each county there be further appropriated |20.00 
per thousand population for the local entertainment of return- 
ing soldiers, sailors and marines, and that the money be expend- 
ed through the county chairmen of the Maryland Council of De- 
fense, and according to rules to be decided upon by Francis E. 
Waters, chairman. This motion was also carried unanimously. 

24 



Thus the way was made clear for the reception to Maryland 
men that will be remembered and praised as long as records of 
the State endure. 

In May the men began to arrive at Newport News and New 
York. The weather was hot and the conditions were not favor- 
able, but in spite of this, large committees of Maryand mea 
and women were at the docks to greet the Maryland boys,, 
and close at hand were Maryland dinners, with Maryland fried 
chicken and the trimmings. The results were all that could 
be desired. 

For the home welcome to the returning men Marylanders 
united in a mighty effort of love and appreciation. The Gov- 
ernor issued a proclamation in which he said that "Maryland's 
contribution to the Army and Navy of sixty thousand men, of 
whom more than forty thousand went overseas, was far above 
the average of States, maintaining and increasing Maryland's 
record of doing more than her share in every war in which the 
nation has been engaged," and that ''the State of Maryland^ 
through the Maryland Council of Defense, has given aid in 
order that the celebrations may be worthy and complete, and 
that they may be tributes of the whole State to the magnificent 
loyalty and courage of our men" ; therefore, he declared Satur- 
day, May 31, 1919, a public holiday, and asked the people "to 
make it a day of rejoicing and of praise, and to do all in their 
power to greet our heroes in the finest glow of gratitude, ap- 
preciation and happiness. Let us make Maryland's welcome 
the noblest celebration and the most loving greeting in the 
whole history of our beloved State." 

This welcome on May 31, 1919, will stand as a memorable day 
in Baltimore's history. The reception to the men was beyond 
description. Marylanders poured into the city from all direc- 
tions until there were almost a million persons in Baltimore to 
greet the troops. The great parade, the review by the Governor 
and the Mayor, the dinner at the Fifth Regiment Armory, the 
brilliant decorations were all on a splendid scale, but the big- 
gest thing was the enthusiasm of the people. The cost to the 
State was less than $38,000, two-thirds of which was for feed- 

25 



ing tlie troops at Newport News. Much more than that was 
spent by the people of Baltimore. 

The reception for the sailors and marines was held on the 
12th of September, Old Defenders' Day, the anniversary of "The 
Star-Spangled Banner." Maryland had about nine thousand 
men in the Navy, more in proportion to population, perhaps, 
than any other State, and this fact, combined with the historic 
significance of the day, made the occasion one long to be re- 
membered. In the morning a particularly fine naval and ma- 
rine parade was held, and was reviewed by the Governor and 
the Mayor of Baltimore, and by Cardinal Mercier of Belgium 
and Cardinal Gibbons. It ended at the Fifth Regiment Armory, 
where addresses of welcome and appreciation were delivered by 
Governor Harrington, Mayor Broening, Judge James P. Gorter, 
Former Governor Phillips Lee Goldsborough and others. Din- 
ner was served to thousands of the men. The afternoon was 
taken up by a remarkably interesting naval and athletic carni- 
val and regatta, with many naval boats and airships present. 
At night there was a dance and dinner at the Armory, with 
twenty thousand persons present. The day was a complete 
success. Maryland was the first State to give a welcome to its 
sailors and marines. The Navy and the citizens of Baltimore, 
especially the women, contributed music, food and money, and 
thus the whole atfair, which could not have been produced 
except at almost prohibitive expense without this co-operation, 
required the expenditure of less than |7,000 from the fund voted 
to the Reception and Memorial Committee by the Maryiani 
Council. 

In the counties was found a fine spirit of civic help. The 
Executive Committee's appropriation of |20.00 per one thou- 
sand of population was intended to stimulate local interest and 
this was admirably realized. Some counties spent on welcom- 
ing their soldiers three and four times as much as the State 
contributed through the Council. In fourteen of the counties the 
distribution of testimonials to the families of the men who lost 
their lives during the war was made a part of the program. In 
all the counties that had programs the men were abundantly 

26 



fed on Maryland dinners, in which fried chicken took the star 
place. 

Thus it can be said that in no State were the returning sol- 
diers, sailors, marines and war-workers more cordially, enthusi- 
astically or genuinely welcomed than in Maryland, which stood 
true to her best traditions of hospitality and to her sacred love 
and admiration of her sons and daughters. 

Camp Meade 

In 1917 the Maryland Council furnished the money to the 
Board of Public Works for the clearing of Camp Meade in order 
to carry out the pledge of the State, the total being |176,118.09 ; 
other expenditures at Camp Meade brought this total to $200,- 
1 05.50. Maryland was the only State that did this work for the 
Government at its own expense, and it has been a question as to 
whether or not Maryland should ask the Government to refund 
the cost. The Executive Committee has discussed the matter, 
but has taken no action on it, considering that as the original 
proposition to clear the camp site at State expense came from 
the State government, it would be better to let the matter rest 
in the hands of the Governor and the General Assembly. 

During 1918 the Council kept up its work in the Camp Meade 
zone under the direction of the State of Maryland Department 
of Health. The sanitary conditions surrounding the camp were 
regularly inspected, the expense being borne from Council 
funds. The controversy between the military authorities and 
the Maryland Department of Health concerning the pollution 
of Little Patuxent river by the House of Correction was settled 
by the Executive Committee of the Council making three dif- 
ferent appropriations to the State Board of Prison Control, one 
for a chlorination plant, one for the completion of a modern 
water system for the Maryland House of Correction, and one 
for the protection of winter work on the new construction. 

During 1918 and 1919 the Chief of Police for the zone of 
Camp Meade was continued. It was reported to us that as 
the result of the regular patrol of the zone of the camp, Camp 
Meade had been the best protected of all the military camps of 



the country. There was excellent co-operation between the 
military and civil authorities in this work. 

Throughout 1918 the Committee maintained an Information 
Bureau for the soldiers at the Baltimore station of the Wash- 
ington, Baltimore and Annapolis Railway Company. The 
value of this service was far beyond its cost of $2,000. The 
bureau was open day and night, and was a constant convenience 
to thousands of people. 

From the beginning, the location in Maryland of a great mili- 
tary camp of forty thousand young men, midway between two 
large cities and less than an hour's ride from Baltimore, was 
regarded with considerable alarm by many good people, and 
moral dangers were magnified, but most of this apprehension, 
while perhaps natural, never materialized. Our young men 
showed qualities far beyond expectations. However, the prob- 
lems were placed early and repeatedly before the Executive 
Committee, and its action was urged with great force. The 
Committee was not able to favor the first proposition which 
came from representatives from Washington, but it appointed 
its own committee, known as the Maryland War Recreation 
Commission, as follows: Dr. William Burdick, chairman; Dr. 
J. W. Magruder, William H. Morriss, R. C. Edlund, Mrs. Frank- 
lin P. Cator, Miss Isabel Harmon, Eli Frank, J. Hampton 
Baumgartner and Miss Mary Claire O'Brien. 

On December 3, 1917, this committee, headed by Dr. William 
Burdick, chairman, and by Mrs. Edward Shoemaker, chairman 
of the Women's Section, appeared before the Executive Com- 
mittee and asked for an appropriation of |3,300 to cover an 
experimental period of six months of moral welfare work at 
Camp Meade. The proposition was developed so that it came 
up before the Conmiittee for action on January 3, 1918. It 
was called a movement for the prevention of immorality in the 
neighborhood of military encampments, and included the serv- 
ices of women as well as men who would visit the camps, and 
also be on watch in the city. A letter from the National Council 
advocated the work. The Executive Committee voted the |3,300 
for a six months' campaign, ''this money to be under the Mary- 

28 



land War Eecreation Commission, acting in conjunction with 
the Executive Committee of the Women's Section." The ex- 
periment was continued for several months, but by that time 
the War Department had begun to develop its scheme, and con- 
ferences were held to arrange for a closer co-operation with the 
Maryland Committee. The Government stated that Maryland 
had been the pioneer in the work and gave it full credit. 

The Maryland War Eecreation Commission held a meeting 
June 17, 1918, and voted unanimously that, in view of the fact 
that the War Camp Community Work was being reorganized 
throughout the country, and that, as Executive Committees 
were being appointed direct by the War Department and Navy 
Department Commissions on Training Camp Activities, the 
Maryland War Recreation Commission tendered its resignation 
to take effect immediately. This resignation was accepted and 
a new committee, known as the War Camp Community Service, 
was appointed, as follows: Judge Morris A. Soper, chairman; 
John J. Nelligan, treasurer; James W. Chapman, Jr., Mrs. 
Franklin P. Cator, Dr. Harry Friedenwald, Philips Lee Golds- 
borough and Mrs. John Girdwood. 

The unexpended balance of the |3,300 appropriation was used 
by this new committee. Later, when the needs of larger equip- 
ment for taking care of the soldiers in Baltimore became ur- 
gent, the Executive Committee of the Maryland Council appro- 
priated f 7,500 for the purchase of blankets and cots, the owner- 
ship of these articles to be retained by the State. Thus 
the work which the Maryland Council started in 1917 developed 
into a well-organized and very useful movement in this State 
and secured the active co-operation and direction of the Na- 
tional authorities. This has been one of the most difficult prob- 
lems before the Committee, and its successful working out is 
due to the interest and consideration of all who took part in it. 
The Maryland War Recreation Commission did the pioneer 
work, and the War Camp Community Service has greatly 
broadened the usefulness of the cause. They have provided the 
men with clubs, personal attentions, theater tickets, entertain- 
ments, food and other aid. 

29 



Camp Meade played a fine part in the war. Meade men were 
on every front and in the midst of the fighting. They won im- 
perishable honors. Maryland greatly enjoyed their presence 
while they were at Meade, and there was built up a cordial so- 
cial relationship that included all from the recruit to the com- 
manding general. This camp was of large commercial value to 
the State, especially to Baltimore. The wisdom of the location 
was proved by the convenience and the healthful ness, and by 
the fact, significant to all soldiers, that the men liked Meade 
and appreciated especially the hospitality within reach. So 
signal was the success and desirability of this camp that your 

Chairman wrote as follows: 

February 6, 1919. 
Hon. Newton D. Baker, 
Secretary of War, 

Subject: Making Camp Meade Permanent. 
Sir:— 

Permit me to call your attention to the very favorable location of 
Camp Meade for permanent use by the Government, and to ask your 
consideration, if any of the cantonments are to be made permanent, that 
this be one of them. 

Located as it is in close proximity to Washington, it seems to afford 
unusual facilities for, and has great possibilities as an army post or 
training center; it has splendid transportation facilities, good soil, and 
climate. 

This matter may have been suggested to you before, but inasmuch as 
the State of Maryland expended through the Council a very large 
amount of money in preparation of this property for a Camp, and that 
tiie state of Maryland and City of Baltimore have not been found 
necrlpctful of their responsibilities in aiding in the v^'elfare of those who 
have been located there, we think it fitting for this Council at this time, 
to respectfully ask that you give this matter your favorable consider- 
ation. 

With great respect, I have the honor to be, 
Yours very truly, 

FRANCIS E. WATERS, 

Chairman. 

Your Chairman then appointed the following committee on 
Government Camps and Reservations in Maryland : B. Howell 
Griswold, Jr., chairman; Charles C. Homer, Jr., W. H, Hay- 
ward, C. Morgan Marshall, William E. Ferguson, Jacob W. 
Hook, P. M. Womble, William H. Matthai, John H. Ferguson, 
Samuel Shoemaker, W. Mason Shehan, Easton; Vernon S. 

30 



Bradlej^ Cambridge ; Holmes D. Baker, Frederick ; E. L. Mere- 
dith, Hagerstown, and W. L. Sperry, Cumberland. 

This committee met on February 11th and took action. With- 
in a few days B. Howell Griswold, Jr., chairman, accompanied 
by Adjutant-General Warfield and H. F. French, secured an 
interview with the Assistant Secretary of War. 

Not only did Maryland show the finest generosity and co- 
operation in the location and preparation of Camp Meade, but 
the prices finally paid seem to have been very satisfactory to the 
Government. The following announcement was made from 
Washington under date of December 1, 1919 : 

Washington, Dec. 1. — The War Department announced tonight 
that it has completed to date the purchase of 5,992 acres of the- 
Camp Meade site at a total cost of $448,250. The price per acre 
is considerably below that paid at oilier cantonments, the ground 
purchased thus far at Camp Zachary Taylor, Ky., costing $573 per 
acre; at Camp Travis, Texas, $332; Dodge, Iowa, $2G7; Grant, 
111., $240; Sherman, Ohio, $234; Gordon, Ga., $217; Lee, Va., 
$136; Dix, N. J., $136; Upton, N. Y., $114; Eustis, Va., $S0 and 
Custer, Mich., $77. 

I think the people of Maryland are to be congratulated on 
having this great military city preserved. 

Caring for Soldiers 
When the Executive Committee made the appropriation of 
|7,500 to the War Camp Community Service, as has been men- 
tiond above, Judge Morris A. Soper, the chairman, stated to the 
Committee that on Saturday nights from five to six thousand 
soldiers were in Baltimore, and that there were only two thou- 
sand beds for them. The Maryland Council, by the appropria- 
tion, met this condition. The need illustrated the change that 
had come over Baltimore under war conditions. It was not 
only for Camp Meade, but for other camps and war reserva- 
tions that Baltimore had to provide, and a very large part of 
this responsibility fell upon the Maryland Council of Defense. 
There were in the State of Maryland about forty different Gov- 
ernment camps, reservations and war areas, representing an 
extra population variously estimated at from seventy to one 
hundred thousand. In the early days these places had scant 
accommodations, and the consequence was that Baltimore and 
the adjacent towns were very crowded. 

31 



In addition to Camp Meade, we had other large enterprises 
closer to the city. At Fort McHenry was established a hospital 
of eight hundred beds, in due time increased to twenty-eight 
hundred beds. At Evergreen was another base hospital. With- 
in a radius of ten miles of the city were Government operations, 
shipbuilding plants and munition works, bringing tens of thou- 
sands of men to the city. Camp Holabird. located on the east- 
ern edge of the city, has a capacity of twenty-eight hundred 
men. 

The Housing Problem 

At different periods there was danger of insufficient housing 
accommodations due to the war and the Government work. Our 
Council got in touch with employers of such labor and worked 
out a plan with the hope it might take care of housing emergen- 
cies. This plan had the approval of the employers, but it did 
not become necessary to put it in operation. The problem of 
housing employees other than those requiring houses or apart- 
ments proved to be more imaginary than real. We had ar- 
ranged through the Police Commissioners to have a survey of 
the city made, every house to be visited by a policeman with a 
questionnaire. With the information thus obtained a Bureau 
was to be established for placing all persons unable to secure 
accommodations for themselves. Such a Bureau would have 
Ijeen expensive but fortunately there never appeared any real 
need for it. The Council, however, was fully prepared to act if 
the necessity arose. The comfort of Mai'y land's war population 
was constantly under the Council's consideration. 

The Motor Truck Trains 

Early in December, 1917, your Chairman received urgent 
messages from the Council of National Defense, stating that 
the Army was about to begin the movement of motor-truck 
trains from Detroit, Buffalo and Ohio cities, and that thej were 
coming to Baltimore. Camp Holabird was then bare ground, 
with a few dirty shacks, utterly unfit for human habitation. 
There was no place for the men to sleep or to eat. The Mary- 
land Council was, therefore, asked not only to care for the men 
on these trains, but to do all it could to expedite their progress 

32 



through Maryland. It was in the midst of one of the most 
severe winters we have ever known, but from the time these 
motor trains crossed the Maryland boundary line they were 
welcomed at every point by the citizens, who were organized 
under the Council and its county commissions. The trucks from 
the West came by way of Cumberland and by way of Taney- 
town and Westminster; the trucks from the North by way of 
Belair. The first train was made a historic procession. The 
people of Taneytown gave it a cordial welcome and entertained 
the men. The people of Westminster, under the county chair- 
man, Dr. Henry M. Fitzhugh, and the chairman of the Women's 
Section, Mrs. R. S. Shriver, took care of the men over night, 
gave them accommodations in the town hall, got up a dance 
and made the whole affair an event in the history of West- 
minster. From Westminster the first train was escorted to 
Baltimore by a committee appointed by C. J. Fox, of Baltimore 
county, and in Baltimore there was an enthusiastic reception, 
with a banquet at the City Club and speeches by leading citi- 
zens. The special committee were the following members of 
the Automobile Club: H. N. Abercrombie, Edmund E. Foster, 
W. Stran McCurley and Kichard T. Waters and C. O. Reville, 
H. S. Briscoe and L. F. O'Brien, automobile editors. 

Train after train arrived until at one time there were 
estimated to be not less than six hundred men in Baltimore 
who were the guests of the Maryland Council. To provide 
these men with comfortable beds and board, which the Gov- 
ernment allowance per day did not furnish, was a real task. 
Then it was we found the great value of the aid rendered by the 
Young Men's Christian Association, whose building was thrown 
open to the men, and night after night the accommodations 
were filled. The overflow from the Young Men's Christian Asso- 
ciation was accommodated by the use of the dormitory in the 
Mt. Vernon Place Methodist Episcopal Church. 

Towards spring, when the weather grew warmer and the 
number of arrivals increased, the Adjutant-General, Henry M. 
Warfield, ever watchful of the welfare of the soldier, placed 
at the Council's disposal the Fourth Regiment Armory for the 
use of the men. All this time the people of Westminster were 
rendering their hospitality, and it was a splendid chapter of 

33 



patriotic work that tliey aud the people of Belair and of Cum 
berland and Frostburg added to Maryland history. At Belair 
the men coming along the other route were handsomely cared 
for, and at one time there were so many of them that they 
taxed the resources of the entire town, but the people gave up 
everything gladly for their comfort. The work at Belair was 
splendidly done by a committee of ladies of which Miss 
Lillian K. Forwood was chairman. Cue of its most active mem- 
bers was Mrs. Walter W. Preston, chairman of the Women's 
Section for Harford county. 

During the winter of 1918-19 the drivers of the army automo- 
bile trucks from the West going East, over the national high- 
way, were always given a welcome in the town of Frostburg 
and the city of Cumberland, Allegany county. 

The people of Frostburg lent every assistance, furnished food, 
hot coffee and comforts of various kinds to the soldiers passing 
through on their way East, and at Cumberland the men accom- 
panying every automobile train were fed bountifully and were 
given refreshments of various kinds. Those who spent the night 
in Cumberland were provided with sleeping quarters in the 
Masonic Temple and other places. 

During the whole winter and the spring following all truck 
trains, or rather the men connected with them, received 
hospitality from the people of Cumberland and vicinity. 
After the armistice was signed and the United States 
Army troops were being sent to their cantonments or homes, 
railway trains were visited by the ladies of Cumberland and the 
men were furnished with refreshments, a notable instance of 
hospitality and generosity accorded the returning soldiers by 
the women of Cumberland. Miss Mary Bobbins deserves spe- 
cial credit for her kindness and constant service. 

In Baltimore the officers of the Council and those who worked 
with them, were in reach day and night, and the extent of this 
service can be gathered when I say that frequently the motor 
truck trains arrived at midnight or later and the men had to 
be fed at very late hours, but so far as we know no one was 
neglected. We had many expressions of gratitude and appre- 
ciation from the men. Some of them made more than one trip 

34 



to Baltimore, and from others we heard expressions of regret 
that they were not returned. Here we have an instance of the 
local organization doing difficult work that the Government 
itself was not prepared to do at the time when it was critically 
needed. Out of this work has come Camp Holabird. 

Along the lines of general entertainment your Committee 
was busy throughout the whole war period. Our people rose to 
their duty and there were opened in Baltimore various homes 
and clubs and headquarters for the entertainment of the men. 
In all these the Maryland Council had an interest, although it 
was not called uix)n to contribute to all of them financially. The 
Colored Division provided entertainment and rest rooms for 
their men, and a branch of the Y. M. C. A. was opened for col- 
ored soldiers. All in all, we may say that, with the exception 
of one or two nights when soldiers came by thousands in excess 
of expectations, there never was a time that Baltimore did not 
have food and shelter for every man in uniform. 

I have mentioned the use of the Mt. Vernon Place Methodist 
Episcopal Church in the entertainment and care of the men of 
the truck trains. There is an interesting angle to this use of a 
great Baltimore church. The church dormitory during the war 
took care of more than twenty thousand men from time to time. 
It was very fine work. And it had its compensations. The 
pastor of the church says : 

"The soldiers have done as much for the church as the church 
has done for them. Since seeing the working of practical Chris- 
tianity our congregations have tripled." 

All of us who had to do with social attention to the sol- 
dier felt the force of the same experience — we received more 
than we gave. It was a privilege to serve these young men. 

Bureau for Returning Soldiers, Sailors and Workers 

On November 6, 1918, the Executive Committee discussed the 
feasibility of undertaking to determine the best method to aid 
those in the Government service from Maryland to enter civil 
life. The Committee requested Governor Harrington and your 

35 



Chairman to consider the personnel of a special committee, 
whose duty it would be to recommend to the State the most 
practical plan. This matter was further discussed on Novem- 
ber 20th and on December ith. John K. Shaw, Federal State 
Director of the United States Employment Service, met in con- 
ference with the Committee on the request of the Acting Direc- 
tor of the Council of National Defense, and Nathan A. Smyth, 
Assistant Director of the United States Employment Service, 
asking the Maryland Council to support the work of the service 
in finding employment for the thousands released from war 
work as well as men released from the Army and Navy, To 
this end it was asked that the members and representatives of 
the Maryland Council offer their services, and also that an ap- 
propriation be made. The Committee, on motion of Mr. Furst, 
seconded by Mr. Williams, voted unanimously in favor of the 
co-operation and also made an appropriation of ^5,000 or so 
much thereof as might be necessary to aid this work. On 
December 10th the Chairman issued and distributed to all 
members and representatives the following letter : 

"A Bureau for Returned Soldiers, Sailors and War Workers 
has been established under the direction of John K. Shaw, 
Federal Director for Maryland of the United States Employment 
Service. The main office is in Baltimore, and there are branch 
offices in Cumberland, Hagerstown and Salisbury. At the meeting 
of the Executive Committee of the Maryland Council held Wed- 
nesday, December 4th, it was decided to co-operate with the plan 
of the Government for the installation in the larger centers of 
bureaus for returning soldiers, sailors and war workers and in 
the smaller centers to use the services and offices of the com- 
munity representatives of the Maryland Council of Defense. 
Therefore, the United States Employment Service will communi- 
cate with you from time to time asking your aid and advice in 
the various questions arising in the reception, assLstance and 
employment of the men returning from the front and from the 
cantonments. You will please aid in every way possible. 

"There will be a representative of this Employment Service in 
each of the principal army camps in the Unite<l States, and he 
can be communicated with through the Fe^leral Director of the 
United States Employment Service in each state, or by addressing 
the United States Employment Service directly at the camp. 

"The whole idea is to aid the discharge<l man to secure a 
proper position and to place behind him the best public sentiment 
in every community in the TTnited States. There is no more im- 

36 



portant question in the country today than to see that our men 
are properly returned to civic pursuits, and it is your privilege 
and the duty of your community to assist in this splendid service. 
I urge your full co-operation and I shall be very glad to hear 
from you as to what is done in your community. 

FRANCIS E. WATERS, Chairman. 

Under Mr. Shaw, this bureau was promptly organized and 
soon thereafter headquarters were secured in the Hoen Build- 
ing. These rooms were equipped by the Maryland Ck)uncil. 
The work of this bureau has been of very great value. Within 
three months three thousand, nine hundred and eighteen men 
registered, and of this number three thousand, five hundred 
and seventy-one were referred to employers and two thousand, 
seven hundred and twenty-nine were given employment. Many 
who registered were from other States, and in many cases they 
were advised to go to their homes and seek their former em- 
ployment. One feature of the work was getting the employers 
in Maryland to send letters to their old employees offering them 
their old jobs. Not only were excellent results obtained in this 
way, but there was created a fine feeling among the men, mak- 
ing them realize that they were not forgotten. The bureau was 
visited by the Governor of the State and cordially approved. 
Delegations from the War Department came to Baltimore. One 
of them consisted of seventeen army captains and lieutenants 
appointed to carry on the work in other parts of the country. 
They pronounced the Baltimore plan the best in the country. 

In a speech before the Employment Managers' Circle in Balti- 
more on March 26, 1919, Colonel Arthur Woods, Acting Assis- 
tant to the Secretary of War and Chairman of the Emergency 
Employment Committee for the employment of soldiers and 
sailors and representing also the Council of National Defense, 
stated that the work being done for the soldiers in Baltimore 
led that of any city in the country, and that if every city in the 
Union had done as well there would be no need for the organi- 
zation of the committee which he represented. He stated fur- 
ther that Marylanders had done their work not in a patronizing 
way nop in a spirit of charity, but with full friendship for the 
soldier. He added : "I want to congratulate you and thank you 

37 



for the splendid spirit you have shown in aiding the soldier and 
sailor to find his proper balance and occupational equilibrium." 

On April 1, 1919, Mr. Shaw retired from the Federal work, 
but kept up his interest as the representative of the Maryland 
Council of Defense and remained a member of the State Ad- 
visory Board, which, in addition to himself, consists of Holden 
A. Evans, president of the Baltimore Drydock and Shipbuild- 
ing Company ; E. A. Slack, president of the Terminal Shipping 
Company, and John H. Ferguson, president of the Federation 
of Labor. Mr. Shaw's work in the handling of labor elicited 
the warmest praise from the Government authorities and from 
the newspapers and public of Maryland. He gave a high qual- 
ity of service of great practical value to the State. 

From January, 1918, to April, 1919, the Labor Eeserve, under 
Mr. Shaw, placed more than one hundred thousand men. The 
busiest month was August, 1918, when seventeen thousand, one 
hundred and seventy-six were placed. These were in addition 
to the work of the bureau. Mr, Shaw stated that big employers 
of Baltimore took back one hundred per cent, of their employes, 
and a census showed that forty small businesses had taken back 
three hundred and fourteen of a total of three hundred and 
twenty-four employes who went to war. By the intelligent 
handling of the labor problem, the surplus which appeared 
early in many parts of the United States was avoided in Mary- 
land. The cost to the Maryland Council for all of this work 
was very small compared to the enormous beenfits. 

Hon. Harold Stone, National Director of the Returning Sol- 
diers in the Department of Labor, Washington, wrote as follows 
of the work in Maryland : 

"We have uothing except the highest praise and appreciation 
for Maryland's effort iu the war. The State's response was un- 
reservedly patriotic to the demands imix»sed for the transfer of 
labor and the general changes of industry to a war basis. Em- 
ployers and men acted promptly and willingly in spite of any 
hardship or inconvenience they may have suffered. 

"I wish also to speak in especial praise of the work done 
by John K. Shaw, the Federal Director for Maryland. He was 
certainly fortunate in the patriotism of hia State, but it was 

38 



necessary that such patriotism should be directed to its best use- 
fulness, and that he has done both wisely and well. 

"It is due to his effort and ability that the many difficulties of 
such an undertaking have been overcome and adjusted and that 
the great object in view was accomplished with such signal suc- 
cess. Mr. Shaw is a man of strong sense of duty, and has de- 
voted himself to his worli with great earnestness and without 
consideration of himself. 

"Mr. Shaw has one fault, if fault it be. A central bureau such 
as this gezierally receives reports of the progress of its many 
projects. Mr. Shaw never makes any reports on progress. We 
outline what is to be done, and the next we hear from him is 
that it is done, and without delay or discussion. That quality 
has made the Maryland organization what it is in efficiency and 
results." 

Protecting the Camp Zone 
Throughout the war the general management of Camp Meade 
was remarkably eflScient, but it was obvious that the military' 
authorities could not reach every point of the zone around the 
camp. In order that there should be the least disorder, the 
Executive Committee, on the recommendation of the Governor, 
appointed a chief of police and furnished him with an automo- 
bile to make his rounds. Charles G. Pritchett was selected, and 
he did the work regularly from September 25, 1917, to Febru- 
ary, 1920. The territory covered by the chief of police took in 
Camp Meade and a 5-mile zone, with the following lines : From 
Odenton to Academy Junction; from Academy Junction to 
Waterbury; from Waterbury to Patuxent; from Patuxent to 
Laurel; from Laurel to Annapolis Junction; from Annapolis 
Junction to Jessups ; from Jessups to Severn; from Severn back 
to Odenton. 

The record of Pritchett to September 1, 1919, was as follows : 
One hundred and ninety-one arrests, on which the fines were 
$1,140.75 ; five prisoners to House of Correction ; one murderer 
and three pickpockets to the Court of Annapolis, and an inquest 
following a railroad accident in which there were six deaths. 
The civil cases handled ran into the hundreds, and Pritchett 
had papers to serve in and through the camp nearly every day. 

The cost of this service was under $200.00 per month, includ- 
ing the salary of the chief of police and all his expenses. The 
fines in these cases were kept by Anne Arundel county. 

39 



Ordnance Department 

The War Department requested the Chairman of the Mary- 
land Council of Defense to find a man of experience and stand- 
ing who would aid it in securing exceptional men for technical 
work and would also advise it on the general condition of the 
labor situation. This call was for a high-grade man, who 
would give valuable time without compensation. 

We were fortunate in securing the consent of Lewis Dill to 
do this work. His appointment was promptly made, and 
throughout the war period he contributed to the war work, al- 
though his services were not known at the time. 

His duties primarily were to find and investigate men for 
fitness and employ men for technical work and for general mak- 
ing of munitions and for other branches of ordnance. Also he 
aided in the employment of managers and clerks for the Ord- 
nance Department at Washington and elsewhere. In connec- 
tion with these fixed duties was the duty of obtaining informa- 
tion generally concerning persons and places in Baltimore and 
vicinity that had to do in various ways with war work. 

Mr, Dill's assignment was an interesting illustration of the 
different kinds of work that were done for the Hovernment 
through the co-operation of the Maryland Council of Defense 
and the men appointed by its Chairman. 

Deserters and Delinquents 
Acting upon the request of the Council of National Defense 
on September 1, 1918, the Chairman sent the following letter to 
all members, county commissions and community representa- 
tives of the Maryland Council of Defense: 

"I ask that you give this communication your prouij't and very 
earnest attention. It is a most important service the Government 
has called upon you to perform. Keep this letter for reference 
and if you need other copies, let us know and we will send them 
to you without cost. On the following pages you will find : 

"1. Instructions and directions as suggested and outlined in 
the Bulletin of the Council of National Defense sent to the Mary- 
land Council of Defense. Please note that it is your duty to be 
on the lookout for deserters, to act promptly in such cases and 
to co-operate with the Government's agencies. If you want ad- 
vice in special cases, write or wire this office. 

40 



"2. A copy of the Provost Marshal General's letter to the 
Draft Executives of all States. Please read this carefully. 

"3. Form of notification of a deserter, attached to the Provost 
Marshal General's letter. 

"We ask you to bear in mind that this service is not for a 
week or a month, but that it is to be continuous. Maryland's 
record in the war is so fine that no deserter should be allowed 
within its borders, and the Maryland Council of Defense and the 
Council of National Defense call upon you to do your utmost in 
the cause. 

Yours very truly, 

FRANCIS E. WATERS, 

Chairman." 

These were complete forms, with full instructions and details 
covering six large pages. Comparatiyely few cases of deserters 
and delinquents were reported in Maryland. After the armis- 
tice the number increased, and these cases were turned over to 
the Marshal of Police of Baltimore City. 

Maryland War Board 

On March 6, 3918, the Council of National Defense asked the 
Chairman of the Maryland Council to call a conference of the 
State representatives in Maryland of the different departments 
and administrations in Washington carrying on work connected 
with the prosecution of the war, this recommendation having 
been approved by eight departments and administrations at 
Washington having to do with the war. The purpose was a 
full and free round-table discussion to make clear to all the 
general scope of the work conducted by each agency represented. 
The Chairman of the Maryland Council invited the following 
to be his guests at luncheon at the Merchants' Club on April 11, 
1918: 

Council of National Defense — Elliott Dunlap Smith. 

State of Maryland — Governor Emerson C. Harrington. 

Executive Committee of the Maryland Council of Defense — 
Francis E. Waters, Chairman; Frank A. Furst, Vice-Chairman ; 
John M. Dennis. Stevenson A. Williams, Judge Hammond Timer. 
State Treasurer William P. Jackson, State Comptroller Hugh A. 
McMullen; Lynn R. Meekins, Secretary. 

War Loan Organization — Governor George J. Seay, of the 
Federal Reserve Bank ; Col. H. B. Wilcox, Chairman of the Liber- 
ty Ivoan Committee for Maryland. 

41 



National War Savings Committee — Robert Grain. 

Agricultural and Mechanical Colleges — Dr. A. F. Woods. 

Agricultural Extension Service — Prof. T. B. Symons. 

United States Employment Service — Thomas M. Barr. 

United States Boys' Working Reserve — John Redwood. 

Special Representative, Civilian Personnel Section ; Ordnance 
Department — Lewis Dill. 

Food Administration — W. H. Maltbie. 

Fuel Administration — Ferdinand A. Meyer and Robert F. 
Roberts. 

- Red Cross — Hon. Henry White, Divisional Manager, and R. 
Brent Keyser, Chairman for Maryland. 

Four Minute Men — Henry W. Williams. 

Educational Committee of the Maryland Council of Defense — 
Dr. John H. Latane, Chairman ; W. H. DeC. Wright, Secretary ; 
Dr. G. W. Haddaway, Field Director. 

At this meeting the Maryland War Board was organized, and 
the representative of each interest explained the scope of his 
work. The result was a closer co-operation in the work of 
Maryland and a better personal acquaintanceship. The second 
meeting of the Maryland War Board took place May 28, 1918, 
and was attended by representatives of the various agencies 
which have been named and also b^^ members of the Executive 
Committee of the Women's Section of the Maryland Council. 
The value of the War Board's work was in getting the various 
representatives better acquainted and in increasing the general 
co-operation in war work. Francis E. Waters presided and 
Lynn R. Meekins was secretary. 

Legal Committees 

On March 27, 1918, the following committee was appointed to 
organize the lawyers of Maryland for the purpose of advising 
men drafted for service in the National Army : T. Scott Offutt, 
chairman ; Hon. Alfred S. Niles, Hon. Walter I. Dawkins, Hon. 
Stevenson A. Williams, Hon. Benjamin A. Richmond, Walter L. 
Clarke and John B. Gray. 

The Committee met on April 10th, and in a few days effected 
a complete organization of the lawyers of the State. The result 
was to enlist all the lawyers of Maryland for free service to the 
soldiers, sailors and war workers. The work was admirably 
managed. A feature of it was the preparation of a book 

42 



giving the legal rules for the guidance of soldiers and sailors 
entering the service, to be used by the local legal committee, and 
also to serve as a guide to the enlisted men and their families. 
This work was undertaken and brought to early completion by 
Mr. Offutt and Walter L. Clarke, of the committee. It was 
very ably and most effectively done, and was published in an 
attractive book of ninety pages, giving both the Federal and 
the State laws. The success of this book was unusual. It was 
distributed by the National Council as a model of its kind. One 
State, instead of getting out its own book, bought copies of the 
Maryland publication. Commendation of the work was gen- 
eral. In every county the lawyers, often led by the judges, gave 
constant and invaluable aid to men entering the service of the 
Government. I cannot speak too highly of their patriotism and 
unselfishness. Mr. Offutt, the Chairman, was one of the most 
effective and devoted men in all our work, and we owe our ac- 
knowledgments to him for his interest and industry. The full 
report of the activities of the Legal Committee will be found in 
the report of Mr. Offutt in the Apendix. 

Women's Section 

In many respects the record of the Maryland women during 
the war went beyond that of any other Commonwealth. This 
seems a bold statement to make, but the facts justify it. I wish 
that every person in Maryland would read the two reports of 
Mrs. Edward Shoemaker, Chairman of the Women's Section, 
which are attached to this report. These reports made by 
Mrs. Shoemaker are remarkable, not only as clear, full and ad- 
mirable statements of work performed, but as records of ex- 
traordinary results achieved by women along new lines and 
under great stress. 

The Maryland women touched every part of war effort. They 
did wonderful work in organizing civilian forces and in elevat- 
ing and sustaining the State's morale. They stimulated food 
production and conservation to the value of millions of dollars. 
They participated in every loan and war movement. They held 
great meetings. Their organization in State, county and com- 
munity was splendid. 

43 



The inspiring head of the Women's Section was Mrs. Edward 
Shoemaker, whose work elicited the admiration not only of our 
own State, but of the National Council, and she was assisted by 
an unusually able and faithful executive committee, consisting 
of Mrs. Edward Shoemaker, chairman; Mrs. Benjamin W. Ck)rk- 
ran, Jr., vice-chairman; Mrs. William Milnes Maloy, secretary; 
Mrs. William Cabell Bruce, Mrs. Charles E. Ellicott, Miss Kate 
M. McLane, and Mrs. Jacob M. Moses. 

The experience of the Executive Committee with the Women's 
Section was most interesting. This section had been appointed 
by the Governor as an auxiliary, and its relation to the Mary- 
land Council had to be worked out. 

The first financing of the Women's Section was in the follow- 
ing resolution: 

RESOLVED, That Mrs. Edward Shoemaker, Chairman of the 
Women's Section, be authorized to proceed with the organization 
of her office and assistants at an aggregate expenditure or payroll 
not exceeding $3,000 per annum outside of rentals and incidental 
expenses. 

On August 7, 1917, the Executive Committee made an appro- 
priation of IGOO.OO for the Women's Section for the Committee 
on Women in Industry, $800.00 for the Food Production Com- 
mittee and 1200.00 for the Committee on Co-ordination and Vol- 
unteer Service. 

On August 28, 1917, old bills of county commissions of the 
Women's Section amounting to |2,028.85, were paid and an 
appropriation of |15,000 for the expenses of county commis- 
sions from August 1, 1917, for one year was made. 

For the office of the Women's Section, H. J. Bowdoin, on be- 
half of himself and his sisters, offered rent free the house 522 
North Charles street, owned by them. It was decided not to 
accept the oflfer, because of the expense involved in changing 
the building. The thanks of the Committee were voted to 
Mr. Bowdoin and his sisters for their patriotic ofter. 

The Women's Section, which had been occupying headquar- 
ters on North Charles street, then found the space it needed in 
the Park Building. 

44 



For the support of the women in their food production cam- 
paign, the Committee on February 27, 1918, made an appropria- 
tion of 16,030. 

Until the first of May, 1918, the various operations of the 
Women's Section were financed by special budgets and applica- 
tions passed upon by the Executive Committee. The work grew 
in such volume and Mrs. Shoemaker and her associates showed 
such a grasp of business management, that the Executive Com- 
mittee at its regular meeting on April 17th adopted the follow- 
ing resolution offered by Mr. Williams and seconded by Judge 
Urner : 

WHEREAS, There have been appropriated certain sums of 
money by this Council for the use of the Women's Section, and 

WHEREAS, It has been requested by the said Women's Section 
that it be financed by the Executive Committee making for it a 
blanliet appropriation for its worli ; therefore, be it 

RESOLVED, That the sum of $50,000 be and the same hereby is 
appropriated to the Women's Section of the Maryland Council of 
Defense, the same to be expended by said Women's Section upon 
such purpose or purposes, within the scope of the Section's duties, 
as may from time to time, and with the approval of the Chairman 
of the Maryland Council of Defense, be determined by said 
Women's Section ; detailed reports of the expenditure of said sum 
together with appropriate vouchers to be submitted to the Execu- 
tive Committee of the Maryland Council of Defense as and when 
requested. 

RESOLVED, That such part of any and all appropriations here- 
tofore made to said Women's Section by this Council remaining 
unexpended are hereby revoked and declared to be null and void. 

The expenditures of the Women's Section under the |50,000 
appropriation were $38,724.61. The ladies handled their fin- 
ances with signal ability. See Appendix for Mrs. Shoemaker's 
reports and for resolutions adopted by the Women's Section. 

American Red Cross 

Early in its work the Maryland Council gave its co-operation 
to the American Bed Cross. On May 8, 1919, the Chairman 
wrote to all county chairmen : ''Every member of the Maryland 
Council of Defense is expected to do his utmost for the Ameri- 
can Bed Cross War Fund. You are our chief representative in 
your county. Please co-operate promptly. We have pledged 

45 



the Council in this work, and we ask jour loyal and enthusi- 
astic support." In a letter to the campaign manager of the 
same date the Chairman said: "Our instructions to all our 
members and community representatives, numbering more than 
two thousand, are that they shall aid the Red Cross to the 
extent of their ability whenever and wherever possible. We are 
preaching the duty of whole-hearted service for the Red Cross," 

At the meetings for drafted men held in the counties we had 
Home Service representatives of the Red Cross explain how the 
Red Cross would take care of their families while they were 
away. Our office was in frequent communication with the Red 
Cross in the individual cases of soldiers and their families. 

The Red Cross used our lists of names both in city and coun- 
ty, and wrote us: "We greatly appreciate your co-operation." 

Your Chairman wrote as follows to John Poole, Chairman of 
the Potomac Division of the Red Cross : 

"It has been a pleasure to offer to your Chairman for Balti- 
more, Mr. R. Breut Keyser, the full co-operation of the Maryland 
Council of Defense. To yon as Chairman of the Division in 
which Maryland is grouped, I beg to offer the same assurances, 
and to express the hope that we may be of material aid to you 
In the noble work which you are doing." 

Francis King Carey, campaign manager for Maryland, re^ 
plied as follows, the letter being addressed to Francis E. Waters, 
Chairman : 

"Mr. John Foole, Chairman of the Potomac Division of the 
Second Red Cross War Fund, has sent us a copy of your very 
kind letter offering the aid of your patriotic and efficient organiza- 
tion for the Baltimore Campaign, and it is needless to say that 
we will call upon you with the greatest appreciation and gratitude. 

"The Women's Section of your Council is to play an important 
part in the Campaign, and is (as it always does) 'delivering the 
goods.' " 

Durng the war period the Red Cross raised about three 
million dollars in Maryland. 

A confidential service performed by the Maryland Council for 
the Red Cross was securing information concerning the loyalty 
of its personnel. It was a pleasure to find that the inquiries" 

46 



confirmed the absolute loyalty of every person investigated. The 
Red Cross did immense good in Maryland and for Maryland 
men and their families. 

Americanization 
The Executive Committee made several efforts to organize an 
Americanization movement in Maryland, but, owing to condi- 
tions which it could not control and to the withdrawal of per- 
sonal service which had been promised, the matter did not get 
into definite shape until the meeting held on September 11, 
1918, when the following committee was appointed and an ap- 
propriation of |2,013 was made: Clarence W. Egan, director; 
Dr. Frank Johnson Gooduow, Dr. W. Bates Stephens, James 
W. Chapman, Jr., Dr. George W. Haddaway, Miss S. C. Carter, 
Mrs. Emil Crockin, C. L. Green, Dr. E. M. Parlett and Mrs. 
Clayton Purnell. 

This committee met and organized and secured offices, but 
the armistice changed the situation. The position of the Mary- 
land Council was expressed to the Director of Americanization, 
Department of the Interior, in the following letter date Janu- 
ary 14, 1919 : 

"The Maryland Council had planned systematic work of Ameri- 
canization and had appointed a strong committee and had made 
for it an appropriation, but after the armistice was signed it 
was deemed necessary to change these plans. The appropriation 
under which the Maryland Council is working is for the period of 
the war and the Committee did not feel authorized to commit 
itself to future appropriations for educational work." 

Food Administration 

One of the first Federal appointments which the Chairman of 
the Maryland Council was called upon to endorse was that of 
Federal Food Administrator for the State. Edwin J. Baetjer 
was selected for this important work and letters were sent to 
him and to the Government offering the co-operation of the 
Maryland Council of Defense. Later Mr. Baetjer was suc- 
ceeded by William H. Maltbie, 

The work of the Food Administration in Maryland was unus- 
ually effective, particular attention being paid to regulations 
against profiteering and for the control of bakers, and the con- 
trol of mill-feed prices. 

47 



The Administration found the general public willing to ac- 
cept the rulings, and the violations in comparison with the 
population were remarkably few. 

The members of the Maryland Council of Defense helped 
actively in the food compaign. Signal work was done by the 
members of the Women's Section. This was in the house-to- 
house canvass for food-card pledges. The members of the 
Women's Section were organized as captains, lieutenants and 
recruiting officers throughout the State. The campaign was 
opened October 20, 1917, and the quota of one hundred and 
thirty thousand names was exceeded by about seven thousand, 
a remarkable proof of the aliveness and value of the Women's 
Section of the Maryland Council of Defense. The speaker at 
the first meeting for this canvass was Herbert H. Hoover, the 
Federal Food Administrator. 

While the Maryland Council of Defense had no official con- 
nection with the Food Administration, its organization in city 
and counties, especially the Women's Section, was of large as- 
sistance in the work. 

Fuel Administratio7i 

The Maryland Council of Defense was consulted in the ap- 
pointment of the Fuel Administrator of Maryland, and it cor- 
dially endorsed Ferdinand A. Meyer, who became the Maryland 
Administrator. Mr. Meyer was assisted by Robert F. Roberts, 
R. Lee Marshall, J. H. Gildea, Jr., and Henry Adams. These 
men were active throughout the winter of 1917 and 1918. Mr. 
Meyer says in his report: "The prompt selection of chairmen 
and committees in twenty three counties of the State was a 
perplexing problem, but many avenues of information were' 
willingly opened, and the Maryland Council of Defense was 
able and ready to assist at all times." 

The winter was a severe one, and the administration had its 
difficulties meeting the conditions caused by the ice blockade 
in the harbor and in the Chesapeake Bay. In all, about one 
thousand cars were turned over to the Maryland administration 
from late December to March 1st, and about five thousand car- 

48 



loads of bituminous coal were handled through the Baltimore 
office. The obligations extended to collecting and accounting 
for shipments and presented details and difficulties. The big 
and important problem of the administration was to provide 
bituminous coal for many plants of Baltimore City and numer- 
ous industrial enterprises in the State. 

The Maryland Council received letters and requests arising 
from the fuel situation, and all these it referred to the Fuel 
Administration, which gave them prompt attention. 

There were many interesting phases of the campaign — the 
stopping of work on all industries excepting tho.se essential to 
the war, the shutting down for five days followed by a weekly 
shut-down, the lightless nights, the skip-stop plan on the street 
railways, limiting days for collecting and delivery for laundries 
and ice-cream factories, and shutting down their plants for two 
whole days a week, the laying up of all pleasure craft and other 
schemes and orders adopted to save the fuel supply. 

All this was unprecedented, and it added to the abnormal 
interest of the war period. It is a pleasure to report that the 
people CO operated promptly and generally with the orders of 
the Government. 

Among the suggestions that came before the Committee was 
a proposition to transport coal from the mines to Baltimore in 
motor trucks, and also for a larger use of the Chesapeake and 
Ohio Canal. These were not found practicable. 

Transportation 
In January, 1918, the railroads became congested, and the 
Director General called upon the Maryland Council of Defense 
to assist in the attack on accumulated freight on the lines in 
Maryland. Letters were sent to the county chairmen of the 
Council, and in several instances prompt results were obtained. 
Sidings were cleared and freight was delivered and the situa- 
tion in Maryland was materially improved. 

The following resolution, offered by Frank A. Furst and sec- 
onded by Dr. B. W. Goldsborough and F. N. Hoen, was adopted 
unanimously at the general meeting on March 5th at the Mer- 
chants' Club: 

49 



RESOLVED, That the Maryland Council of Defense earnestly 
recommend to the General Assembly now in session the increase 
of rates on automobiles and trucks to meet the inci'eased expense 
of maintaining the highways of Maryland. 

At the meeting of the Executive Committee on April 17, 
1918, a detailed report of the schedules of the freight and pas- 
senger auto truck routes throughout the State of Maryland was 
submitted. It showed more than one hundred of these lines, 
and the statement was made that Maryland had more auto 
truck transportation than any State in comparison to area and 
population. 

At the meeting of May 8, 1918, the Chairman reported nego- 
tiations to establish a return-load bureau through the co-opera- 
tion of the Merchants and Manufacturers' Association. This 
matter came up several times, but no acceptable plan was 
found. Conditions in Maryland differed from those in other 
States. 

Mr. Sanderson, of the Washington Motor Truck Transport 
Company, had complained that the Public Service Commission 
was refusing to issue licenses for additional truck lines between 
Baltimore and Washington. The Chairman had the matter in- 
vestigated and found that the Public Service Commission de- 
clined to add any more lines on the ground that the facilities 
gave the public adequate service, and that to issue more per- 
mits would be to put unnecessary travel on the highways and 
to encourage ruinous competition that would in the end destroy 
the existing service. 

At the meeting of July 17, 1918, Governor Harrington re- 
ported to the Executive Committee the results of his interview 
with the President and with the Washington authorities, and 
stated that Maryland's highways policy was in full accord with 
the national program. Maryland's roads were of inestimable 
service to the Government throughout the war period. 

Our work for the highways was somewhat different from that 
of other States, because we found it necessary to do what we 
could to protect Maryland's $25,000,000 road system. In this 
we worked in harmony with the Highways Commission and the 

50 



Public Service Commission of tlie State. It was ou the unani- 
mous recommendation of the Council that the extra tax was 
placed upon heavy trucks by the General Assembly, and we ex- 
plained the reasons for this constantly to the authorities at 
Washington, and also to those of other States. 

Non-War Construction 

In the summer of 1918 it was announced from Washington 
that the resources and activities of the whole nation were more 
than ever to be concentrated for the winning of the war. 

The Chairman of the Maryland Council received communi- 
cations from the Council of National Defense and the War 
Industries Board, making the request that the Maryland Coun- 
cil appoint a committee on Non-War Construction and that this 
be done with all possible speed. The request was so urgent 
that it was a command. Your Chairman selected William L. 
Marbury as a man who could take charge of this important 
work with courage and with certainty that it would be well 
and promptly done. The Executive Committee approved this 
appointment, and Mr. Marbury was called in conference for the 
purpose of discussing the membership of his committee. Out 
of this discussion grew suggestions of various names, and the 
Chairman subsequently appointed the following: William L. 
Marbury, chairman; Wilton Snowden, E. B. Hunting, Joseph 
Evans Sperry and C. Morgan Marshall. O. D. Green was elected 
secretary. 

No committee appointed by the Council was abler or more 
efficient than this body charged with the duty of restricting 
building operations during the war. When they embarked upon 
their work the members were apprehensive that they would 
have disagreeable experiences, and there were some difficult 
cases, but the problems were so well handled that the commit- 
tee was able to say that all its work had proved to be amicable. 
The committee met almost every day for nearly three months 
and considered one hundred and seventy-two cases. In many 
of these cases the documents were numerous. The extent of 
the work may be understood from the fact that its minutes 
make a book of thirty thousand words. The success of this 

51 



committee consisted much in the unusual character of the mem- 
bers. The total cost was less than |800.00. It was a fine illus- 
tration of the value of public service given by leading citizens 
during the war period, and of the co-operation of the public even 
when individuals suffered hardships. 

The committee completed its work in the latter part of No- 
vember, and on November 30, 1918, the Chairman of the Mary- 
land Council of Defense received the following letter : 

"The War Industries Board, through this department, had 
promised the public and the building industries that the restric- 
tions on new construction would be removed the moment our war 
retiuiremeuts would permit. I am sure we all agree that this 
promise has been fulfilled. 

"The work of the Non-War Construction Section is now finished, 
and before leaving for home I want to express, for Mr. Bernard 
M. Baruch, the Chairman of the War Industries Board, Judge 
Edwin B. Parker, Priorities Commissioner, and myself, our very 
deep appreciation of the whole-hearted co-operation which we 
have received, from you, Mr. Marbury and your associates in this 
work. To this co-operation is due in large measure whatever 
success has attended our efforts. 

"Let us hope that the spirit of unselfish service to the Nation's 
cause which prompted you and your fellow members of the State 
Council to engage in this work will survive, and make our country 
a bigger, better and happier place in which to live. 

"With kind personal regards, I remain, 

Sincerely yours, 

"D. R. McLennan, cHef, 

Non-War Construction Section." 

The following reply was sent by the Maryland Council of 
Defense : 

"Mr. D. R. McLennan, Chief, 
Non-War Construction Section, 
War Industries Board, 
Washington, D. C. 
"My dear Mr. McLennan : — 

"Your letter came when I was out of town for the day, and it 
was acknowledged by the Secretary. 

"I had the pleasure of reading your compliments to our Execu- 
tive Committee, and I am very glad indeed that as Chairman I 
have been able, as stated by you, to render whole-hearted co- 
operation in the important work which you have been doing. 

52 



"It is very gratifying tu receive i^iuh an aoliuowledgment, and 
I thank you, not only for myself, but for the Executive Commit- 
tee and the Maryland Council. I reciprocate very cordially the 
personal regards, and am. 

Very truly yours, 

"FRANCIS E. WATERS, 

Chairman." 

Previous to the appointment of the special committee on 
Non-War Construction, the Executive Committee took a deep 
interest in the national program of curbing unnecessary build- 
ing and concentrating the activities of the people in the war 
work. It made a special effort to stop unnecessary construc- 
tion in Baltimore City. 

At its meeting on May 1, 1918, the Executive Committee 
adopted the following resolution unanimously : 

WHEREAS, The Council of National Defense and the War In- 
dustries Board have distinctly protested against "all new under- 
takings not essential to and not contributing either directly or 
indirectly to winning the war, v>hich involve the utilization of 
labor, material and capital required in the production, supply or 
distribution of direct or indirect war needs, notwithstanding they 
may be of local importance, and of a character which should in 
normal times meet with every encouragement" ; 

RESOLVED, That the Executive Committee of the Maryland 
Council of Defense does hereby protest against any action of the 
City of Baltimore in violation of or contrary to the spirit of said 
instructions of the National Council of Defense and the War In- 
dustries Board ; and 

RESOLVED, That a copy of these resolutions be sent to his 
Honor, the Mayor of Baltimore, and to the Board of Estimates. 

The full correspondence on this matter will be found in the 
Appendix. 

Commercial Economy 

The Executive Committee began early its work for commercial 
economy on the lin^ requested by the Council of National De- 
fense. A letter was issued to the public and advertised in the 
daily newspapers, stating: 

"The movement of the retail merchants of Baltimore to cut 
down deliveries and to reduce other extra services that are not 
reasonably necessary is undertaken by the request of the Mary- 

53 



land Council of Defense acting on tbe request of and co-operating 
with the Council of National Defense which is inaugurating a 
nation-wide cauipaign to take 'immediate steps to bring about 
economy in the delivery service of retail stores.' At its meeting 
July 24, 1017, the Executive Committee of the Maryland Council 
of Defense thanked the retail merchants of Baltimore, through 
the Retail Merchants Bureau of the Merchants and Manufacturers 
Association, for their prompt action and public spirit and asked 
the people to co-operate with them. The Executive Committee of 
the Maryland Council of Defense makes the same request of the 
merchants of every city and town of Maryland." 

Appeals were made to the merchants to save men and horses 
in their deliveries, and the people were asked to co-operate, 
especially by carrying small bundles. 

On February 27, 1918, Louis K. Gutman, representing the 
Committee on the Commercial Economy Board work, reported 
that the movement was well under way to establish a one- 
delivery-a-day in Baltimore. At the general meeting in June, 
11)18, Mr. Gutman reported that the merchants of Baltimore 
had decided on the one-delivery-a-day and a three-day limit on 
returned merchandise, and that they virtually stopped special 
deliveries. It represented the results of a long campaign under 
the Maryland Council of Defense, and for these results the 
credit was due to the co-operation of the merchants of Balti- 
more. In only one instance was this co-operation refused. 

At its meeting on September 11, 1918, on motion of Mr. Furst, 
the committee voted in favor of rationing gasoline as a means 
of conservation, under the direction or control of the Fuel Ad- 
ministration, and this action was communicated to the Council 
of National Defense. At the same meeting, on motion of Mr. 
Furst, the State Board of Prison Control was asked to look 
into the contract at the penitentiary for the making of brushes, 
with the suggestion that the two hundred men engaged in this 
work at 55 cents a day each might be more profitably employed 
and that a large use of coal might be saved. This purpose was 
accomplished. 

54 



Maryland Physicians 

Maryland must always be proud of the loyal and splendid 
service of her physicians during the war. Regardless of age or 
conditions that would have excused many they offered them- 
selves almost to a man. Those who could not be accepted 
cheerfully assumed the extra burdens placed upon them and 
not only responded to all calls in their profession, but worked 
overtime in helping the general cause. Five of the Council's 
most faithful members were physicians of large practice and 
others were members of county commissions. Those who went 
across included many of the ablest men of Johns Hopkins Medi- 
cal School, the University of Maryland, College of Physicians 
and Surgeons, and other colleges. They won the foremost 
medical and surgical honors of the war, and it might be said 
without exaggeration that the American soldiers in Europe 
were under the care of Maryland doctors. Maryland was the 
first State to contribute her quota of physicians as asked for 
by the Surgeon General's Department. 

After the armistice was signed the influenza raged in our 
State. We had missed our doctors before but we missed them 
especially during this scourge. Not only was the loss indi- 
vidual but it involved the operation of our great medical school 
and hospital. Therefore, on November 25, 1918, your chairman 
wrote to the Secretary of War reminding him that the Johns 
Hopkins Hospital Unit had left on the first convoy of the 
American Expeditionary Forces, the first hospital with the 
Forces; that their services were now needed at home; that 
many of them were important instructors in the Johns Hop- 
kins Medical School; all of which led him to urge that they 
be returned at the first moment compatible with the good of 
the service. 

The Secretary of War turned over this letter to the Surgeon 
General. General M, W. Ireland wrote as follows: 

"I am thorougrbly conversant with the very valuable service ren- 
dered to the American Expeditionary Forces by Base Hospital 
No. IS, and concur in everything you say in regard to the splendid 
organization. I visited the hospital many times and am personally 
acquainted with most of the distinguished personnel which went 
to France witJi the organization. The question as to when this 

55 



unit will be returned to the United States does not rest with this 
office. That will of necessity be decided by the authorities in 
France, who alone are conversant with the hospital needs of the 
American Expeditionary Forces." 

Your chairman then cabled General Pershing, and on 
December 16, 1918, the following cablegram was received : 

"Waters, Baltimore: Johns Hopkins Medical Unit will be re- 
turned first moment compatible with good of service. Pershing.'" 

Soon thereafter our physicians came back to us and received 
a royal welcome. At our closing-up meeting in February follow- 
ing we had the honor of the presence of a number of these 
leaders, and addresses were made by General John M. T. Fin- 
ney, General William S. Thayer and Colonel Hugh S. Young. 

The chairman also sent a telegram to the War Department 
urging the return of the One Hundred and Seventeenth Trench 
Mortar Batten,' and the University of Maryland Unit. 

Other work was done through the Maryland Council in the 
return of our men from France. For instance, the wife of a 
Baltimore physician was in a very critical condition of health. 
Her one desire was to see her husband before the end. Your 
chairman stated the case in a cablegram to General Pershing 
and within forty-eight hours General Pershing cabled to your 
chairman that he had ordered the return of the physician. 

Helpitig The Navy 

Maryland was the first state to furnish its quota for the navy 
and the Maryland Naval Militia was called into service the day 
war was declared. Maryland had a warm place in its affections 
for the navy, not only because the great Naval Academy is 
located here but also because our people are a sea-loving race, 
and Maryland blood is on every page of our naval history. 
Among the special services rendered the navy by the Maryland 
Council of Defense and its agencies was the supplying of bin- 
oculors, telescopes and spy glasses in response to an urgent 
call from the Navy Department. These were sent from all our 
offices. Our main office in Baltimore sent many including those 
entrusted to it by the naval officers of the Fifth Naval District. 
Most of the counties co-operated faithfully in this work. The 
following letter was received: 

56 



NAVY DEPARTMENT, 

Assistant Secretary's OflBce, 
Washington, 

March 13, 1918. 
Gen. F. E. Waters, 
Baltimore, Md. 
Dear Sir: 

Your prompt and patriotic response to the Navy's call for binoculars, 
telescopes and spy-glasses is most appreciated. The glasses will be very 
useful in the prosecution of naval operations until victory is won. 

At the termination of the war, if possible, every effort will be made 
to return them to you, when it is hoped that you will feel compensated 
for any evidence of wear, by the knowledge that you have supplied "Eyes 
for the Navy" during a very trying period. 
On behalf of the Navy, I wish to thank you most heartily. 
Very respectfully, 

(Signed) F. D. Roosevelt, 

Assistant Secretary of the Navy. 

The day Mr. Roosevelt's letter was received a box containing 
15 more glasses — some of them very fine and expensive — was 
forwarded from the Baltimore office. To each of the donors 
the Navy Department afterwards sent a handsome testimonial. 

A unique experience attended one pair of glasses. When this 
pair was returned the owner came to our office and explained 
that they had been stolen from him months previously and he 
wished to know how we had obtained them. The only explana- 
tion was that the holder of the stolen goods was at heart a 
patriot. The return was made possible by the name on the 
glasses. 

Labor and Employment 

Much of the time and attention of the Executive Committee 
was given to the labor situation. The problems were abnormally 
acute and serious in Maryland, because not onl}^ did the war 
take from the State more than fifty thousand of its best workers,^ 
skilled and unskilled, but the increase in shipbuilding, munition 
making and other industrial operations created unusual de- 
mands for labor, and in addition was the Macedonian cry from 
the farms. Directly and indirectly, the Maryland Council of 
Defense aided labor for the industries, labor for the farms, 
labor for the canneries, labor for transportation, and other 
problems of labor and employment after the war. 

57 



When the war came the National Department of Labor had 
no satisfactory method of handling labor, and its employment 
service was a development of war needs. The representatives 
of the Department of Labor came to the Maryland Council of 
Defense and placed their cause before us and asked for State 
money. Otherwise, they said, they could not meet the situation. 
Our committee gave the co-operation, and it is a satisfaction 
that the labor and employment work in Maryland during the 
war was considered to be unique. Two accomplishments stand 
out. One was the call for five thousand, two hundred and fifty 
shipbuilders from Maryland in the midst of the most desperate 
days of the labor situation. Few thought that the call could 
be met, but it was done, and the success elicited warm praise 
from Washington. The second was the handling of the labor 
surplus in the days following the armistice. 

In 1917 a special committee, under the chairmanship of C. C. 
Homer, Jr., did good work in supplying labor to canneries. The 
propaganda included the sending of a special letter on canning 
to the churches. The committee secured reports from the State 
Board of Health giving the sanitary condition of canneries to 
which labor was to be sent. 

The agricultural army of Maryland was in operation before 
the Maryland Council of De^fense came into existence. This 
army was not doing well, and the Executive Committee of the 
Council declined to favor it. The situation became serious, and 
on August 21st the Executive Committee, after receiving a full 
statement from Dr. A. F. Woods, adopted a resolution that Dr. 
Woods be directed to discontinue immediately the remaining 
unit of the agricultural army located in Kent county. On Sep- 
tember 11, 1917, Dr. Woods reported the farm army had been 
closed out. The bills payable were $2,073.67, and this amount 
was ordered paid. 

On August 21, 1917, an appropriation of |2,495 was made for 
farm labor from August 16th to September 15th, inclusive. It 
was a considerable problem to handle the farm labor proposi- 
tion at that time, but it was done with success. 

At the meeting January 30th-February 2nd, the Chairman 
announced the appointment of John K, Shaw as Federal State 
Director of Labor and Employment and the carrying out of a 



program for the registration of shipbuilders throughout the 
State. All the county chairmen had been called upon and ad- 
vertisements had been inserted in the newspapers. 

An appropriation of $250 a month, beginning May 1st 
and continuing to January 1, 1919, was voted as the contribu- 
tion of the Maryland Council of Defense, for the establishment 
and operation of branch employment offices in Cumberland, 
Bagerstown and Salisbury. The vote was unanimous. 

At its meeting February 12, 1918, the Executive Committee 
appropriated |2,000 for farm labor, the money to be spent by 
the Agricultural Committee, of which Dr. A. F. Woods was 
chairman. Dr. Woods stated that with the establishment of 
the branch offices of the United States Employment Service, 
this $2,000 would not be necessary, and he requested the action 
upon it rescinded. This was done and then aii appropriation 
of $2,000 was made for emergencies in handling farm labor. 

Through the recommendations of the Executive Committee, 
the Governor of the State issued a proclamation encouraging 
city and town men to enlist for farm work. The Chairman of 
the Committee wrote to Gen. J. B. Kuhn. at Camp Meade, and 
to other officers, requesting that, if it could be done conven- 
iently, drafted men with farm experience be furloughed for 
harvest work on farms. (See Appendix.) 

The main object of the meeting of the Executive Committee 
March 19, 1919, was to consider the question of aiding the Em- 
ployment Service in Maryland in the emergency created by the 
failure of Congress to pass the necessary appropriations. It 
was explained that the Government was spending about $1,900 
a month, and that if the Council of Defense would contribute 
an equal amount for three months, the work could be carried 
on without serious impairment to the beginning of the next 
fiscal year of the United States Government, which would be 
July 1st. The Chairman stated that two appropriations were 
on the records of the Committee, both bearing date of April 24, 
1918: 

1. Branch labor offices from May 1st to January 1st $2,000 

2. U. S. Employment Service for handling labor 2,000 

Very little of either appropriation had been expended. The 
Committee voted to devote the two appropriations to the em- 

59 



ployment work and to add an appropriation of $2,000 to carry 
on the service to July 1st. 

Subsequently the time limit was extended to August 1, 1919. 
In the report to Washington the Employment Service said : 

"The Maryland Council of Defense, General Fruucis E. Waters, 
Chairman, assisted us nobly, especially after the curtailment in 
March and in connection with the Soldiers' Bureau."' 

The Employment Service in Maryland from January 1. I'M 
to June 30, 1919, handled one hundred and twenty-two thousand 
nine hundred and fifty-one cases, not including seventy-seven 
thousand, two hundred and fifty-one in the longshoremen's divi- 
sion. The biggest month was August, 1918, when twenty-c: 
thousand, nine hundred and seventy-five workers were regis 
tered. More than six thousand were placed on the farms and 
in the canneries. The Women's Division of the service, under 
Miss Nannie Irvine, placed from two to five hu dred women a 
month. 

Boys^ [Forking Reserve 

The United States Boys' Working Reserve had for its purpose 
the mobilization of boys of the high schools and colleges, be- 
tween the ages 1(5 and 21, for service on the farms. The 
work was inadequately organized in 1917, and so the results 
were not satisfactory, but in 1918 many of the States had 
flourishing reserves, Maryland being among them. In 1917 F.W. 
Holden was Director, but his organization resigned and the 
whole movement had to be recast in 1918. For that task Frank 
B. Cahn was chosen, and he threw info it his strong personality 
and enthusiasm and surrounded himself witli able young men. 

Mr. Cahn and his associates aroused the State to the value 
of its boy power, and it was reported by the county directors 
that in the summer of 1918 ten thousand boys were at work on 
the farms of Maryland. Of these about one thousand were as- 
signed by the Boys' Working Reserve. The Director reported 
that seventy per cent, of them measured up to the full expecta- 
tion of their employers. The boys received from |22,50 to 
$?>0.00 per month, according to their experience, and the pay 
was increased by a bonus system that made the possible earn- 
ings of a boy |75.00 per month. The results are shown in the 

60 



following report printed in ''Boy Power/' the official Govern- 
ment publication of the Working Reserve: 

"Sixty boys, students of Baltimore City College, Polytechnic 
Institute and Loyola College High School, members of the United 
States Boys' Working Reserve, have successfully and patriotically 
fulfilled their pledges to assist the orchardists of their State. The 
boys helped to picli and paclf 35,000 barrels of apples in one of the 
largest apple orchards in the East. 

"The United States Boys' Working Reserve camp established 
on the 1,000-acre orchard of 00,000 trees was the largest camp 
ever formed in Maryland. 

"In addition to the regular wages which have been given tht 
boys by farmers during the past summer, these boys received a 
substantial bonus, so that each boy was paid $3.00 per day and 
his board and lodging. 

"The average number of bushels picked per boy was 52 a day, 
with one lad making a record of SO bushels. Besides picking 
apples, some of the boys were engaged in driving mule teams and 
auto trucks, while others were busy in the packing sheds and in 
loading cars. 

"In the evening, after the day's work was over, the boys 
entered into the social life of Hancock, and they had prepared 
to give a minstrel show for the benefit of the Red Cross when the 
theater was closed because of the influenza. These boys also 
purchased $1,750 worth of Liberty Bonds out of their earnings. 

"The boys increased greatly in physical development during 
their work in the orchards, some of them gaining in weight as 
much as 15 pounds." 

Mr. Cahn resigned in October, 1918, and his successor was 
General Clinton L. Eiggs. General Kiggs took hold of the or- 
ganization with fine spirit and kept it going through the winter 
for spring work. In the meantime, the armistice had been 
signed and the war programs of the Government and of the 
State were being changed. The financial support of the Boys' 
Working Reserve was modified or withdrawn. The Executive 
Committee decided that, so far as the Maryland Council of De- 
fense was concerned, the work should be discontinued. For this 
work an appropriation of |15,000 was made in 1918, of which 
more than |7,000 was unexepended at the end of the year. A 
portion of this remainder was used to pay old bills of the 
reserve. 

61 



On February 28, 1919, a meeting of the Reserve was Iielil at 
the Baltimore City College, under the directiou of General 
Riggs, and the Governor of Mainland presented the honor bars 
earned by the Reservists for work on the farms during the 
season of 1918. The occasion was a vei*y happy one, and the 
report of it will be found in the Appendix. Other reports in 
connection with the Reserve are also given in the Appendix, so 
as to have a full record of the effective work performed in food 
production and conservation by the boys of the State during the 
great war. It is a record of which they may well be proud and 
one which has given much gratification to the Executive Com 
mittee of the Maryland Council of Defense. 

Compulsory Work Bureau 

In April, 1918, the Chairman sent a questionnaire to the dif- 
ferent Council representatives throughout the State, asking for 
reports upon the operation of the Compulsory Work Law and 
the names of the idlers. The reports were wholly favorable as 
to the value of the law, and many names of idlers were collected 
and turned over to the Bureau for investigation and action. 

An interesting account of the operation of this law is found 
in the report of the director, George A. Mahone, in the Appen- 
dix. The Attorney-General and his assistants gave particular 
attention to the law, and the Director was diligent and eflScient 
in proclaiming and enforcing it. 

Maryland secured from this experiment an immense amount 
of publicity. The authorities at Washington called upon your 
Chairman for information, and the Governor, the Attorney- 
General and Mr. Mahone were summoned to the War Depart- 
ment to tell about the practical results achieved. Out of these 
conferences grew the Government ultimatum, "Work or Fight." 

Rent Profiteering Committee 

At its meeting July 17, 1918, by request of the National Coun- 
cil transmitting the plan of the Department of Labor, the Exec- 
utive Committee of the Maryland Council of Defense authorized 
the Chairman to appoint a special committee of five on rent 

62 



profiteering, consisting of a member of the Real Estate Board 
of Baltimore City, a member of the Federation of Labor, a law- 
yer, and two citizens ; this committee to have power to appoint 
adjustment committees of three, consisting of a representative 
of union labor, a real estate man and a lawyer, representing the 
Maryland Council of Defense. 

The chairman appointed W. H. DeC. Wright, William E. Fer- 
guson, Sewell S. Watts, Charles Eeviol and E. B. Hunting. 
The secretary was C. Philip Pitt. 

The object of the committee was to receive complaints from 
tenants and to try to adjust these complaints. The committee 
had no legal powers to enforce its decisions, and merely acted 
as a means of focusing public opinion on profiteers. 

Its first meeting was held July 24, 1918, at the ofiice of its 
Chairman. It gave consideration to about five hundred cases, 
of which about four hundred were dismissed, either before or 
after hearing, because, in the judgment of the committee, the 
complaints were ill-founded. About seventy complaints were 
adjusted by the submission of landlords to the committee's re- 
quest to reduce charges believed by the latter to be exorbitant. 
About twelve owners of property against whom in the aggregate 
thirty were lodged, refused to abide by the committee's decision 
and persisted in their course of oppression. The most notable 
practice which the committee persistently tried to discourage 
was the refusal of many landlords heretofore renting their prop- 
erties, to rent them any longer, thus compelling the occupants 
of these properties either to buy them, in most cases at exag- 
gerated prices, or else to move out, with the extreme diflSculty 
facing them of finding new homes to rent. This practice was 
indulged in principally by professional real estate operators, 
who in many cases exhibited absolute disregard for the public 
interest in their greed to sell houses. 

The actual number of cases which the committee considered 
sounds insignificant, but the committee exercised a much wider 
influence, through the attention which its efforts attracted in 

63 



the press and otherwise in deterring persons fnnn increasing 
rents who otherwise would have done so, and also in bringing 
home to property owners generally the sense of their obligation 
not to disorganize living conditions in Baltimore at a time 
when it was important to provide homes for the greatly in- 
creased industrial population. The committee sat twice a week 
at the rooms of the Real Estate Board, 15 East Fayette street. 

Educational Committee 

Much of the best work under the Ck)uucil was done by the 
Educational Committee. This was our special department of 
propaganda. Hundreds of thousands of books, pamphlets and 
letters were distributed; thousands of posters were hung up, 
and through close co-operation with the National Council the 
publication resources of the nation were carried to Maiyland 
homes, so that in the end many more than a million communi- 
cations reached Maryland people through the mails, all sent or 
instigated by the Maryland Council of Defense and its commit- 
tees. In addition, there were many publications from patriotic 
societies ; letters and prints from other States, and the various 
kinds of literature pertaining to the war. Furthermore, hun- 
dreds of public meetings were held, speakers were supplied, 
music was provided and the details of arousing the people to 
the size and responsibility of a world war were worked out. The 
list of things done included almost everything from hiring halls 
to persuading the War Department to send over a flying ma- 
chine to help a local program. The Educational Committee's 
work in developing the patriotism of the State, in increasing 
loyalty and in stitfening the general morale was beyond 
praise, and the effect of it was seen not only in the advanced 
position taken by Maryland, but in the draft, and in evei-y call 
upon the people for the support of the war. 

In the development of its educational program Maryland be- 
gan early. Before the organization of the Council, Dr. John H. 
Latane went to Chautauqua, New York, as a delegate of the 
Maryland Council of Defense to the Speakers' Training Camp. 
There were present fifty delegates, representing State Councils 
of Defense or Governors of State, and about one hundred repre- 
sentatives of universities and other oflScial bodies, as well a« 

64 



many distinguished citizens who attended because of their in- 
terest. These gentlemen did unusual work in laying the lines 
of patriotic publicity and education. Dr. Latane brought back 
this information, and thus the Maryland program was inaugu- 
rated. The first committee consisted of Dr. John H. Latane, 
chairman; Dr. A. (). Lovejoy and George L. Jones, secre- 
tary. Dr. Lovejoy was sent to Europe later, and Mr. Jones en- 
tered the service and attained the rank of major. Dr. K. V. D. 
Magofifin was added to the committee, but before his appoint- 
ment could be confirmed he went into the service. Later the 
committee was changed, and it was finally constituted as fol- 
lows : Dr. John H. Latane, chairman ; W. H. DeCourcey Wright, 
secretary ; Clarence W. Egan, Miss Sarah R. Carter, Dr. G. W. 
Haddaway, chief field director; Rev. Edgar T. Read, associate 
field director, and Henry W. Williams, chairman of the Four 
Minute Men. Isidor Blum was appointed a second assistant 
field director and was attached to the Four Minute Men. 

Under Dr. Latane, this committee became notably etticient. 
His live interest, his standing as a scholar and speaker and 
his fine patriotism gave its work a distinction that was of the 
highest value. He delivered a number of able addresses to large 
audiences in Baltimore and other cities. 

In 1917 Dr. A. O. Lovejoy prepared a booklet, "What Are We 
Fighting About?" and its success was immediate and far-reach- 
ing. Many editions of it were published to meet the demand, 
and copies of it were sent to all parts of the country. A very 
active figure in the education work was Mr. Wright, who not 
only did the secretarial work of the committee, but visited vari- 
ous sections of the State making patriotic addresses. The value 
of his work was shown by such appreciations as the following, 
from L. W. (lunby, chairman for Wicomico county : 

"Our War Propaganda Campaign of Wicomico Oaunty, under 
the leadersliii) of Mr. W. H. DeC. Wright, closed last night. I 
am pleased to inform you that we held four large and enthusiastic 
meetings, at Hebron, one at Sharp town, one at Bivalve and one 
at Delmar, and I think this kind of missionary work is going to 
prove very helpful to the Government. Mr. Wright impressed 
everyl)ody forcibly by the great sincerity in which he presented the 
subject to his audience. He brought everyone to realize that 
there was important work for each one to do and that every 
man. woman and child was expected to contribute their part." 

05 



Mr. Wright performed splendid service as rield director with- 
out pay. He was one of the most vahuvble workers of the 
Council. Mr. Egan gave much time to the work and addressed 
many meetings. The Educational Committee was constantly 
at work providing speakers for meetings both in the city and 
in the counties. 

In the first part of 1918 the field directors of the Executive 
Committee began their regular work. This plan was the sug- 
gestion of the Chairman. It was for the services of a Chief Di- 
rector and an Assistant Director under the pay and control of 
the Executive Committee, but working with the Educational 
Committee, the main purposes being the closer organization of 
the counties, the formation of community councils and the ex- 
tension and stimulation of the educational program. The first 
director appointed was Dr. A. O. Lovejoy, and the Johns Hop- 
kins University not only consented to loan his services, but 
agreed to pay one-half his salary. Dr. Lovejoy did effective 
work, and it was a loss to the Committee when the Government 
called upon him to be one of the commissioners to visit Europe 
to investigate and report upon industrial conditions. He was 
succeeded by Kev. Dr. George W. HaddaAvay, who became Chief 
Field Director and who proved one of the most earnest workers 
of the Council, a special value of his service being the organiza- 
tion of educational committees in the counties and regular re- 
ports of the work accomplished. The Assistant Field Director 
was Rev. Edgar T. Read, w^ho organized and greatly stimulated 
the work in the counties of Western Maryland. The second 
assistant was Isidor Blum, who managed with success the de- 
tails of the Four Minute Men. The field director plan was new 
in Council work, and the Chief of the State Councils Section of 
the Council of National Defense wrote to the Chairman of the 
Maryland Council as follows : 

"I want to express our appreciation and congratulations on 
your arrangement for field directors. We feel that this is a splen- 
did plan to get the best results from the county council and shall 
recommend it to other states." 

The Educational Committee was faithful in its meetings and 
in widening its activities. In the spring of 1918 the Committee 

66 



and the Field Directors found their pace, and the result was 
the quickening of the whole State in war work. The following 
letter was sent by the Chairman to all the county commissions: 

"Tlie Executive Committee has elected the following to promote 
and organize the educational work of the Maryland Council of 
Defense in different parts of the State : 

Dr. G. W. Haddaway, Chief Field Director. 

Rev. Edgar T. Read, Field Director. 

Isidor Blum, Field Director. 
"These field directors will serve directly under the Executive 
Committee. We ask you to extend to them every assistance and 
courtesy when they visit your count}^ They come to help you in 
your problems of organization and meetings, and we hope through 
their work to get closer touch and larger efficiency in the whole 
program of the Council." 

In the first part of 1918 many meetings were held in the 
counties, special addresses being made before county institutes 
and practically all public gatherings held in the State. The 
program included an unusual celebration of Washington's birth- 
day, in which the counties co-operated. In the month of June 
twenty -six patriotic meetings were held in Howard county ; in 
Montgomery on the 7th of June a meeting was held in every 
school house, and in many counties intensive progi'ams were 
carried out. By June also more than one hundred community 
councils had been organized and inaugurated, the Four Minute 
Men were delivering hundreds of addresses, and thus the work 
was developed. The climax of many meetings was the celebra- 
tion of the Fourth of July, the most general, the most elaborate 
and most enthusiastic ever held in the State. With the organi- 
zation of meetings was the distribution of literature, including 
thousands of posters. The field directors also worked among 
the organizations of church people, and especially at the meet- 
ings of farmers. It is impossible to say how many people were 
directly reached, but it is obvious that practically all the popu- 
lation of Maryland felt the influence of the Council activities. 
The county meetings took various forms. In Wicomico the 
leaders of the various activities came together for a daily con- 
ference. In Oakland there was a daily prayer service from 12 
to 12.30, in which the members of the town churches united 
and at which a short patriotic talk was made. There were dif- 

67 



fereiit sorts of meetings, ranging up to the big mass-meeting at- 
tended by crowds from all parts of the counties. During the 
summer, Rev. Mr. Read, the Associate Field Director, addressed 
thirty-one general meetings, two Ministerial Unions, two Chau- 
tauquas and a Union Tent Service, besides organizing more 
than a score of community councils. 

Every day during September speakers were furnished for 
various patriotic meetings by the Educational Committee. Dur- 
ing the year not only was the work of the Educational Commit- 
tee of value in all the loan drives and other Federal calls, but in 
several of these movements the machinery of the Committee was 
directly used, and during the loan drives the Four Minute Men 
had their offices in the loan headquarters. 

I endorse cordially the following statement made by our 
Educational Committee in the closing weeks of the war, 1918 : 

"Patriotic Educational Propaganda, the great and supreme 
work for wliich the Educational Committee was created, has been 
most persistently carried on throughout Maryland for the past 
six months, and projected even in most remote sections of the 
State. Preceding every war activity has been the pioneer work 
of instruction and information imparted to the people by the Edu- 
cational Committee of the Maryland Council of Defense. This 
has been done through four thousand (4,000) personally written 
letters sent out from the office from time to time, more than three 
hundred (300) patriotic addresses delivered before public meet- 
ings by sneakers from our own speakers' bureau, through the 
distribution of sixteen thousand (16,000) pieces of literature, 
posters, newspaper articles, by vocational training through sum- 
mer schools and the very effective work of the "Four Minute 
Men's" organization. The brilliant success of the last Liberty 
Loan. Red Cross, and War Savings Stamp drives were largely 
aided by the wide-awake Educational propaganda of this Com- 
mittee preceding and conducted simultaneously with the above 
named activities. Also our Educational work has resulted in the 
formation of patriotic organizations in the counties of the State 
with many of the said counties thoroughly organized through 
Community Councils, held intact and ready to get behind every 
war demand. Nothing has been so fundamental, imperative and 
indispensable to the success of all war endeavors as the patriotic 
propaganda of the Educational Committee of the Maryland Coun- 
cil of Defense. 

"Dr. G. W. Haddaway, Chief Field Director; Rev. E. T. Read, 
Associate Field Director; Dr. John H. Latane. Chairman; W. H. 



DeO. Wright, Secretary; C. W. Egan, Henry W. Williams, Miss 
Sarah R. Carter." (See Appendix.) 

Agricultural 

I take great pleasure in transmitting with this report the 
record of the initial movements, developments and results of 
emergency agricultural work conducted during the war period 
by the Maryland Council of Defense in co-operation with State 
and Federal agencies. (Appendix.) This record was prepared 
by Prof. Thomas B. Symons, Director of the Extension Service 
of the Maryland State College of Agriculture, and by him sub- 
mitted to Dr. A. F. Woods, Chairman of the Agricultural Com- 
mittee of the Maryland Council of Defense, and was by Dr. 
Woods submitted to the Executive Committee, 

In the first days of the war the food question came to the 
front. Success on the field of battle depended on the yields of 
the farms. Maryland's policy was quickly deteruaiued. Tt was 
to plant more and to reap more of all that was planted. 

At the first meeting of the Executive Committee an appro- 
priation of $25,000 was made to the State Board of Agrtultiiie 
to cover employment of assistant county agents, women agents, 
clerks, and equipment to control insect pests and plant dis- 
eases, for the general purpose of an agricultural program. The 
total appropriations of the Council for agriculture, including 
farm labor and the State College of Agriculture, were more than 
^60,000. 

Maryland Farms Gained During the War 

It was said repeatedly during the war period that the direct 
value of the Maryland Council of Defense to the food production 
of Maryland was worth many times the total cost of the Coun- 
cil. The Executive Committee was fortunate in having Dr. A. F. 
Woods at the head of the Committee, for it found in him an 
expert with wide experience and a man of affairs with marked 
ability for organization and for interesting and stimulating 
men and women in farm work. Under Dr. Woods as President 
of the Maryland State College of Agriculture and as executive 
oflScer of the Maryland State Board of Agriculture, as well as 
Chairman of the Council Committee, the phases of agricultural 

69 



work in Marvland were correlated, and tbii8 was secured the 
greatest possible unanimity of effort. The new agricultural 
work under the Council in 1917 was largely experimental, while 
the work in 1918 was carried on confidently and with increas- 
ing success on the results of the experiments and on budgets. 
We should like to give credit personally to those who co- 
operated with us, but so many worked so faithfully that it is 
out of the question to name them all. We wish to make our 
particular acknowledgment to the faithful men and women of 
the farms who faced discouragement and by their spirit and 
loyalty not only kept tlie production in Maryland up to the 
mark, but advanced it to a higher figure than was ever known in 
the State's history. 

Nothing in the records of Maryland has been finer than the 
work of the farmers during the war period. 

The report which we transmit makes this statement: 

"Maryland's agricultural status comes out of the war in a much 
stronger position than before that period. The Fanners have 
learned may lessons in more efficient farming. Our livestock 
has increased, especially hogs and sheep, and while our food 
crops were increased, our rotations have not been seriously inter- 
ferred with. Our increases have been regular. Emphasis has 
been placed upon yields per acre, rather than acreage alone, and 
our farmers are in a better position to face the future." 

Under the Governor a campaign was conducted throughout 
the State to arouse the patriotic interest of farmers in increased 
crops. (See Governor Harrington's speech, Appendix.) This 
did great good early in the war. The encouragement of raising 
more live stock had favorable results. Under the Maryland 
Council agricultural agencies were co-ordinated and the county 
agents were brought into the scheme, with the result that their 
efficiency was increased in their special work, while they were 
also able to give to the State work a new service. The Council 
contributed to the traveling expenses of both men and women 
agents throughout the war period. 

Value of the College 
Fortunately, we had an efficient State Board of Agriculture, 
and even more fortunately the Maryland State College of Agri- 

70 



culture, under Dr. A, F. Woods, and the Extension Service, 
under Prof. Thomas B. Symons, had been admirably organized 
for advanced service. Active in all the work were the county 
agents. To the organization of the College and to the co-opera- 
tion of the Extension Service, which is connected with the Col- 
lege, Maryland owes a debt of gratitude. Our association was 
mainly with Dr. Woods, President of the College, and so strong 
became our confidence in his judgment that he was invited to 
most of our meetings. Frequently our Committee had to detain 
him long after hours and after trains, and he was always willing 
to make any sacrifice of time and convenience for the good of our 
work. He was also in call when needed by the agricultural and 
labor authorities in Washington, and he represented Maryland 
on many Federal occasions when important matters pertaining 
to agriculture were under discussion and organization. 

The State College of Agriculture became a center for the 
food production work of the Mai'yland Council. At the meet- 
ing of our Executive Committee on September 18, 1918, Dr. 
Woods announced that the War Department had accepted the 
College for five hundred students. This meant an immediate 
increase of equipment to accommodate them. The Executive 
Committee advanced |13,000 for the construction of a dining- 
room, and the whole amount was subsequently returned. The 
water supply had to be enlarged, and as this was a permanent 
improvement to State property, the Executive Committee made 
appropriations of $23,000 to meet the cost. 

Farm Labor 

Under the Council the difficult problem of farm labor was 
handled. In the early part of 1917 a farm army was attempted, 
but it was a failure. A State Bureau was established, and 
later a Farm Labor Bureau was organized. These various ef- 
forts were finally merged into the United States Employment 
Service. There was always a full supply of farm labor of the 
permanent kind, that is, the tenant who could be given a 
house and steady employment for a year. The scarcity was in 
monthly help, and in Maryland this shortage reached about ten 
thousand men. 



The special benefit that was realized was found in mobilizing 
local labor and in organizing the co-operation between the peo- 
ple of the towns and the people of the farms. With a shortage 
of farm labor, a large increased acreage of food production was 
raised and harvested. ''In no case was there a loss of any crop 
on account of lack of labor for harvesting,-' is the very broad 
and surprising statement made by our Agricultural Committee, 
and this is in many respects the greatest single achievement 
brought about through the work of the Maryland Council of 
Defense. It was made possible through the generous responses 
of the farmers and their families and the loyal interest of men 
and women in towns and cities. 

Valuable service was rendered by the Agricultural Commit- 
tee and the Extension Service in conducting campaigns of edu- 
cation through farmers' institutes in all the counties, as many 
as ten meetings being held in different community centers in 
each county. With this came the organization of commnnities 
and labor committees, all co-operating with the general scheme 
of the council for community development, so that at the end of 
1918 there were more than live hundred community organiza- 
tions in the State. It was remarkable how much this com- 
munity work contributed to the food program. It created the 
bond by which the people of the towns helped the people of the 
farms. For instance, in Hagerstown more than two hundred 
men went from city work to the fields to help the farmers 
gather their harvests. The report says that Maryland's won- 
derful record of 1918, the full year of the war, was due partly to 
the more general use of farm machinery, but especially "on 
account of the more thorough appreciation by the farmers and 
business men that the labor shortage was a community problem 
and should largely be solved by community efforts,'' and then 
follows this very gratifying statement: "In no case were re- 
ports received that crops were sacrificed on account of lack of 
labor for harvesting. A large increase in acreage of the main 
food crops, such as corn and wheat, was secured, and as a whole 
the year proved to be a wonderfully successful one from the 
standpoint of agriculture." 

We doubt if any other State in America can make a more fa- 
vorable report than tliat. 

72 



Better Seed For Farmers 

Patriotic citizens, under the leadership of Hon. John M, 
Dennis, advanced a large sum for the purchase of better seed to 
be sold to farmers at cost on credit. Seed were supplied to 
four hundred and eighty farmers at cost. To help in this work 
the Maryland Council subscribed |4,512.60, most of which was 
returned. The Committee also appropriated |2,500 for the pur- 
chase of approximately one thousand bushels of selected seed 
wheat to be sold at cost in small lots to farmers in Maryland. 

Great good was done by both of these transactions. The reso- 
lution adopted by the Committee in respect to the main seed 
fund was as follows : 

WHEREAS, In the spring of 1917 seed were very scarce and 
very high and this condition threatened food production in Mary- 
land. Citizens, under the leadership of John M. Dennis, sub- 
scribed to a fund to purchase seed to be sold at cost to the farm- 
ers. This act was of great advantage to the State. The fund 
was not sufficient to pay for all the seed bought, and so the Mary- 
land Council of Defense, which came into existence subsequently, 
subscribed the sum of 3^4,512.60. Seed were supplied to four hun- 
dred and eighty farmers at cost. The advance made by the Mary- 
land Council to cover the needs of the seed was construed to 
mean a subscription in common with other subscriptions to the 
fund. It was therefore 

RESOLVED, That the total amount advanced to the farmers 
for seed, or such part thereof as may be or shall be collected, shall 
be distributed among the subscribers pro rata. 

Maryland's Notable Experiment in Tractors 

In its desire to promote food production and aid the farmers 
and meet the labor shortage, the Executive Committee in 1917 
made its notable experiment with tractors. This plan, begun 
with some trepidation, turned out to be a remarkable success, 
perhaps not so much in the increase in tilled land as in the en- 
couragement of Maryland farmers to buy tractors. Four ma- 
chines purchased in 1917 and operated did much satisfactory 
work, and five additional machines, with full equipment, were 
added in 1918. 

73 



Dr. Woods reported to the Executive Committee that one- 
half of the six hundred tractors in Maryland had been pur- 
chased in 1918 and that the sale had been traced to the influ- 
ence of the tractors operated under the Maryland Council. 

Maryland's experiment in State-owned tractors attracted at- 
tention all over the country, and several States followed the 
example on a large scale, two of them making appropriations 
of more than |100,000 each for the purchase of machines, 

Maryland's investment in this tractor experiment was 
115,000, and |!{),025.G2 was returned from the sale of the 
machines. 

Increasing and Saving Wheat 

On August 15, 1918, representatives of the Maryland 
<;!ouncil attended the National Conference called by the Secre- 
tary of Agriculture in Washington. The Maryland experts re- 
ported that, owing largely to the co-operation and encourage- 
ment of the Maryland Council of Defense, Maryland would 
show an increased fall wheat acreage of from ten to twelve per 
t:ent., which is what the department was depending upon to 
increase the crops to the expected proportion of one billion 
bushels. 

Under the Maryland Council, the threshing machines of the 
State were inspected in 1918, and better methods were encour- 
aged. At the meeting of January 15, 1919, it was announced 
through an official letter from Washington that this movement 
for better threshing in Maryland had saved more than fifty 
thousand bushels of wheat in this State. In 1918 six thousand 
bushels of seed wheat were treated for smut. 

Protecting the Sheep 

At its meeting on May 22, 1918, Hon. John M. Dennis, Chair- 
man of the Agricultural Committee of the Maryland Bankers' 
Association, presented the matter of the encouragement of sheep 
raising and the necessity of a strict enforcement of the new dog 
law. The Executive Committee by unanimous vote gave the 
movement its earnest support. Later a State-wide sheep grow- 
ers' association was formed in Maryland. 

74 



Fighting Bovine Tuberculosis 

At the meeting of September 11, 1918, Samuel M. Shoemaker, 
President of the Maryland State Board of Agriculture, and Dr. 
A. F. Woods, Executive of the Maryland State Board of Agri- 
culture, presented an application for an appropriation of 
$10,000 for the eradication of bovine tuberculosis. Before the ap- 
propriation was acted on the opinion of the Attorney-General 
was secured, and in it he stated that the Committee had full 
authority to use the war loans for the purpose stated. 

The appropriation was made. James B. George, secretary 
of the Live Stock Sanitary Section, under date of February 19, 
1920, reported : "This money enabled us to enter in the Federal 
plan for Tuberculosis Eradication at a time when no funds had 
been appropriated by the State through the regular channels, 
and as the Federal Government spent in Maryland for this 
work a sum far in excess of the amount expended by this De- 
partment, we feel that the expenditure made by us has been 
amply justified. Dairymen and breeders are well pleased. This 
department greatly appreciates the assistance given by the 
Council of Defense, which has made is possible for us to take 
steps looking to the conservation and protection of the live 
stock interests of the State." 

Fighting Pests and Diseases 

There was a week for testing seed corn. Kat extermination 
was begun. In the control of insect pests good work was done in 
strange outbreaks of grasshoppers in Baltimore and Frederick 
counties and in an outbreak of plant aphis on potatoes and to- 
matoes during the summer of 1918. Also excellent results were 
obtained in the control of the strawberry weevil. There were 
special efforts in the treatment of plant diseases; a thousand 
acres of tomatoes were planted to wilt resistant seed. 

At the meeting on September 18, 1918, an appropriation of 
|6,000 was made to the Committee on Agriculture for work to 
be carried on from September to December. 

75 



After the armistice the Executive Committee felt obliged to 
decline to make further appropriations for food production, as 
the funds under its care were for war purposes only or for pur- 
poses directly connected with or growing out of the war. This 
decision affected not only the agricultural program, but the 
food production plans of the Women's Section, and the appli- 
cation of the Boys' Working Reserve. 

PV omen's Excellent Work 

The work of the women in food production during the whole 
war was noteworthy. Pioneers were the food production com- 
mittees of the Women's Section, Council of Defense, who did 
systematic work in every county. The home economics work 
was especially successful. In all parts of the State under the 
various activities of the war period agents were employed for 
encouraging the production of food. The Home Garden work, 
while largely under the Council of Defense, was stimulated by 
the co-operation of the Food Administration, which offered 
substantial prizes. The estimated number of war gardens in 
the counties and in Baltimore City was one hundred and sev- 
enty thousand and forty, and the estimated value of the food 
products from them $6,880,900. 

Tribute to the Home Makers 

In 1918 twenty community kitchens were established through- 
out the State and were used as centers for canning and drying 
under the tutelage of the county home demonstration agents. 
The State Council of Defense contributed to their equipment. 
A total of eight hundred and forty-eight thousand, four hundred 
and sixty containers were packed; forty-one thousand and four- 
teen pounds of fruit and vegetables were dried ; twenty-six thou- 
sand, six hundred and ninety-nine gallons of vegetables brined, 
and these figures express only a portion of the total amount of 
food saved. I endorse cordially this sentence from the Agri- 
cultural Report : 

"An everlasting tribute can be paid to the home makers of 
Maryland for the manner in which they responded to the needs of 
the Nation." 

76 



All Helped 
Praise is due to five thousand, five hundred boys and girls 
who enrolled in club work during 1918, and to the hundreds 
who went to farms under the Boys' Working Reserve. The 
agricultural program was extended among the colored people, 
who responded in fine spirit and did unusually effective work in 
food production and food preservation. Not only did they plan 
larger crops, but they canned and dried more food products 
than ever before. 

In Maryland are a score of excellent organizations, covering 
the field of agriculture and horticulture, and to each of these 
we wish to express our thanks for the co-operation our agri- 
cultural program received. The farmers individually and the 
organizations of farmers did their duty well. The granges 
helped to increase the yields, and contributed largely towards 
developing community spirit. The State College of Agri- 
culture was a center of working patriotism, and not only did 
its students enlist for the war, but all of its instructors and ex- 
perts gave their services for the good of the State and the na- 
tion. The agricultural story of Maryland during the war is 
one from which we may derive profound satisfaction. 

(See Appendix for reports of Mrs. Edward Shoemaker, Chaix- 
man of the Women's Section; also reiwrt of 1917 of Chairman of 
Executive Committee; also full report of Agricultural Committee.) 

Health 

On September 7, 1917, the Committee appropriated |3,333.33 
for an extra inspector of health at Camp Meade, and the Chair- 
man appointed a subcommittee consisting of Francis E. Waters, 
Judge Hammond Urner and Hon. Hugh A. McMullen, to report 
upon the budget presented by the State Department of Health. 
The following report, under date of September 11, 1917, was 
made: 

"The sub-committee of three appointed to consider the budget 
presented by the State Board of Health, with particular reference 
to: 

77 



1. Conditions created by the location of Camp Meade in Mary- 
land ; 

2. Conditions created by the removal from Maryland of 15 per 
cent, of its physicians and surgeons for military service; 

3. What portions of the proposed budget have no relation to 
either of the conditions named, but are occasioned by the 
general health conditions of the State. 

"The Committee met this morning, the Chairman and Judge 
Umer being present, Mr. McMullen being unable to attend owing 
to other engagements. 

"At the request of the Committee, Dr. Fulton appeared before 
them, and his budget was very thoroughly discussed, with the 
conclusion, not only of your Committee, but of Dr. Fulton as indi- 
cated by his letter hereto attached, that practically all of the 
proposed budget has no relation to either of the first two condi- 
tions, but occasioned by the general disability of the Health De- 
partment, by reason of inadequate appi'opriations by the Legisla- 
ture, to enable it to so organize as to give such care to the health 
conditions of this State as in the judgment of the State Board 
of Health, they should have. 

"Dr. Fulton says, whilst the emergency does not at the moment 
exist, yet the employment of one, tw'o or three nurses, is an emer- 
gency that may arise any day, and we therefore recommend that 
we be empowered, when such emergency arises, to secure nurses 
to the number not in excess of three, at a salary of $75.00 per 
month. 

"All requests under the budget other than those which have 
been complied with heretofore, are suspended by Dr. Fulton, 
until such time as his department may be confronted with emer- 
gency situations. 

Respectfully, 

, "F. E. WATERS, Chairman; 
"HAMMOND URNER." 

On February 27, 1918, the Committee endorsed the bill in 
Congress creating advanced rank for o£acers of the Medical 
Corps. 

78 



The Committee, through Dr. C. Harapson Jones, made an in* 
vestigation of the hospital accommodations of Baltimore. 

At its meeting Novemer 20, 1918, the Executive Committee 
made an appropriation of |6,000 to the State Department of 
Health for the control of venereal diseases. By this action the 
State secured under the Chamberlain-Kahn Act an appropria- 
tion from the National Government of |14,184.09, thus making 
for the whole purpose a total of more than $20,000, which was 
effectively used in the conducting of clinics in Baltimore C ty„ 
Cumberland and other places. 

During the influenza epidemic the Chairman of the Maryland 
Council of Defense telegraphed to the authorities at Washing- 
ton requesting that pharmacists in the cantonments in Mary- 
land be assigned to Baltimore temporarily. During the influenza 
epidemic the drills of the Second Maryland Kegiment were post- 
poned. Members of the Maryland Council did valiant work 
during the epidemic. 

At the meeting of January 15, 1919, a letter was read from 
Dr. C. Harapson Jones, telling of the war against venereal dis- 
eases in Baltimore and of the good results that were being ob« 
tained. 

The Governor and Hon. John M. Dennis placed before the 
Committee at its meeting March 19, 1919, the demand that had 
been made upon Maryland for taking care of insane soldiers. 
The only way to do this was to finish the uncompleted Arthur 
D. Foster Building at Spring Grove. The matter was regarded 
favorably, but before taking further action the Chairman was 
requested to secure the opinion of the Attorney-General as to 
the right of the Committee to spend the Council money for this 
purpose. Hon. Albert C. Ritchie, the Attorney-General, in his 
written opinion, stated that the Committee had the pov/er to 
make the appropriation if in its discretion it determined that 
the work in question "can fairly be said to be desirable or aji- 
propriate" for "the defense of the State, the safety of its people 
and the protection of property and to aid the State and the 
United States in the present war." At its meeting on April 
2nd the Executive Committee made an appropriation of $25,000 
or so much thereof as might be necessary, for the completion 
of the Arthur D. Foster Building at Spring Grove, so that it 

79 



might be available for the care of insane soldiers for Maryland, 
as requested by the Secretary of War. 

The Executive Committee has appropriated the following 
for the health of the State: State Board of Health for sani- 
tary work, $9,955.33; for protecting Camp Meade water sup- 
ply, $5,171 ; for communicable diseases, $6,000 ; for care of 
insane, $25,000, and for the hospital train, $11,780.60. Most 
of this money is represented by assets today, as it was spent 
for permanent construction at Spring Grove and at the Mary- 
land House of Correction. The equipment and contents of the 
Hospital Train, which were worth the money expended on the 
train by the Council, were distributed among the six State 
hospitals. 

The scarcity^ of nurses in the spring of 1918 led the Chair- 
man of your Committee to suggest that courses of training for 
a short period be instituted. This had the full approval of the 
Committee, and we believe that great good would have resulted 
if our plan had been carried through. The full correspondence 
is given in the Appendix. 

Colored Division 

The Colored Division was appointed by Governor Harrington. 
It had commissions of five members in practically all of the 
counties. The following was the Executive Committee: Chair- 
man, Dr. Ernest Lyon ; vice chairmen, H. M. Sinclair, Dr. J. R. 
L. Diggs, Dr. W. M. Alexander, L. H. Davenport, John H. Mur- 
phy, Sr. ; treasurer, Dr. A. L. Gaines; secretary, Prof. H. M. 
Gross; organizer, Dr. Junius Gray; chairman of the finance 
committee, A. H. Pitts. 

The Women's Department of the Colored Division was ap- 
pointed by the Governor, with the following ofiScers : Chairman, 
Miss Ida R. Cummings; secretary, Mrs. Warner T. McGuinn; 
treasurer, Mrs. A. H. Nixon. 

In their relations with the Executive Committee of the Mary- 
land Council of Defense, both the Colored Division and the 
Women's Department of the Colored Division were represented 
by Dr. Eraest Lyon, and the Committee found him deeply in- 
terested in the winning of the war and a most industrious and 
successful worker. Through his recommendations the colored 

80 



people co-operated and were aided, and they gave effective serv- 
ice in various activities touched by the Maryland Council of 
Defense. 

The Council provided for the expenses of the Colored Divi- 
sion, paid for headquarters and a secretary, for an office and 
secretary of the Women's Department, and other expenses in 
connection with the promotion and support of the general pro- 
gram of civilian work during the war. The large and enthusiastic 
meetings held by the colored people were financed by the Coun- 
cil. The Council also paid the traveling expenses of the county 
chairmen to Baltimore meetings of the Colored Division and 
the traveling expenses of the officers of the Colored Division to 
meetings or conferences held in the counties. The results 
were worth many times the cost. 

The main work of the colored people was that done by them- 
selves in the care of the colored soldiers. The women distrib- 
uted thousands of comfort kits to draftees, these kits contain- 
ing combs, brushes and mirrors, tooth brushes, tooth paste, 
needles, khaki threads, buttons, pins, soaps, wash cloths and 
testaments. The Women's Department organized knitting clubs 
and many hundreds of sweaters were given to the soldiers leav- 
ing for France. Rest rooms for the colored soldiers visiting 
Baltimore were equipped by the colored women and the ex- 
penses were paid by the Maryland Council of Defense. A club 
for colored soldiers was also maintained, and there were ample 
accommodations for tlie men when visiting Baltimore. The 
colored people of Maryland followed their boys to the camp, 
and looked after them, and furnished a sun parlor for conva- 
lescents. 

Some of the best meetings in the State during the war were 
those held by the colored people. In most of these the expenses 
were borne by the Maryland Council of Defense. Their value 
in keeping up the morale of the colored people was great. They 
were addressed by the Assistant Secretary of War, the Gover- 
nor of the State and leading men, white and colored. All of 
them developed a high degree of enthusiasm. The colored peo- 
ple subscribed liberally to liberty bonds and to other funds 

81 



of the war. A notable service done by the colored people was 
the prompt denunciation of the I. W. W. when it attempted to 
get a foothold in the State. The purpose of the I. W. W. was at 
once defeated and a large part of the credit belongs to the 
Colored Division of the Maryland Council of Defense and to the 
colored clergymen of Baltimore City. 

After its first j^ear of work Dr. Lyon, the Chairman, wrote 
as follows to the Chairman of the Maryland Council of Defense • 

"Since the oi-ganization of the Colored Division over a year 
ago, the work has been wonderfully successful and effective, as is 
shown in reports from all over the city and state, in the matter of 
Red Cross drives, Liberty Loan and United States War Savings 
purchases, the holding of patriotic mass meetings, and the con- 
tribution to the comfort of the selective men in the distribution 
of comfort kits, sweaters, socks, wristlets, and other necessities 
and public endeavors. 

"The Woman's Division has organized knitting clubs, all over 
the city and in certain counties of the State. These clubs are in- 
dependent of Red Cross divisions. They raise money from among 
themselves, by weekly contributions, and from the Coloretl 
churches, for the purchase of the wool for the sweaters, soc-ks, 
and wristlets. Over five hundred of these articles have been dis- 
tributed by the Woman's Division to the soldiers who have left 
for France, and now they are engaged in a similar effort to aid 
the Government win the war. 

"The office correspondence has increased considerably. All 
kinds of communications reach us on a variety of subjects, neces- 
sitating prompt replies, in order to maintain our efficiency as an 
organization. We have had much to do with the draftees and 
their families. Every real and imaginary trouble has been 
submitted to us for adjustment. We have been given credit 
for greater powers that we possess. We have been called upon to 
escort our men to the depot for entrainmeut. and to provide enter- 
tainment for them while at Camp Meade; all of which we have 
done cheerfully." 

The work here outlined by Dr. Lyon was increased in the lat- 
ter part of 1918, and was still growing when the armistice was 
declared and when the Colored Division was dissolved. 

The Maryland Colored Division was probably the best organ- 
ized and the best conducted colored civic organization of the 
war. It was so recognized in Washington, and the Chairman 
of the Division, Dr. Lyon, was called to other cities and States 

82 



to address colored audiences on the Maryland work. The au- 
thorities at Washington were very complimentary. The Mary- 
laud negroes stimulated their people in the duties of the war, 
encouraged their young men to enlist, followed them in the 
service, and when the war was over gave them a loyal welcome 
home. 

Solicitation of Funds 

Early in the war the Council of National Defense called upon 
the State Councils to watch carefully the many applications 
being made to the public for war funds. This included all 
kinds of benefits and solicitation enterprises. The situation be- 
came serious in the latter part of 1917, and it was necessary to 
handle it with considerable vigor. In the first part of 1918 the 
Executive Committee of the Maryland Council of Defense ap- 
pointed Judge Hammond Urner, of Frederick, and Hon. Steven- 
son A. Williams, of Belair, to suggest a plan. This committee 
brought in a report recommending that the Executive Commit 
tee act in accordance with the recommendations of the Council 
of National Defense and that a copy of the resolution of the 
National Council be published in Baltimore City and through- 
out the State through the agency of the county commissions, 
together with a statement from the Maryland Council of De- 
fense requesting all war relief organizations, except the Ameri- 
can Ked Cross, to report to the State Council of Defense the 
details of their organizations and monies received and expend- 
ed. This was done and a campaign of publicity through adver- 
tisements and news items was inaugurated. The following 
was the first advertisement, which will give an idea of the char- 
acter of all : 

SOLICITING WAR FUNDS 

The Council of National Defense has requested the Maryland 
Council of Defense to assume responsibility for co-ordinating 
the voluntary war work and supervising the solicitation of funds 
of voluntary societies for men in training camps. This means to 
watch over plans and undertakings that seek to collect money 
from the public for war purposes. The Maryland Council, there- 
fore, asks the public to scrutinize applications for aid, and, if 
upon investigation, any is found to be of a suspicious character, 
to report the same at once to the Executive Committee of the 

83 



Maryland Council of Defense, 703 Union Trust Building, Balti- 
more, Maryland. 

The Executive Committee not only used the newspapers, but 
distributed many thousand copies of a letter carrying out in 
detail the suggestion of Judge Urner and Senator Williams, 
and requesting that in each county complaints be sent to the 
Chairman. The letter contained the names and addresses of 
the chairmen. It also contained in full the resolution adopted 
by the Council of National Defense. The whole State Council 
organization was enlisted in the work. This letter stated : 

"SOLICITING MONEY AND MATERIALS FOR WAR RELIEF PUR- 
POSES. YOU ARE ASKED TO HELP IN PREVENTING FRAUD 
AND WASTE. DO NOT GIVE TO PERSONS OR SOCIETIES 
UNLESS YOU KNOW THEY ARE GENUINE AND RESPON- 
SIBLE. 

"The Maryland Council of Defense warned the Maryland people 
against giving to persons and societies asking for war relief unless 
they know them to be genuine and responsible. The warning 
shut off many unworthy ehteiTrises, but of late there have been 
revivals of this kind of fraud. In many cases fraud may not have 
been intended, but the enterprises were not well managed and the 
public money thus contributed did not reach right ends. 

" To misuse or misapply or waste public funds solicited from 
the generous people of Maryland is a crime. Even when there is 
no criminal intent, the wrong committed cannot be tolerated, 
Charitie.s that eat up their incomes in expenses and benefits that 
benefit only those who conduct them and all the other forms of 
imposing on the public must be stopped. 

"And the Maryland Council asks the public to co-operate and 
stop all useless giving and waste. If anyone asks you for money 
and cannot give satisfactory credentials, or if you have doubts 
about the value or the genuineness of the cause, write to the 
Maryland Council of Defense, 70.3 Union Trust Building." 

To those who wrote to the oflSce the following reply was 
made: 

"The Maryland Council of Defense is not taking part in collect- 
ing or promoting the collection of funds. Its relation to such 
funds is to do what it can to prevent fraud by receiving the com- 
plaint of any one who finds an application for aid suspicious, or 
who finds an application for money by a person or persons with- 
out satisfactory credentials." 

The result of the campaign was to stop many doubtful under- 
takings and to very materially protect the public and to confine 

84 



the giving to legitimate causes. The usefulness of the work of 
the Maryland Council extended beyond the active war period, 
and as late as March, 1919, the action of the Committee, through 
the co-operation of the United States District Attorney of Mary- 
land, defeated a scheme to get money from the public through 
a sale of stamps which pretended to be for a patriotic purpose, 
but which was a purely private scheme to make money. Through 
the work of the Committee and the wide publicity it gave to the 
solicitation of funds, thousands of dollars were saved to the 
people of Maryland. 

Community Singing 

One of the developments of the war w'as the wide use of 
music in interesting and stimulating the men in uniform. So 
practical did it become that the Government made it a policy, 
and at every camp there were song leaders and other agencies 
for the encouragement of the singing of patriotic airs. It 
worked so well in the army and navy that it was decided to 
carry the movement into the civilian population, and the State 
Councils of Defense were called upon to organize in their re- 
spective territories musical societies and choruses. 

On October 23, 1918, the Executive Committee of the Mary- 
land Council of Defense authorized the organization of a de- 
partment of music and liberty choruses and made an appropria- 
tion of $3,000 for six months. This work was placed under a 
musical committee composed of Harold Kandolph, chairman; 
Judge Carroll T. Bond, Dr. George W. Haddaway, Mrs. W. 
Bladen Lowndes and Mrs. Edwin Wartield, and offices were 
opened at the Peabody Institute. Frederick K. Huber was 
appointed State Director of Music. The committee issued a 
circular, from which the following quotation is made : 

"Maryland, always progressive in matters of cultural import, 
is now bringing its people together in a melting pot of song. 
This movement, supported by the Maryland Council of Defense, 
embraces every community, whether large or small, and it urges 
you to help along this cause. 

"Bequest your Music (Committee, or your Educational Commit- 
tee of the Men's and Women's Sections to consult and appoint a 
County Director of Music. Great care should be taken in this 
selection; a certain amount of musical knowledge is necessary 

85 



but the vital thing is magnetism, assurance, and a knowledge of 
crowd psychology. It should be remembered that professional 
musicians are not necessarily the best leaders. 

"Invite every oue, both young and old, to join the Chorus, and 
impress upon them that there will be no voice trials. 

"The Chorus can be used in connection with the different 
governmental meetings, and for all kinds of public gatherings, 
and it will promote a better acquaintance and understanding of 
the classes, a better neighborhoodness, and a better civic senti- 
ment." 

There was great interest in this plan. Shortly after the 
committee got under way in November, a ''Sing of Victory," for 
Thanksgiving Day, was planned, and a tentative program was 
sent throughout the State. The "Sing" in Baltimore was in co- 
operation with the Peabody Institute, and, notwithstanding a 
heavy downpour of rain, the aii'air was a great success. On 
December 12th a Song Leaders' Class was organized, and for 
Christmas Eve a Christmas Community "Sing" was arranged 
to be held at the base of the Washington Monument. It was 
planned to sing the old familiar carols, with the accompani- 
ment of a quartet of trumpets, after which the chorus was to 
march through the streets singing the glad tidings of Christ- 
mas. Kain interfered and the "Sing" was transferred to the 
Peabody Institute, where an enthusiastic gathering enjoyed the 
entire program. In December a four-page song-sheet was is- 
sued, containing patriotic songs, folk songs and songs of senti- 
ment and the home and some of the old-fashioned roundelays. 
These sheets were distributed free throughout the State, and 
there were many calls for them. Some of the large industrial 
plants used thousands. 

Definite Liberty Choruses were organized in many communi- 
ties throughout the State, including Frederick, Hagerstown, 
Rising Sun, Annapolis, Elkton and Port Deposit. Owing to 
the closing down of Council work on March 1st, the Music Com- 
mittee passed out of existence, but at that time arrangements 
were under way for the organization of choruses in Salisbury, 
Ellicott City and Cumberland. By this experiment it was dem- 
onstrated that there is a large desire for choruses and singing 
societies in Maryland, and it is our hope that the matter will 
be given larger consideration by our educational authorities, 

80 



and also that our community organizations will take it up and 
establish in their neighborhoods music committees and socie- 
ties. 

Community Councils 
When the present Chairman undertook the work in Decem- 
ber, 1917, he tried to emphasize two policies as paramount if 
the efforts of the Maryland Council of Defense were to be made 
successful. Both of these united in the one purpose of increas- 
ing local organizations so that every part of the State and all 
its people should be reached. With this was the note of indi- 
vidual responsibility. Your Chairman on that occasion said : 

"I assume the duties in connection with this honor with a feel- 
ing of added responsibility, but these are days when one must not 
shrink from responsibility, when called upon to give the best that 
there is in him in service for the defense of Liberty. 

"I would impress upon you, however, that as the Executive 
OfBcer of Maryland's Council of Defense, I can accomplish 
but little without your earnest support and advice. We all want 
to win the war. but the sending of our brave soldiers to the front, 
by our people lending their money to the Government or giving 
it to the splendid causes to which we have been asked to sub- 
scribe for the care and protection of our men at the front, cannot 
be fully relied upon to bring us victory. In addition to what has 
been done and what the people will do along these lines, the spirit 
of the American people who remain at home must be more fully 
aroused to the fact that each of us Is in the fight, not 
in the trenches, it is true, but with an individual responsi- 
bility upon each one of us that we shall do our full part, that it 
may be to the end that the people of other nations may have 
the shackles of servitude broken ; that they may enjoy, and we 
may continue to enjoy, the blessings of freedom and liberty for 
which the Stars and Strines of this country stand as an emblem. 
When this spirit of individual responsibility has been aroused 
and mobilized, we will have nothing to fear. This, however, can- 
not come in a moment, and cannot be hoped for except by edu- 
cation. 

"It is my judgment that there is no more important work that 
can be done by this Council at this time than by bending its best 
energies to the education of our people to an appreciation of the 
individual responsibility which this war has brought to each one 
of us, to the end that from one end of this land to the other the 
spirit of America may be aroused and mobilized in the interest of 
Liberty." 

87 



Our idea was to put all our force to work on this community 
council proposition, and it happened that within a year we had 
four different bodies co-operating ; first, was the Council of De- 
fense and the county commissions, second was the Educational 
Committee and the Field Directors, third was the Women's 
Section, and fourth was the Agricultural Committee, enlisting 
the assistance of the county agents. The results were that 
five hundred community councils, directly under the Coun- 
cil of Defense, were organized through its various ramifi- 
cations; a large number aflSliated with the Women's Section, 
and more than three hundred under the watchful care of the 
Agricultural Committee, and most of these were reached by our 
Educational Committee and its literature. No definite work 
that we did helped more to secure co-operation and to estab- 
lish the splendid morale of the State than this constant work 
for and by local organizations. It brought people closer to- 
gether, and made the individuals more eager to do their work. 
In March the following letter was received from the President 
of the United States: 

The White House, 

Washington. March 13, 1918. 

Dear Mr. Chairman : — 

Your State, in extending its national defense organization by the 
creation of community councils, is in my opinion maliiug an advance of 
vital significance. It will, I believe, result when thoroughly carried out 
in welding the nation together as no nation of great size has ever been 
welded before. It will build up from the bottom an understanding and 
sympathy and unity of purpose and effort which will no doubt have an 
immediate effect upon our great undertaking. You will find it, I 
think, not so much a new task as a unification of existing efforts, a 
fusion of energies now too much scattered and at times somewhat con- 
fused into one harmonious and effective power. 

It is only by extending your organazition to small communities that 
every citizen of the State can be reached and touched with the inspira- 
tion of the common cause. The school house has been suggested as an 
apt though not essential center for your local council. It symlwlizes one 
of the first fruits of such an organization, namely, the spreading of the 
realization of the great truth that it is each one of us as an individual 
citizen uiwn whom rests the ultimate responsibility. Through this great 
new organization we will express with added emphasis our will to win 
and our confidence in the utter righteousness of our purpose. 

Sincerely yours, 

WOODROW WILSON. 
Gen. Francis E. Waters, Chairman, 
State Council of Defense, 
Baltimore, Maryland. 

88 



Copies of this letter in fac simile were sent to every com- 
munity representative in Maryland. The President's strong 
words were most gratifying to the people of Maryland, who had 
already moved in the organization of these community councils, 
and his letter stimulated them greatly, so that the whole 
war work in Maryland from the spring of 1918 to the date of 
the armistice went forward with an earnestness and an effec- 
tiveness truly admirable. 

When the armistice came in November the Chairman sent at 
once to the county commissions and the community councils an 
urgent appeal that they keep their organizations intact for 
whatever service they might be called upon to do. The reply to 
this appeal was general and favorable, showing the spirit which 
prevailed throughout the State. 

On November 20th the Executive Committee voted: 

"That all county commissions and community councils be urged 
to keep alive and strong tlieir organizations to the end that they 
may serve the State or the National Government in any requests 
made of them at any time, and for the still further object of 
considering and determining the best policies for State and local 
issues in matters affecting the public welfare." 

Growth of State Councils 

The spread of organization in the States demonstrated to the 
National authorities that the system of State Councils was 
reaching a value and an importance far beyond expectations. 
A complete report was made to Newton D. Baker, the Secretary 
of War and Chairman of the Council of National Defense, and 
Mr. Baker transmitted this report with a long and strong letter 
to the President, concluding as follows : 

"It is difficult to estimate the importance of the service ren- 
dered, since our entrance into the war, by these State Councils,, 
their County Councils and the multitude of workers banded to- 
gether under them, whom we estimate to number at least one 
million. I feel sure that you, as their Commander-in-Chief, will 
be proud of their unique contribution in the war and will use 
your authority to broaden the scope of their activities as condi- 
tions permit, so that they may go on to still greater achievements." 

To this the President replied, and the correspondence was 
sent to the Chairman of the Maryland Council of Defense and 

89 



distributed in a special edition to every member and community 
representative of the Maryland Council. It included the fol- 
lowing letter : 

The White House, 
Washington. 
My dear Mr. Balfer : — 

I have read with great interest your account of the achievements of 
the State Council of Defense, and your general summary of the activities 
in which they are now engaged. It is a notable record, and I shall be 
glad to have you express to the State Councils my appreciation of the 
service they have so usefully rendered. I am particularly struck by the 
value of extending our defense organization into the smallest communi- 
ties and by the truly democratic character of a national system so 
organized. 

I believe in the soundness of your contention that in the interest of 
economy and efficiency such machinery as that provided by the State 
Council system for the execution of many kinds of war worli should be 
utilized so far as possible by Federal Departments and Administrations. 
May I suggest, therefore, that you communicate to the heads of all 
such departments and administrations my wish that when they are 
considering extensions of their organizations into the States or new 
■work to be done in the States, they determine carefully whether they 
cannot utilize the State Council system, thus rendering unnecessary the 
creation of new machinery; and that they transmit all requests for action 
by the State Councils through the State Councils Section of the Council 
of National Defense? 

Cordially and sincerely yours, 

WOODROW WILSON. 
Hon. Newton D. Baker, 
Secretary of War. 

This correspondence attracted unusual attention in the news- 
papers and elsewhere. It will thus be seen that the Maryland 
State Council became more than ever an agency of the Govern- 
ment, and this through the choice of the President and mem- 
bers of the Cabinet. The correspondence was transmitted to 
the Chairman of the Maryland Council, with the following let- 
ter from the Council of National Defense, dated August 12th : 

"It gives us great pleasure to transmit to you a message from 
the President, expressing his appreciation of the service you have 
rendered to the Nation. You will be interested to read the entire 
ooiTGspondence between the President and Secretary Baker', 
Chairman of the Council of National Defense, a copy of which is 
herewith enclosed. 

00 



•'We especially direct your attention to tlie President's wish 
that all Federal Departments and Administrations carefully deter- 
mine whether they cannot utilize the State Council system rather 
than extend their own organizations, and that they transmit all 
requests for action by the State Councils through the State Coun- 
cils Section of the Council of National Defense." 

The New Field Division 

On October 1, 1918, there was a change in the organization of 
the National Council of Defense in so far as it affected its rela- 
tion and communications with the State Councils of Defense. 
I'revious to that time the department of the National Council 
doing this work was known as the State Councils Section. On 
the 1st of October the State Councils Section disappeared, and 
in its place was the new Field Division, of which the Chairman 
is Franklin K. Lane, Secretary of the Interior. This Field Di- 
vision consisted of six sections, as follows: Federal Agency, 
Organization and Information, Field Staff, Americanization, 
Speakers and Field Conservation Section. The idea was to 
bring the various committees and activities into closer relation 
and, in the words of Secretary Lane, "to move through the State 
Councils and subsidiary organizations down to the heart of the 
nation, its core, the small community. It is an amalgamation 
of those organizations which have hitherto made this effort — 
the State Section of the Council and the Women's Committee — 
and all the far-reaching agencies of both are incorporated as a 
part of its machinery. It is intended to be the connecting link 
between the National Council and the citizen." The Secretary 
said further that the Field Division was an amalgamation of 
the executive functions of those two organizations within the 
Council of National Defense — the State Councils Section and 
the Woman's Committee — which hitherto had served as con- 
necting links between the Council and the war workers in the 
States. 

While working in complete harmony with the new arrange- 
ment as it did with the old, there was practically no change in 
the Maryland organization, for the reason that the Maryland 
Council was created by a special act of the Legislature and its 
duties, responsibilities and limitations were defined. In quite 
a number of the States there was no legislative action and the 

91 



organizations were loosely made. The new order affected them 
more than it did States like Maryland, where the organization 
was legal and definite. The Chairman of the Maryland Coun- 
cil wrote to Hon. G. B. Clarkson, Director of the Field Division, 
as follows: 

"I beg to say for your information tbat the Maryland Council of 
Defense, under the law creating this official body, consists of fifty 
men. The women's section in this State, is a branch of the Mary- 
land Council of Defense, and is financed by it. 

"Under this plan there has been perfect co-operation in faith- 
ful service of both the men and women, in bringing about an or- 
ganization in the Council, and among all the people of the State, 
that is highly gratifying. I, therefore, respectfully suggest that 
no change be insisted upon, and that all matters pertaining to the 
work of the Maryland Council be handled by you as nearly as 
possible in the same manner as heretofore. 

"In addition to the women's branch of this Council in this 
State, we also have n branch, one each, for negro men and women." 

This was followed by another letter, in which the Chairman 
of the Maryland Council informed the National Council that 
there was no way by which the Maryland Council, under the 
law creating it, could more closely co-operate with the women's 
branch thereof than at persent. He added: 

"In talking over these matters with the Chairman of the 
Women's Section of the Maryland Council of Defense, I concluded 
she felt that inasmuch as there was complete co-operation in the 
war work between the Women's Section and the Maryland Council 
of Defense, that any change interrupting it at this time, even if 
it were possible to make it, would be unfortunate." 

He further said : 

"There can be no change in the law under which the Mary- 
land Council of Defense was created until our next Legislature, 
which does not meet until 1920. by which time I trust the war 
will be over. If it is not, and it is at that time considered advis- 
able to have the law changed, efforts in that direction can be 
made." 

Thus there was no change in the organization of the Mary- 
land Council of Defense or in its relation to the Council of 
National Defense. 



92 



Publications 

During the war the Maryland Council of Defense and its 
various divisions distributed books, pamphlets, circulars and 
other articles of propaganda and in co operation with the Na- 
tional Council and patriotic organizations, distributed more 
than a million copies. The publications and printed communi- 
cations of the Maryland Council included the following : 

1 — What Are We Fighting About? This was one of the 
first and most successful publications of the early war period. 
It was prepared by Dr. A. O. Lovejoy and was endorsed by the 
Educational Committee of the Maryland Council of Defense. 
Its value was immediately demonstrated, and it was necessary 
to issue five editions to till the demand for it. The cost was 
borne by the Maryland Council of Defense. 

2 — Milk Cost Survey. At the close of 1917 the milk indus- 
try of Maryland was threatened, and at the request of the Mary- 
land Council of Defense Dr. A. F. Woods undertook the investi- 
gation of conditions and the preparation of a report. This 
work was very thoroughly done and the report attracted much 
attention. A large edition was printed and there were calls 
for copies from every section of America and from other coun- 
tries. 

3 — Civil Eights of Soldiers and Sailors. This attractive 
booklet of ninety pages was compiled by the Legal Committee 
appointed by the Maryland Council of Defense, to organize the 
lawyers of the State to advise the soldiers and sailors of Mary- 
land in the Federal service concerning their civil and political 
rights. The work on the book was done by T. Scott Ofl'utt, 
Esq., and W. L. Clark, Esq. This book was distributed by the 
Council of National Defense as a model for other States to 
follow. More than two thousand were distributed throughout 
Maryland. One State, instead of issuing its own booklet, bought 
copies of the Maryland publication for distribution. 

4. — Address of the Chairman of the Maryland Council of 
Defense at the General Meeting of the Council June 24, 1918. 

5 — Kules and By-Laws for the Community Councils. This 
plan was prepared by the Secretary of the Maryland Council 
and was approved by the Council of National Defense. It was 
used in community council work. 

93 



6 — Compulsory Work Law of Maryl.\nd. A large edition 
of this Act was printed and there were calls for it from every 
section of the country. 

7 — The Maryland Bulletin. The first issue of 1917 con- 
tained the Acts creating the Maryland Council and authorizing 
the loan of a million dollars, and also the full membership of 
the Council and other information. Three thousand copies 
were distributed. The second Maryland Bulletin in 1918 con- 
tained the full reports of the Chairman and of the Council and 
of the Chairman of the Women's Section, and other information. 
Three thousand copies were distributed. 

8 — Letters and Circulars. Many printed communications 
signed by the Chairman, covering special matters. 

Historical Division 

At the meeting of the Executive Committee September 18, 
1918, the Chairman announced an organization whose object 
would be to build up the honor rolls and collect the other rec- 
ords of Maryland in the war with Germany. He placed before 
the Committee the nomination of George L. Radclifife as Chair- 
man of the Historical Division. This appointment was con- 
firmed by unanimous vote. 

At the meeting of the Executive Committee January 15, 1919, 
the Historical Division was authorized to retain and preserve 
any records, files or papers necessary for the history of the war 
work of Maryland. 

The first budget for the Historical Division presented by the 
Chairman, Mr. Radcliffe, was accepted by the Executive Com- 
mittee February 5, 1919, and was : Secretary, |2,000 per year ; 
assistant, |1,040 ; rent of office, |400 ; telephone, |75. 

At the general meeting of the Maryland Council of Defense 
and the joint meeting of the Maryland Council and the Women's 
Section held in Baltimore February 19, 1919, the Historical 
work was discussed. Your Chairman presented the matter to 
this general meeting, as follows : 

"We have organized an Historical Division witti Mr. George 
L. Radcliffe, Chairman, to compile all available material to facili- 
tate the history of Maryland's part in the war. The committee 
has already received several admirable reports, and it is neces- 

94 



sary, now that the story is fresh in your minds, to see that the 
activities of each of your respective localities be properly record- 
ed and filed with the Historical Division. I would urge upon you 
the importance of this work ; now is the time to record the story. 

"The world has lost much in advancement by reason of the fact 
that those who have gone before us have not left us such details 
of the things wnich befell them, and the causes therefor, as to 
enable us to escape them. I think there can be no question that 
such a criticism is just, and we do not want those who follow us 
to have the same criticism to make of us, 

"You will, of course, understand that the work to be compiled 
for historical purposes should embrace the name of every man 
who went into the army from Maryland, and when I say the 
army, I mean all of the various branches of the fighting forces, 
and every detail that can be reliably obtained in regard to each 
man should be reported, whether he be living or dead. In my 
judgment, not only should the history of Maryland's part in this 
war, when written, embrace the activities of the soldiers, but 
also the ci^'ilian activities, as to how all were aroused to the 
morale of winning the war; for it was a war different from any 
other war in the particular that it was not merely between the 
soldiers at the front, but between the peoples of all the nations 
that were engaged in it. 

"The splendid story of the Red Cross, the Young Men's Christian 
Association, the Y. W. C. A., the Knights of Columbus, the Jewish 
Welfare and Liberty Loan campaigns and other movements in this 
State, should be properly portrayed, so that those who come after 
us shall not only know that the work was done, but if possible, 
how it was done. To this end, I wish to again impress upon you 
the importance of the fact that all information that you can give 
to your Historical Committee will be greatly appreciated." 

On motion of Frank A. Furst, seconded by Judge Hammond 
Urner, the report of the Chairman was accepted. Later the 
Chairman placed before the meeting the question of expense. 
He said : "I should like to know from those who are present, 
members of the Council, as to their willingness to favor this 
expenditure, the extent of which at this time cannot be deter- 
mined. Those who are in favor will signify by saying 'Aye.' " 

The motion was carried without dissent and the matter was 
approved. 

At the meeting of the Executive Committee, March 12, 1919, 
Mr. Dennis moved that the Chairman of the Executive Commit- 
tee be authorized to apportion such funds as may be necessary 
for the historical work to a sum not exceeding |25,000. Mi\ 

95 



Furst seconded the motion and it was carried. This appro- 
priation was confirmed at the meeting of the Committee April 
2, 1919, on motion of Mr. Williams, seconded by Mr, Furst. 

At the meeting of the Executive Committee March 12, 1919, 
the Chairman stated that he had planned a concentration of the 
activities of the Council and had requested the Maryland His- 
torical Society to provide headquarters and space for the His- 
torical Division, this to be without rental. 

At the meeting of the Executive Committee May 19, 1919, 
the Chairman stated that the Historical Division was located 
'On the third floor of the Maiylaud Historical Society Build- 
ing, and was at w^ork securing an accurate list of the 
Maryland dead and of their families, for the records and for 
the testimonials signed by the Governor and the Chairman of 
the Maryland Council of Defense, as voted by the Executive 
Committee of the Maryland Council. 

We were fortunate in persuading George L. Eadcliffe to un- 
dertake the work. He was corresponding secretary of the 
Maryland Historical Society and was thus in a position to co- 
ordinate the work and bring to its aid the valuable assistance 
and reputation of that great organization of scholars and pa- 
triots. Mr. Radcliffe, a graduate of Johns Hopkins standing 
high in its councils, is a fine type of the educated man in busi- 
ness with a talent for organization. Thus we had the full ad- 
vantage of one peculiarly fitted for the task and with great love 
for his State and its history. Soon after his appointment Mr. 
Eadcliffe made a special trip to Canada to inspect the historical 
work at Toronto. He visited Washington and conferred with 
those in charge of the history of the war. Then he brought to- 
gether for a general consultation and exchange of views, men 
intimately interested in making Maryland's historical showing 
adequate and worthy. [See Appendix.] At other times Mr. 
Radcliffe gave his time and services without expense to the 
Council. 

A State-^ide campaign on Recording Day, August 10, 1910, 
secured the records of almost a third of the sixty thousand men 
and women of Maryland in all branches of war service. This 
Recording Day was urged by proclamation of the Governor, 
which was advertised in every paper of the State and was made 

96 



notable by unusual co-operation in most of the counties. It 
was the promising beginning of a great task, for it will be years 
before the historical data of Maryland's sixty thousand can be 
assembled. In the meanwhile public interest and the interest 
especially of the members of the Maryland Council of Defense 
should continue, to the end that we may have in our archives the 
full records of our soldiers, sailors, marines and nurses, and 
also civilians who gave time and energies to war work. [See 
pages 318 to 324 for details of Historical Division and War 
Kecords Commission.] 

Testimonials and Memorials 

. At the meeting November 6, 1918, the Executive Committee 
voted that a fitting testimonial to every soldier, sailor, marine 
and nurse in Government service who paid the supreme sacri- 
fice during the war be sent to the family or the person desig- 
nated to receive it. A handsomely engraved testimonial on 
plate paper eleven by fifteen inches, bearing the crest and the 
great seal of the State and signed by the Governor and the 
Chairman, was prepared. The text is as follows : 

"The State of Maryhiud, m reooguition of the service of (name) 
who gave his life for his country in the great War for the rights 
of mankind, presents to you this testimonial that it shares with 
you 'the cherished memory of the loved and lost and the solemn 
pride that must be yours to have laid so costly a sacrifice on 
the altar of freedom.' Annapolis, May 1, 1919, Emerson C. Har- 
rington, Governor of Maryland. Francis E. Waters, Chairman 
Maryland Council of Defense." 

The list of the Maryland dead is more than 18(10. Testi- 
monials for about 1500 of these have been delivered. The others 
are being delivered as promptly as the confirmations of the 
names can be secured. Letters of thanks and appreciation have 
been received from the fathers, mothers and wives, who praise 
the State's action in thus remembering the dead. 

The testimonials are for all who died in service either abroad 
or at home. The Government figures for Maryland in the 
American Expeditionary Forces to February, 1920, are : deaths, 
975; wounded, 2804; prisoners. 33. Of the deaths during the 
war 69 per cent, were in the American Expeditionary Forces 
and 31 per cent, in the United States. 

97 



Through the Council's oflSce were distributed the 480 com- 
missions for the Council members appointed by the Governor. 
For Council workers who did not receive commissions by the 
Governor, the Executive Committee authorized testimonials of 
similar size signed by the Chairman, bearing the Coat-of-arms of 
the State aud reading as follows : 

THE MARYLAND COUNCIL OF DEFENSE, charged by the Gov- 
ernor and the General Assembly with the co-ordination of activities for 
the defense of the State, the safety of its people, the protection of prop- 
erty and the creation of effective co-operation with the Government of 
the United States, rendering possible in time of need the immediate con- 
centration and utilization of the resources of the State, hereby makes 
grateful acknowledgment of the services rendered by (name) to its 
organization, and through it to the State and country in the course of tlie 
great war. 

Given at Annapolis, this eleventh day of November, in the year of our 
Lord one thousand nine hundred and nineteen. 

By order of the Executive Committee of the Maryland Council of 
Defense. 

Francis E. Watebs, Chairman. 

At the meeting December 4, 1918, the Governor placed before 
the Executive Committee the proposition that Maryland should 
erect a fitting memorial to the Maryland men and women who 
took part in the war. The Committee expressed its favor, but 
doubted that Council money could be used for such a purpose. 
February 5, 1919, an appropriation of |1,000 for the clerical 
expenses of the Eeception and Memorial Committee was made. 

At the meeting April 2, 1919, on motion of Mr. Williams, sec- 
onded by Mr, Furst, the Executive Committee appropriated 
|1,000 towards the cost of printing and distributing a letter or 
certificate to men and women from Maryland in the service, 
to be signed by the Governor. These have not been issued. 

After the Armistice 

After the armistice was declared your Chairman sent fifteen 
hundred letters throughout the State, urging increase rather 
than decrease in the activities of the county councils and the 
community councils. He wrote: 

"We are in receipt of telegrams from Secretary of the Interior 
Lane, urging this Council to increase rather than decrease its 
activities. There will unquestinoably be many important problems 

98 



to be solved in the recoustniction period after the war, in which 
your services will be needed as greatly as they are now. It is 
of momentous importance that you bend every energy possible 
to aid in the campaign for the raising of funds for the United 
War Workers, and we ask for your very best efforts in support 
thereof. 

"F. E. WATERS, Chairman." 

At the same time your Chairman took steps to curtail the 
expenses of the organization. The Non-War Construction 
Committee closed its work on November 30th. 

The following general letter was voted by the Executive Com- 
mittee and w^as sent to every person connected with the Mary- 
land Council of Defense : 

An armistice existing and peace in view-, the question of winding up 
and liquidating the affairs of the Council came up before the Executive 
Committee at its regular meeting November 20th, 1918. All the members 
of the Executive Committee of five were present and the Governor of 
the State participated in and approved the proceedings. All votes were 
unanimous. It was voted : 

1. That while the Council organization should be kept in- 
tact as long as it is absolutely necessary, the activities and ex- 
penditures of the Council be decreased with the view and for the 
purpose of general retrenchment on December 31st, 1918. 

2. That county chairmen be requested to notify local secretar- 
ies or employes that their services will not be required after 
December 31st. 1918. 

3. That the two assistant field directors be notified that their 
services will not be required after December 31st, 1918. 

4. That the Americanization Committee be notified that ex- 
penditures for this work will be discontinued after December 31st, 
1918. 

5. That the Compulsory Work Bureau be notified that the 
services of its employes will not be required after December 31st, 
1918, and that its office expenses will cease on that date, the 
exception to this rule being that the present Director shall be 
retained in his present position until further notice to be given 
by the Governor of the State. 

6. That other employes of the Council be informed that their 
services may not be required after December 31st, 1918. 

7. That it is the intention of the Executive Committee to cur- 
tail expenditures, but it invites suggestions having for their pur- 
pose the future welfare of the State. 

8. That if developments demonstrate the necessity for the 
continuance of the Council during the period of reconstruction, 
the matter of extending its life for that purpose will be decided 
by the Governor. 

99 



9. That all county commissions and community councils be 
urged to keep alive and strong their organizations to the end 
that they may serve the State or the National Government in any 
requests made of them, at any time, and for the still further 
object of considering and determining the best policies for State 
and local issues in matters affecting the public welfare. 

The Maryland Council has been most fortunate in having on the part 
of all its employes loyal, faithful and efficient service, and the Com- 
mittee returns to each and every one cordial thanks for their splendid 
work and every good wish for their future success and happiness. They 
may rightly feel that they have contribute<l their part to the welfare of 
their State and Nation, and have helped thereby in the winning of the 
great war for the freedom of the world. 

By order of the Executive Committee. 

FRANCIS E. WATERS, 

Chairynan. 

Council Property 

After the armi.stice, the Executive Committee ordered a full 
inventory of Council property. The rule of the Committee was 
that the articles were to be disposed of either by auction or by 
authority of the Committee. The returns are given in the 
Treasurer's statement of receipts, contained in this report. 

In the counties the cooking utensils owned by the Council 
were turned over to the community and victory kitchens for the 
food })roduction and conservation programs during 1919. 

Bids were asked on the equipment of the Hospital Train, but 
only one bid was received, and it was too low for consideration. 
It was then decided to distribute the various articles among 
the six State hospitals. 

By this arrangement the State got the full value of the prop- 
erty removed from the Hospital Train and the articles filled 
real needs in the different hospitals. The oil engine and gen- 
rator equipment were sold. The cars were returned to the three 
railroads that had donated their use to the State. 

The property consisting largely of tents and camping 
equipment used by the United States Boys' Working Ee- 
aerve and returned to the Maryland Council, by unanimous vote 
of the Executive Committee, was presented to the Maryland 

too 



Training School for Boys at Loch Raven, a State institution 
owned by the State. All other property was sold. 

Publicity 

Full publicity of the proceedings and expenditures of the 
Council was the rule and policy of the Executive Committee. 
Reports of meetings were given to the daily newspapers and on 
requests complete statements were furnished, which formed the 
basis of many excellent articles describing and commending 
the work of the Council. The newspapers of Baltimore sent 
representatives daily to the Council headquarters, and these 
gentlemen helped our work by their personal interest as well 
as by their writing. 

The ninety newspapers of the State did valiant service, and 
the Council owes much of its success to their co-operation. 
Overwhelmed as they were with requests from every war agency, 
they gave the Maryland Council preference, and this loyalty 
to the State was priceless. First and last the newspapers 
printed more than a thousand columns about the work of the 
Maryland Council of Defense. 

Your Executive Committee met with much gratifying experi- 
ence in the newspapers. For instance, in Frederick county the 
banks gave to the Council the use of their newspaper space and 
in other counties papers gave twice the space required at no 
increase of cost. In one of the drives the Council secured re- 
markable results in small classified advertisements. But the 
greatest service rendered by the newspapers was in the inspira- 
tion they gave to the people and the work they did in combat- 
ting disloyalty and maintaining the morale. During the war 
Maryland journalism reached the highest plane and the largest 
service in its history. 

State Officers 

The Act creating the Maryland Council of Defense said: 
"That all oflScers, departments, boards, commissions, institu- 
tions and agencies of the State Government, or of any county 
or municipality in the State, shall co-operate with the Council 
and shall render it such aid and assistance and give it such 
information as the Council may need or require." 

101 



We wish to acknowledge this co-operation and to pay a trib- 
ute to its willingness and its value. From every officer of the 
State, when called upon, we received courtesy and aid, and 
many were active in Council work, especially in the counties. 

General Henry M. Warfield, the Adjutant-General of tlie 
State, was a member of the Council, and in spite of his onerous 
duties as the head of the enlistment and draft work in Mary- 
land, he attended many meetings of the Executive Committee 
and was of invaluable assistance to us. It was a pleasure to 
find that of the State Adjutant-Generals of the United States, 
none stood higher than General Warfield. He contributed much 
to the showing made by Maryland in the war. The organiza- 
tion of the Second Kegiment of Maryland in the midst of the 
most active war period wa^ a most unusual achievement ad- 
mirably put through. 

A notable contribution to the war record of Maryland was 
made by the Attorney-General, Hon. Albert C. Ritchie. He 
drew the bills for Maryland's war legislation, and most of this 
was pioneer work. The Maryland Acts served as models, and 
there was constant demand for copies of them, especially for 
the Compulsory Work Act. Our Committee, therefore, was 
most fortunate in having General Ritchie as a member of the 
Council and as its legal adviser. He met with the Committee 
frequently and gave his full co-operation. He helped much in 
organizing the Council, and his numerous opinions rendered on 
requests of the Executive Committee were of great value. Gen- 
eral Ritchie's work was of such quality that he was called to 
Washington for high service, but he never lost interest in tho 
Maryland Council. Our Committee desire to also thank Gen- 
eral Ritchie's associates for their courtesy and aid. 

To the State Department of Health, Dr. William H. Welch, 
president ; Dr. John S. Fulton, secretary, and Dr. C. Hampson 
Jones, chief of the Bureau of Communicable Diseases, the Ex- 
ecutive Committee owes its cordial thanks for constant interest 
in Council work. Dr. Fulton and Dr. Jones either met with the 
Committee or were in communication with it for practically the 
whole period of the war. 

102 



Dr. A. F. Woods, President of the Maryland State College of 
Agriculture and executive oflBcer of the Maryland State Board 
of Agriculture, was frequently in conference with the Com- 
mittee. His personal service during the war was fine and his 
zeal inspired the whole State Agricultural organization. We 
feel very grateful to Dr. Woods and to his able assistants — 
Prof. Thomas B. Symons and Prof. Bamburger — and to others 
of the staff at College Park, and to the county agents. All 
helped us. 

The Comptroller of the State and the Treasurer are by law 
members of our Executive Committee. We wish to thank both 
of the departments presided over by them for their courtesy and 
consideration. 

Dr.M. Bates Stephens, State Superintendent of Public Schools, 
gave valuable assistance to the Council work. We also thank the 
following for their co-operation : The United States District At- 
torney, Hon. Samuel K. Dennis; Hon. Billups Harris, special 
agent of the United States Department of Justice ; the Ameri- 
can Protective League, and the Police Department of Balti- 
more. 

Particularly do we desire to pay our tribute to the deep per- 
sonal interest and active participation of Governor Emerson C. 
Harrington in all the work that came before the Council and in 
everything that concerned its efficiency. He met with our Com- 
mittee at most of its meetings. He took part in all our work. 
He was ever ready to respond to any call, and he spent hours at 
our sessions, for some of them lasted practically the whole 
afternoon. To Governor Harrington I wish to acknowledge the 
splendid, loyal spirit with which he entered into the work of 
this Council, ever ready, as he was at all times, to discuss with 
the members of the Executive Committee and myself all matters 
that pertained to the interests of the people of the State of 
Maryland and to those of the whole nation. His never-flagging 
zeal was a stimulus to those of us who came in confidential 
touch with him in all this work. 



103 



Recommendations 

As the Council has no continuing authority, the Executive 
Committee is obliged to leave two important matters to the 
pleasure and wisdom of the General Assembly. 

First, is the Historical Division. Our Committee recommends 
that this very important work be continued. 

Second, the employment of soldiers, sailors and war workers. 
The General Assembly in the Act creating our Council directed 
it "to organize and direct such public employment exchanges as 
it may deem necessary, during the present emergency, w^hich 
shall co-operate in every practicable way with similar exchanges 
in other States and with the United States Employment Serv- 
ice." Our Committee has devoted much time and money to this 
work, and we find that the need of it may continue. A year 
after the signing of the armistice two hundred men a week are 
being placed by the Bureau of Returning Soldiers, Sailors and 
War Workers. 

Conclusion 

Noble and powerful aspirations were developed by the w^ar, 
and among the most valuable were the desire of civilians of all 
ages for service and the ability of the women to organize their 
forces and make effective in definite tasks their common enthu- 
siasm. Maryland was awakened to the most remarkable state 
of working loyalty in its history, and the force of the majority 
doing all in its power towards the winning of the war carried 
along the more timid and swept a'side the shirkers and the 
doubters. By the earnestness and eagerness of its militant 
patriotism Maryland steadily held its place among the very 
foremost of the States. 

If we inquire as to the largest value of the Maryland Council, 
we find it in the record of originating and stimulating activities 
that developed and intensified the morale of the people. We 
heard much of morale during the war — morale at home as well 
as the morale of battle, and nowhere was this morale more 
alive or more genuine than in Maryland. To Council members 
credit is due. 

For my associates on the Executive Committee who gave un- 
selfishly and with great patience their time and effort to the 
work of the Council, I have no words that are adequate. Our 
first satisfaction was that we did our humble part in helping 

L04 



Maryland to help win the war. Our second satisfaction and 
our large recompense was in the friendships we found with one 
another in our labors. From the first meeting to the last our 
Executive Committee was absolutely free from even the sugges- 
tion of politics, personal interest or outside influence. I cannot 
think of a body of men more devoted to principle or to the 
State. To have presided over such a Committee in such a time 
in our aflfairs is to me a matter of the greatest pride. From 
first to last I had the loyal and splendid co-operation of all the 
members. To every call they responded. The day was nv r 
too hot or too cold that they would not give long hours and sac- 
rifice their comfort for the work of the Council. I beg to pay my 
tribute to their virtues as loyal Marylanders and to their quali- 
ties as patriots who stand for all that is fine in American 
citizenship. 

Unostentatious, ever watchful, patient and persistent devo- 
tion to duty marked the intelligent and most acceptable service 
of our worthy Secretary, Lynn R, Meekins. It affords me 
especial pleasure to make this acknowledgment to him, who 
was almost constantly within call of my voice during the days 
of activity of the Council. There was no day too long in serv- 
ice for him, even to past mid-night, on occasion, was he on duty. 
His loyalty and patriotism, added to his other virtues, won 
the esteem of the members of the Council and the gratitude of 
myself. 

We extend our congratulations to the General Assembly of 
Maryland for its superb and broad-visioned war policy. These 
representatives — the members of the General Assembly — gave 
to the Maryland Council of Defense the means by which the 
people might serve themselves by working together for saving 
civilization and the liberty of mankind. In this the General 
Assembly showed the usefulness of popular government, which 
was attacked by the arch-enemy of freedom. Not only did the 
General Assembly make a liberal appropriation and support 
it by worthy acts, but later by unanimous vote it added a second 
appropriation of a million dollars and thus placed Maryland in 
a position surpassed by none of the States of America, not even 
by the richest. With such a sacred trust, our Committee and 
our Council could not do less than their best, and they report 
herewith the record of their work. 

Respectfully submitted, 

Francis E. Waters, Chairman^ 
105 



MARYLAND COUNCIL OF DEFENSE 

Chairman — General Francis E. Waters 

Vice-Chairman— Frank A. Furst Secretary — Lynn R. Meekins 

Treasurer — William O. Peirson 

BALTIMORE 

General Francis E. Waters George R. Sinniekson 

Frank A. Furst Frank R. Kent 

Carl R. Gray Joseph Y. Brattan 

Frank N. Hoen Stuart Olivier 

John M. Dennis William H. Killian 

Howard Bruce George L. Radcliffe 

James C. Legg B. Howell Griswold, Jr. 

Charles M. Cohn Redmond C. Stewart 

Louis K. Gutman Albert C. Ritchie 

Arthur W. Thompson Gen. Henry M. Warfield 

W. H. Manss Dr. Gordon Wilson 

Holden A. Evans Dr. Edward B. Matthews 
■Charles E. Rieman 

COUNTIES 

Judge Hammond Urner, Frederick Noah E. Cramer, Frederick 

Stevenson A. Williams, Belair Gilmor S. Hamill, Oakland 

Daniel Annan, Cumberland Harrison W. Vickers, Jr., Chester- 
Frank M. Duvall, Annapolis town 

Dr. Philip Briscoe, Mutual Otho H. W. Talbott, RockvlUe 

Charles J. Fox, Orangeville George W. Waters, Jr., Laurel 

Harvey L. Cooper, Denton George W. Joy, Leonardtown 

Dr. Henry M. Fitzhugh, West- Henry J. Waters, Princess Anne 

minster Francis G. Wrightson, Easton 

Dr. Howard Bratton, Elkton John B. Sweeney, Hagerstown 

Thomas H. Robinson, Belair Louis W. Gunby, Salisbury 

Dr. Louis C. Carrico, Bryantown Marion T. Hargis, Snow Hill 
W. Laird Henry, Cambridge 

EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE 
General Francis E. Waters, Chairmnn 
Frank A. Furst Vice-chairman 
John M. Dennis Hugh A. McMuUea 

Stevenson A. Williams William P. Jackson 

Hammond Urner 

T>ynn R. Meekins, Seeretary 
W. O. Peirson. Trensnrcr 

COUNTY COMMISSIONS 

Allegany County 
Daniel Annan, chairman. Cumberland. Md. 
Col. George A. Pearre Frank C. Beall 

Wm. T. Couleban James M. Sloan 

Anne Arundel Counts- 
Frank M. Duvall, chairman. Motor Route A, Annapolis 
Robert Moss James M. Monroe 

Alfred A. Pearre Daniel R. Randall 



Raltimobe County 
Charles J. Fox, chairman, Equitable Bldg., Baltimore 
Oscar W. Keys Fred Von KapCf 

Carville D. Benson Wm. P. Gundry 

Calvert Colnty 
Dr. Philip Briscoe, chairman. Mutual, Md. 
J. Briscoe Bunting Joseph E. Joy 

ThoD^as Parran N. W. Broome 

Caroline County 
Harvey L. Cooper, chairman, Denton, Md. 
Harry A. Roe Nathaniel Horsey of S. H. 

Thos. H. Chambers John M. Swing 

Carroll County 
Dr. Henry M. Fitzhugh, chairman, Westminster, Md. 
Johnzie E. Beasman Herbert R. Wooden 

Nathan H. Baile Preston B. Engler 

Cecil County 
Dr. Howard Bratton, chairman, Elkton, Md. 
Wm. T. Warburton Frank B. Evans 

Henry L. Constable Henry M. McCullough 

Charles County 
Dr. Louis C. Carrico, chairman, Bryantown, Md. 
F. S. Lancaster T. E. Sasscer 

Hon. John F. Mudd Walter J. Michell 

Dorchester County 
W. Laird Henry, chairman, Cambridge, Md. 
Dr. B. W. Goldsborough Robert H. Matthews 

Levi B. Phillips Earl W. Orem 

Frederick County 
Noah E. Cramer, chairman, Frederick, Md. 
D. Columbus Kemp Dr. Chas. F. Goodell 

Sterling Gait Lewis H. Fraley 

Garrett County 
Gilmor S. Haraill, chairman, Oakland, Md. 
John W. Hart J- C. Reiniger 

Geo. D. Browning M. R. Offutt 

Harford County 
Thomas H. Robinson, chairman, Belair, Md. 
Stevenson A. Williams John A. Robinson 

J. D. Worthington Walter R. McComas 

Howard County 
R. A. Johnson, chairman. Union Trust Bldg., Baltimore 
Humphrey D. Wolfe John W. Brien 

Augustus' Howard Cornelius Pickett 

Kent County 
Harrison W. Vickers, Jr., chairman, Chestertown, Md. 
Hope H. Barroll C. E. Crane 

John D. Urie John C. Davis 

Montgomery County 
Otho H. W. Talbott, chairman, Rockville, Md. 
Howard W. Spurrier Kenneth Waters 

Robert G. Hilton Thomas Dawson 

107 



Pbince George's Countt 
George W. Waters, Jr., chainuian. Laurel, Md. 
A. T. Robinson Oliver Metzerott 

Grafton C. D. Townsend Wm. D. Pyles 

Queen Anne's County 
John E. George, chairman, Sudlersville, Md. 
James E, Kirwin William C. Orrell 

William McKenney Charles F. Rich 

St. Mary's County 
George W. Joy, chairman, Leonardtown, Md. 
E. Lee Maguire Charles F. Grason 

Benjamin Combs Enoch Abell 

Somerset County 
Henry J. Waters, chairman. Princess Anne, Md. 
Geo. W. Brown Robert F. Deur 

Dr. R. R. Norris E. Benson Dennis 

Talbot County 
Francis G. Wrightson, chairman, Easton, Md. 
Nicholas Orem James C. Mullikiu 

John W. S. Jump Robert R. Walker 

Washington County 
John B. Sweeney, chairman, Hagerstown, Md. 
H. Lionel Meredith Col. Wm. P. Lane 

Dr. D. C. R. Miller Thompson A. Brown 

Wicomico County 
Louis W. Gunby, chairman, Salisbury, Md. 
M. V. Brewington Walter B. Miller 

S. King White Samuel A. Graham 

Worcester County 
Marion T. Hargis, chairman, Snow Hill, Md. 
Edward S. Furbush Charles W. C'orddry 

P. Lee Bonneville Dr. R. P. Collins 



WOMEN'S SECTION 



Chairman — Mrs. Edward Shoemaker 
Vice-Chairman — Mrs. B. W. Cobkran, Jr. 
Secretary — Mrs. William Miles Maloy 
Treasurer — Mrs. William Cabell Bruce 

STATE COMMISSION 



Mrs. Edward Shoemaker 
Mrs. B. W. Corkran, Jr. 
Mrs. William Milnes Maloy 
Mrs. Arthur Lee Bosley 
Mrs. Wm. Cabell Bruce 
Mrs. Franklin P. Cator 
Miss S. B. Carter 
Mrs. C. Baker Clotworthy 
Mrs. Sydney M. Cone 
Mrs. Charles E. Ellicott 
Mrs. Julius W. Freeman 
Mrs. Robert Garrett 
Mrs. John Gill 



108 



Mrs. Mary R. Haslup 
Mrs. Francis M. Jencks 
Mrs. Oscar Leser 
Mrs. J. Charles Linthicvmi 
Mrs. Austin McLanahan 
Miss Catherine M. McLane 
Mrs. Jacob M. Moses 
Mrs. William Reed 
Miss Julia R. Rogers 
Mrs. Francis Sanderson 
Miss Anne Graeme TurnbuU 
Mrs. Ellicott H. Worthington 
Mrs. Francis J. Le Moyne 



COUNTY CHAIRMEN 

Allegany — Mrs. J. W. Avirett-Thomas, Cumberland. 

Anne Arundel — Mrs. Theodore W. Johnson, Annapolis. 

Baltimore — Mrs. David G. Mcintosh, Jr., Towson. 

Calvei-t — Mrs. Clarence Davis, Solomons. 

Caroline — Mrs. J. Kemp Stevens, Denton. 

Can-all — Mrs. Robert S. Shriver, Westminster. • 

Cecil — Mrs. C. I. Benson, Port Deposit. 

Charles — Mrs. Samuel Linton, Riverside. 

Dorchester — Mrs. William N. Andrews, Cambridge. 

Fredei-ick — Mrs. Francis H. Markell, Frederick. 

Garrett— Mrs. E. Z. Tower, Oakland. 

Harford — Mrs, Walter W. Preston, Emmorton. 

Hotoardr— Mrs. William S. Powell, Ellicott City. 

Kent — Mrs. Wilbur W. Hubbard, Chestertown. 

Montgomery — Mrs. J. Frank Wilson, Kensington. 

Prince George's — Mrs. Harry J. Patterson, College Park. 

Queen Anne's — Mrs. J. H. C. Legg, Centerville. 

St. Mary's — Mrs. Leonard B. Johnson, Morganza. 

Somerset — Miss Berenice M. Thompson, Princess Anne. 

Talbot — Miss Alice McDaniel, Easton. 

Washington — Mrs. James Findlay, Hagerstown. 

Wicomico — Mrs. E. Stanley Toadvin, Salisbury. 

Worcester — Mrs. John L. Robins, Snow Hill. 

EXECUTIVE BOARD 

Mrs. Edward Shoemaker, Chairman. 

Mrs. Benjamin W. Corkran, Jr., V ice-Chairman. 

Mrs. William Milnes Maloy, Secretary. 

Mrs. William Cabell Bruce Miss Catherine M. McLane 

Mrs. Charles E. Ellicott Mrs. Jacob M. Moses 

COUNTY COMMISSIONS 

Allegent County 

Mrs. J. W. Avirett-Thomas, chairman, Cumberland. 

Miss Elizabeth Lowndes, Cumber- Mrs. Patrick O'Rourke, Cumber- 
land land 
Mrs. W. W. Hanley, Cumberland Mrs. Ann M. Sloan, Cumberland 

Anne Arundel County 
Mrs. Theodore W. Johnson, chairman, Annapolis. 
Mrs. Robert B. Dashiell, Annapolis Mrs. John E. Craven, Annapolis 
Miss Katherine Walton, Annapolis Mrs. Elliott H. Burwell, Annapolis 

Baltimore County 
Mrs. David G. Mcintosh, Jr., chairman, Rodger's Forge. 
Mrs. John Ridgely, Towson Mrs. Jack Symington, Luthervllle 

Mrs. Carville D. Benson, Halethorpe Mrs. Albert S. Cook, Towson 

Calvert County 
Mrs. Clarence Davis, chairman, Solomons. 
Mrs. John W. Leitch, Huntlngtown Miss Sadie Gray, Prince Frederick 
Miss Carrie Hardesty, Chaney Miss Katherine Briscoe, Prince 

Frederick 

109 



Caboune CJoriNTy 
Mrs. J. Kemp Stevens, chairman, Denton. 
Mrs. Fred P. Roe, Greensboro Mrs. John W. Stowell, Federalsburg 

Mrs. Thomas R. Green, Denton Mrs. John W. Payne, Preston 

Cabboll County 
Mrs. Robert S. Shriver, chairman, Westminster. 
Mrs. Henry M. Fitzhugh, Westr Mrs. John H. Cunningham, West- 
minster minster 
Miss M. Madeline Shriver, West- Mrs. Maurice S. H. Unger, West- 
minster minster 

Cecil County 
Mrs. C. I. Benson, chairman, Port Deposit. 
Miss Virginia Abrahams, Port Mrs. W. M. Pogue 

Deposit Miss Rose Caldwell, Rowlandsville 

Mrs. Charles McDowell 

Chables County 
Mrs. Samuel Linton, chairman, Riverside. 
Miss Mary C. Kemp, Wel-Come Mrs. Charles M. McPherson, Wal- 
dorf, R. F. D. 

Dorchester County 
Mrs. William N. Andrews, chairman, Cambridge. 
Mrs. George Woolford, Cambridge Miss M. Jeanie Br^^an. Cambridge 
Mrs. Edgar A. Jones, Cambridge Miss Sallie Webster Dorsey, Cam- 
bridge 

Fbedebick County 
Mrs. Francis H. Markell, chairman, Frederick. 
Mrs. Joseph D. Baker, Frederick Miss Bertha Trail, Frederick 
Mrs. Benjamin S. Reich, Frederick Miss Anne Brunner Kemp, Frederick 

Garrett County 
Mrs. E. Z. Tower, chairman, Oakland. 
Mrs. R. B. Sliger, Oakland Mrs. G. Semmes Hamill, Oakland 

Mrs. W. R. Offutt, Oakland Mrs. J. L. Pollock, Oakland 

Habfobd County 
Mrs. Walter W. Preston, chairman, Emmorton. 
Mrs. W. W. Bradford, Belair Mrs. Grace R. McAllister, Belair 

Mrs. John Rush Street, Belair Mrs. Richard Dallam, Belair 

HowABD County 
Mrs. William S. Pow^ell, chairman, Ellicott City. 
Mrs. Charles Carroll, Homewood Mrs. William H. Stinson. Glenwood 
Mrs. W. Bladen rx)wndes, Ellicott Mrs. George W. Dobbin, Elkridge 
City 

Kent County 
Mrs. Wilbur W. Hubbard, chairman, Chestertown. 
Mrs. Louis H. Wood, Chestertown Mrs. W. O. Selby, Rock Hall 
Mrs. Allen A. Harris, Chestertow^n Mrs. William G. Smyth, Fairlee 

Montgomery County 
!Srrs. J. Frank Wilson, chairman, Kensington. 
Mrs. William H. Talbott, Roc-kville Mrs. James H. Jones, Dawsonville 
Mrs. E. J. Hartshorn, Kensington Mrs. H. C. Allnutt, Ror-kville 

110 



Prince George's County 

Mrs. Harry J. Patterson, chairman, College Park. 

Miss Margaret C. Beall, Beltsville Mrs. William F. Holmead, Landover 

Mrs. Benjamin F. Wade, Laurel Mrs. Frederick Sassoer, Upper Marl- 

boro 
Queen Anne's Covnty 
Mrs. J. H. O. Legg, chairman, Centerville. 
Mrs. James Merrick, Jr., Sudlers- Mrs. Spencer Wright, Centerville 
ville Mrs. Philip Davidson, Queenstown 

Mm. J. F. Rolph, Centerville 

St. Mary's County 
Mrs. Leonard B. Johnson, chairman, Morganza. 
Mrs. George P. Loker, Leonardtown Miss Lillian Mattingly, Bushwood 
Mrs. C. Benjamin Greenwell, Mrs. Wallace Dunbar, Ridge 

Beauvue 

Somerset County 
Mrs. Berenice M. Thompson, chairman, Princess Anne. 
Mrs. J. D. Wallop, Princess Anne Mrs. Columbus Lankford, Princess 
Mrs. Luther T. Miles, Marion Anne 

Station Mrs. John T. Handy, Crisfield 

Talbot County 
Miss Alice McDaniel, chairman, Ratcliffe Manor, Easton, Md. 
Miss Mary Jenkins, Easton Miss Mary Bartlett Dixon, Eastoc 

Mrs. Mason Shehan, Easton Mrs. Albert Sidney Cover 

Washington County 
Mrs. James Findlay, chairman, Hagerstown. 
Mrs. C. A. Little, Hagerstown Mrs. T. F. Young, Hagerstown 

Mrs. Palmer Tennant, Hagerstown Mrs. Robert McL. Smith, HagerstowE- 

Wicomico County 
Mrs. E. Stanley Toadvin, chairman, Salisbury. 
Miss Irma Graham, Salisbury Mrs. L. Ernest Williams, Salisbury 

Miss Maria EUegood, Salisbury Miss Elizabeth Collier, Salisbury 

Worcester County 
Mrs. John L. Robins, chairman. Snow Hill. 
Mrs. Francis J. Lloyd, Pocomoke Mrs. Rozelle P. Handy, Berlin 

City 
Mrs. Thomas F. Wharton, Stockton Mrs. Charles S. Gregor, Snow Hill 



COLORED DIVISION 

Chairman — Dr. Ernest Lyon 
Vice-Chairmen 
H. M. St. Clair L. H. Davenport 

Dr. J. R. L. Diggs John H. Murphy, Sr. 

Dr. W. M. Alexander 

Treasurer — Dr. A. L. Gaines 

Secretary — Prof. H. M. Gross 

Organizer — Dr. Junius Gray 

Chairman Finance Committee — A. H. Pitts 

in 



BALTIMORE CITY 



Rev. M. J. Nay lor 
J. IjOgan Jenkins 
C. H. Fowler, M. D. 
Rev. C. H. Stepteau 
James M. Seward 
Marcellus Dorsey 
F. N. Cardoza, M. D. 
Charles Shipley 
S. B. Hughes, M. D. 
W. L. Fitzgerald 
Rev. A. J. Mitchell 
Rev. S. A. Virgil 
John A. Toadvin 
Howard A. Payne 
W. C. McCard 
Rev. P. C. Neal 
Rev. C. E. Hodges 
John W. Hawkins 
Bishop John Hurst 
R. C. Gross 
I. P. Brown 
William Lee 
J. P. Evans 
George A. Watty 
Rev. S. M. Johnson 
John H. Bailey 
Rev. C. E. Stewart 
Rev. C. B. Bishop 
Rev. W. J. Winston 
Harry T. Pratt 
Charles Woodland 
Rev. D. W. Hays 
Geo. E. Frev 
S. R. Bishop 
Rev. L. Z. Johnson 

Allegeny 
William Cooper 
Rev. F. S. Dennis 
Dr. Sparks 

Rev. G. W. W. Jenkins 
Rev. C. Young 
John Matthews 

Anne Arundel 
Rev. E. S. Wlliams 
W. H. B. Bates 
Rev. W. N. Holt 
D. D. S. Goodloe 

Baltimore 
Rev. W. I. Johnson 
Jessie L. Nicholas 
Charles Parker 
Rev. George A. Davis 
Rev. William Brown 

Calvert 
Daniel G. Smith 
Rev. C. C. Brown 
Stephen Parker 



E. V. Stokes 

W. Ashbie Hawkins 

Rev. C. G. Cummings 

Samuel T. Hemsley 

Rev. Julius Carroll 

George Owens 

E. B. Taylor 

Robert Young 

Rev. W. W. Allen 

Rev. D. G. Mack 

Rev. Frank R. Williams 

Ed. J. Wheatley, M. D. 

Rev. James F. Robinson 

Rev. Sampson Brooks 

Albert Johnson 

G. B. Brown 

Rev. C. H. Murray 

J. W. Woodhouse 

S. S. Booker 

George H. Murphy 

Arthur L. Macbeth 

J. E. Fisher, M. D. 

Rev. L. C. Curtis 

Wm. McAbee 

Rev. George F. Bragg 

Rev. R. W. S. Thomas 

Mason A. Hawkins 

C. Ed. Browne 

Dean William Pickens 

Clarke L. Smith 

Wm. H. Wright, M. D. 

William Anderson 

T. Wallace Landsay 

Rev. Wm. H. Weaver 



COUNTIES 



Caroline 
Rev. William Horner 
Rev. Dickersou 
George Bailey 

Carroll 
Rev. Levi Miller 

Cecil 
Rev. D. J. Beckett 

Charles 
Henry Hemsley 
John R. Coombs 
F. F. King 
Rev. D. D. Turpeau 
Rev. Robert C'oates 

D0RC11E.STER 
Rev. C. Young 
John H. Jones 
John Matthews 
H. M. St. Clair 

Frederick 
Rev. J. A. Young 
Rev. C. W. Pullen 
Dr. Bourne 



112 



GARBErrr 
J, W. Jackson 

Harford 
M. I. Oliver 
James Ennis 
Rev. J. G. Bryant 

Howard 
Rev. J. Pritohett 
William H. Powell 
Remus Dorsey 
Rev. Matthias Williams 
Rev. S. H. Norwood 

Kent 
Charles Hutchins 
Rev. C. Bailey 
Philip J. Henson 
Montgomery 
Noah E. Clark 
Thomas Dorsey 
J. H. Howard 

Prince George's 
Rev. John D. Broadus 
Rev. William Chew 
Rev. W. L. Watkins 
Queen Anne's 
Rev. Zebulon Heath 



Harry Stewart 
John Forrester 

Somerset 
Rev. John H. Palmer 
Dr. J. W. Barkley 
Rev. Thos. H. Kiah 
Rev. J. H. Nutter 
Rev. E. N. Wilson 

St. Mary's 
Abraham Smith 
Peter Jamison 
William H. Brooks 

Talbot 
Clifton Jones 
Moses Johns 
William H. Potts 

Worcester 
Stephen Long 
Rev. E. T. Addison 

Wicomico 
Howard O. Pinkett 
Joseph Roberts 
Thomas Nutter 

Washington 
Dr. W. A. J. Wilson 



WOMEN'S DEPARTMENT, COLORED DIVISION 

Chairman — Miss Ida Cummings 
Vice-Chairman — Mrs. Rachael Tucker 
Secretary — Mrs. W. T. McGuinn 
Treasurer — Mrs. A. H. Nixon 



Miss Ida R. Cummings 
Mrs. Rachael Tucker 
Mrs. Warner T. McGuinn 
Mrs. Minnie L. Gaines 
Mrs. George E. Frey 
Mrs. Rosa Richardson 
Mrs. Edna Ried 
Mrs. Bertha Hurst 
Mrs. Estelle Young 
Mrs. Martha Thompson 
Mrs. Jos. P. Evans 
Mrs. Jennie C. Jones 
Mrs. Daniel G. Mack 
Mrs. Sophia Holmes 
Mrs. Mary Tankard 
Mrs. A. H. Nixon 
Mrs. Ida M. Hilton 
Mrs. Jennie Mills 
Mrs. Mary Lyon 
Mrs. C. E. Stewart 



Mrs. Mary C. Payne 
Mrs. M. P. Thomas 
Mrs. M. A. Hawkins 
Mrs. Annie T. Hitchens 
Mrs. Kate Gwatchney 
Mrs. Mary F. Handy 
Mrs. Annetta B. Simms 
Mrs. A. B. Turner 
Mrs. M. V. Lawson 
Mrs. Maggie Tucker 
Mrs. F. K. Owens 
Mrs. Lacy Penn 
Mrs. Sophia S. Redden 
Mrs. R. L. Diggs 
Mrs. Beal Elliott 
Mrs. Harold Stephan 
Mrs. Florence Carroll 
Miss Martha Booze 
Miss Carrie L. Cook 



COUNTIES 



Mrs. Sadie M. Dennis. Eastiwrt 
Mrs. Eliza Fletcher, Annapolis 
Mrs. Fannie Briscoe, Annapolis 
Mrs. Clara Johns, Chestertown 
Mrs. Alice B. Green, Jessups 
Mrs. Mary Stewart, Salisbury 



Mrs. Martha Parks, Mt. Winans 
Mrs. Mamie Johnson, Barclay 
Mrs. Mary Johnson, Curtis Bay 
Mrs. C. Cook, Curtis Bay 
Mrs. Jane Patterson, St. Dennis 

113 



Report of the Treasurer 

General Francis E. Waters, Ghm/iman, 
Maryland Cowncil of Defense, 
Baltimore, Maryland. 
Dear Sir: 

I beg to hand you herewith State Auditor's report of the 
receipts and expenditures of the Maryland Council of Defense 
from the time of organization to June 30, 1920. The accounts 
of the Treasurer have been audited five times since the Council 
was organized, the present audit covering the whole period of 
the Council's existence. 

I respectfully call your attention to the fact that, while the 
expenditures of the Council have amounted to approximately 
1030,000.00. a considerable portion has been expended for which 
the State has permanent assets, as per the following list : 

Prison Farm, House of Correction $57,000.00 

Sewage System, House of Correction 5,171.00 

Water Supply, Maryland State College of Agriculture 23,000.00 

Armories, Cambridge, Hyattsville and Westminster 45,000.00 

Armory Site, Cumberland 14,952.25 

Fish Hatcheries 8,500.00 

Foster Building, Spring Grove 25,000.00 

$178,623.25 

We have not included in this the $114,181.00 expended for the 
equipment of the Second Maryland Regiment, which is State 
property, nor the |200,105.50 expended in the clearing and care 
of Camp Meade, nor other amounts expended for the neces.sary 
work of the State or for purposes designated by the Legislature, 
but it is obvious that, considering the scope of the work and the 
activities carried on, the actual expenditures of the Council 
were very moderate. 

The War Loan of 1917 of $1,000,000 was sold at par, and the 
balance on hand with the Treasurer of the State of Maryland 
to our credit June 30th, 1920, was $100,000.00, and with the 

lU 



Union Trust Company, $7,907.30. The War Loan of 1918 of 
11,000,000 authorized by the Legislature in regular session, was 
not issued, and stands to the credit of the Council of Defense. 
The total cash unexjjended to the Council's credit on June 
30, 1920, was |107,907.30. Balance in Union Trust Company, 
Si:7,907.30, to the credit of the Council, was turaed over to Hon. 
John M. Dennis Treasurer of the State of Maryland, on June 
30, as instructed by the Attorney-General, leaving a balance 
of $100,000.00 unexpended in the hands of the Comptroller, 
which was never drawn by the Council. These amounts have 
been audited and certified to by the State Auditor, as per copy 
of his report herewith. 

Respectfully submitted, 

W. O. Pbirson, Tredsurer 



115 



State Auditor's Report 

July 2. 1920. 
General Francis E. Waters, Chairman, 
Maryland Council of Defense, 
Baltimore, Maryland. 
Dear Sir: 

Acting under jour instructions, we report we have made an 
audit of the books and accounts of your Council for the period 
eTuly 28, 1017, to June 30, 1920, and have found the same to be 
correct. 

We submit attached hereto Statement of the Cash Receipts 
and Disbursements of vour Council for the period, supported 
by detailed schedules of the Disbursements, showing a balance 
of cash on hand of |7,907.30, which amount has been turned 
over to the Treasurer of the State of Maryland as per your 
check No. 6669, dated June 30, 1920. 

The books, records and accounts of your Council are in 
good condition, have been well kept, and great care seems to 
have been exercised in handling and recording the transactions 
of the Council. 

Respectfully submitted, 

William A. Gillespie, 
State Auditor. 

STATEMENT OF CASH RECEIPTS AND DISBURSEMENTS FOR 
THE PERIOD JULY 28, 1917, TO JUNE 30, 1020. 

RECEIPTS: 

State of Maryland $900,000.00 

Interest on Deixtsits 1,361.4."> 

Sale of Tools, Camp Meade 1,000.00 

Sale of Materials, Census Bureau 214.55 

Refund from Mileage Books 112.09 

Sale of Film 22.75 

Refund from General Expenses 102.10 

Returned to Md. Asrricultural Board. Aect. Farm 

Labor Bureau 957.82 

Miscellaneous 81.71 

116 



Balto. County, Mrs. D. G. Mcintosh, Jr 23tJ.0O 

Cecil County, Mrs. Constable 13.37 

Charles County, Mrs. M. Willis 10.25 

Sale of Books 4.00 

Sale of Books, Educational 15.39 

Refunds : 

Baltimore Sun 93.43 

Women's Section 32.50 

Non-War Construction Committee 6.90 

A^cultural ; Seed 2,012.60 

Board of Police Commissioners 282.48 

Educational 10.38 

Boys' Working Reserve 51.30 

Telephone 5..50 

A. S. Abell & Co 1.56 

Memorial and Reception Committee — Allegany 

County (^.82 

Maryland State Board of Agriculture — Account 

of Bovine Tuberculosis 2.44 

Lucas Bros 1.75 

Refimds : Money advanced, From Counties, 
(Women's Section) 

Anne Arundel 2.33 

Baltimore 50.83 

Caroline 5.97 

Carroll 9.31 

Cecil 4.72 

Frederick 5.01 

Howard 19.43 

Kent 17.99 

Prince George's 7.82 

Queen Anne's 6.00 

St. Mary's 3.84 

Talbot 13.76 

Washington 3.86 

Wicomico 23.82 

Worcester 3.00 

Baltimore City 10,00 

From XJommittees : 

Child's Welfare 40.56 

Educational Propaganda 50.61 

Finance 10.00 

Publicity 19.81 

Boys' Working Reserve 02.00 

Washington County Advertising 5.00 

117 



Repayment of Loans : 

Maryland Agricultural College 13,000.00 

Agricultural Department, Seed Fund 564.07 

Census Bureau, Refund from Tabulating 

Machine Company 22.00 

Miscellaneous Sales : 

Automobile to State Board of Health 300.00 

Ford Car to Board of Police Commissioners.. 375.00 

Ford Car, Mid City Garage 200.00 

Overland Car, Woman's Civic League 200.00 

One Ford Auto— J. Bacon Hyatt 150.00 

Nine Stereoptieou Lanterns for Educational 

Committee 30.00 

Pins (Emblem) 871.39 

Oil Engine — Fairbanks Morse Co 725.00 

Lumber 1,262.50 

Portfolio, Rev. E. T. Read 5.00 

Furniture, S. W. Pattisou & Co 1&S.17 

Furniture, Catherine McLane 10.00 

Twenty Chairs, Mrs. Field & Mrs. Carter 15.(X) 

One Retainer to Woman's Civic League 5.50 

Office Furniture, G. W. Haddaway 21.00 

Table. Max Way.s l.OO 

Seed Distribution 141.02 

Blankets, John H. Latane 24.60 

Blankets, W. O. I'ierson 20..50 

PUankets, Maryland Training School for Boys 150.00 

Blankets, Pillows, Pillow cases and spreads. . 1,564.85 

Blankets, War Camp Community Service 82.00 

Blankets, Surrey Lumber Co 41.00 

Sale of Furniture in Counties — (Woman's Section) 

Dorchester County 16.00 

Harford County 10.00 

Washington County l.OO 

Wicomico County 43.00 

Baltimore County — Mimeograph 31.25 

Garrett County — Typewriter 20.00 

Miscellaneous : 

Maryland Agricultural College (sale of 

tractors) 6,625.62 

University of Maryland War Aims Course 2,082.05 

Coiiit)iii8ory Work Bureau — 

Sta nips 2.60 

T'nused Mileage 23.13 

War Community Service — Disc't rec'd 19.49 

118 



Boys' Working Reserve — Sale to Ed. Dorl 4.00 

L. H. Dielman— Sale of Desk 12.00 

Baltimore American 42.00 

Surrey Lumber Co. — Blankets 452.40 

n. E. Boykin— Blankets 270.60 

Mid City Garage— Sale of Automobile 450.00 

United States Employment Bureau — Farm 

Service 90.78 

Women's Section — 

M. L. Hlmmel & Son — Furniture Allowance... 29.75 

- Lucas Brothers 25.65 

L. E. Fisher .95 

Catherine Mcl.ane 3.60 

Harriet Staples 16.50 

Mathilda Maloy 6.94 

Edna M. Carter 3.50 

John H. Saumenig Co 3.20 

Elizal)eth T. Shoemaker 8.53 

Hess Typewriter Supply Co 20.00 

Juliet Straborn 26.25 

Alice T. Tiffany 7.13 

Mrs. Wm. Cabell Bruce 14.85 

Brewington Brothers (refund overpayment) . . 4.40 

Mrs. S. Baker— Sale of Screens. Y. W. C. A. . . 1.50.00 

Total Receipts $937,604.58 

DISBURSEMENTS: 
(I'age numbers below refer to pages in Auditor's Statement.) 

Office (page 5) $ 24,966.18 

Executive Committee (page 6) 4,184. .58 

General Meetings ( page 6) 473.41 

Expense — Issue of Bonds (page 6) 578.04 

Sundry Expenses (page 7) 3.612.42 

H. M. Warfield, Adjutant General (page 7) 66,916.74 

Board of Public Works (page 8) 179,574.06 

Armory Site — Cumberland, Md. (page S) 14,952.25 

Armory Commission (page 8) 4.5,000.00 

Hospital Train (page 9) 12,647.69 

State Board of Agriculture (page 8) 105,772.06 

Conservation Commission (page 8) S,.505.29 

State Board of Prison Control (page 10) 62,671.00 

State Board of Health (page 10) 12,622.00 

Board of Police Commissioners (page 9) 37,939.38 

Military ( page 9) 86,005.77 

Camp Meade (page 10) 6,850.00 

Camp Meade — Police Department (page 10) 5,202.47 

Britain Day (page 11) 763.30 

119 



Advertising (pages 11-12) 8,823.36 

County Councils (pages 13-14) 2,304.44 

Women's Section— Baltimore City (pages 15-16) . . 30,019.41 

Women's Section — Counties (page 16) 8,580.55 ' 

Colored Division (page 17) 5.847.12 

Agricultural Committee (page 17) 12.13 

Farm Labor (page 17) 108.75 

Census Bureau (page 18) 7,053.32 

Compulsory Work Bureau (page 18) 16,650.52 

United States Employment Service (page 19) 5,503.34 

Care of Troops (page 19) 1,517.72 

Non-War Construction Committee (page 19) 916.67 

Historical Division (page 20) 35,000.00 

Bureau of Returning Soldiers (pages 20-21) 2,999.85 

Memorial Reception Committee (page 21) 45,744.99 

Memorial Reception Committee — Counties (page 22) 10,485.31 

Americanization Committee (page 23) 390.86 

Registration Day (page 23) 571.60 

Preparedness Committee ( page 23) 9,225.36 

Department of Music (page 23) 868.55 

War Camp Community Service (page 24) 7,489.04 

Educational Committee (page 24) 5,455.93 

Boys' Worliing Reserve (page 25) 10,470.76 

War Recreation Committee (page 26) 5,773.93 

State Labor Canning Committee (page 26) 298.05 

Cumberland Armory (page 26) 261.15 

Rent-Protiteering Committee (page 26) 30.00 

War Labor (Committee (page 27) 58.13 

University of Maryland (page 27) 3,000.00 

Spring Grove State Hospital (page 27) 25,000.00 

929,697.28 

Excess of Receipts over Disbursements $ 7,907.30 

Amount returned to the Treasurer of State of Maryland 

as per check No. 6669 7,907.30 

Maryland Council of Defense 
Oflice Expenditures. 

Public Meetings $ 218.80 

Salaries 16,134.76 

Postage 865.74 

Office Supplies and Expenses 350.97 

Gfeneral Expenses 4.00 

Mimeographing 19.65 

R«nt 1,823.00 

Rental of Typewriters 108.85 

Stationery and Printing 2,925.21 

120 



Towel Service 25.65 

Telegraph 827.53 

Furniture 198.64 

Newspapers and Magazines 77.83 

Ice and Water 90.20 

Oamp Meade 8.80 

Stenographer 119.50 ;, 

Reg'ister Fee and Postage 14.50 ' 

Railroad Fare 32.20 

Meetings Md. Council 24.60 

Bond Premiums 35.00 

Hauling 31.25 

Traveling Expenses 7.79 

Expressage 5.00 

July 4th, 1918, Celebration 267.44 

Auditing Books 12.50 

Entertaining "Blue Devils" 18.00 

Messenger Ser\ace 56.46 

Advertising 31.06 

Refunds 90.00 

Filling in Certificates 209.55 

Gold Foil on Certficates 32.25 

Framing Certificates 12,00 

Certificate Holders 26.25 

Lithographing 100.00 

Moving from 703 Union Trust Building 4.00 

Typewriting Reports 25.00 

Appropriation for Services 100.00 

Overdraft of old Preparedness Commission 23.20 

$ 24,966.18 

Maryland Council op Defense 
Executive Committee 

Field Director, Petty Expense Fund $ 100.00 

Salaries of Field Directors 2,159.11 

Field Work 255.60 

Messenger Service .40 

Postage and Telegrams 16.73 

Advertising 42.50 

Incidentals 25.00 

Entertaining "Blue Devils" 346.70 

Rent Profiteering Committee : 

Stenographer $ 25.00 

Printing and Stationery 18.25 

Postage 5.30 

Sundries 27.50 



76.05 



121 



Educational Committee: 

Salaries $1,149.99 

Auto Storage 12.50 

i 1,162.49 

General Meeting. 

Railroad Fare $ 51.51 

Hotel 40.25 

Stenographer 43.90 

Luncheon 327.75 

Incidentals 10.00 

Expense Account — Issue of Bonds. 

A. S. Abell Co $ 78.30 

Security Bank Note Co 405.00 

Meyer & Tbalheimer 94.74 

Maryland Council of Defense 
Sundry Expenses. 

E)quipment of Hospital Train $ 12.54 

Postage 84.40 

Wages •• 667.29 

Office Furniture and Fixtures 00.00 

Typewriter Rental 21.00 

Stationery— Printing 119.89 

General Expenses 15.52 

Office Rent • 169.00 

Advertising 56.50 

R. R. Fare •• 218.20 

Light and Heat 6.00 

Meetings (Colored Section) 90.54 

Meals 6.00 

Telephone 27.49 

Moving Picture Educational Committee 22.50 

War Recreation Committee 2.00 

Ernest Lyon, to Bel Air 1.70 

W. A, Hawkins, to Bel Air 1.70 

A. L. Gains, to Bel Air 1.70 

W. H. Gross, to Bel Air 1.70 

Traveling 25.18 

Auto Hire 1.25 

Proportion Expense operating McCoy Hall 5.67 

Music 20.00 

Meetings • • 63.30 

Creed 8.00 

Report of C ouncil Meetings 35.00 

Distributing Cards 20.00 

Printing of Report 1,848.35 



$ 4,184.58 



$ 473.41 



$ 578.04 



-$ 3,612.42 



122 



H. M. Warfteld, Adjutant-Oeneral. 

National Guard Expense $ 49,852.15 

Clearing Camp Site 586.80 

State Guard 2,500.00 

State Guard Uniforms 7,226.88 

State Guard Cots 2,954.60 

Shirts 2,642.48 

Army and Navy Supplies 1,153.83 

$ 66,916.74 

Board of Public Works. 

Cleaning Camp Meade Site $179,574.06 

Armory Site at Cumberland. 
Minutes of July 24th, 1917 $ 14,952.25 

Armory Commission. 
Minutes of July 17th, 1917 $ 45,000.00 

State Board of Agriculture. 

Labor $ 6,695.00 

Agriculture 28,305.20 

Army • 2,073.67 

Special Appropriation 6,000.00 

Tractors 4,000.00 

Appropriation for Eradication Bovine Tuberculosis 10,000.00 

Appropriation for Construction of Dining Hall 8,500.00 

Emergency Extension 6,000.00 

Additional Loan 4,500.00 

Appropriation — Water Supply 15,000.00 

Appropriation 5,000.00 

Fuel Oil 5.96 

Refund Seed Account 1,692.23 

Appropriation "H" 8,000.00 

$105,772.06 

Conservation Commission. 
For Fisheries $ 8,505.29 

Board of Police Commissioners 

Guarding Baltimore Water Works. 

Pay Roll $ 36,948.30 

New Auto 612.75 

Telephone 10.24 

Auto Expense 368.09 

$ 37,939.38 

123 



Military. 

Uniforms, Shoes, Shirts, etc $ 56,321.19 

Tents 5,936.96 

Equipment 21,971.62 

Machine Guns 1,500.00 

Salary 2r.(K00 

Horse Hire 2»;.00 

$ 86,005.77 

Hospital Train. 

Train Equipment $ 11,268.12 

Motor Repairs 12.50 

Salaries 4'<iC)() 

Professional Services 120.00 

Uabor 33.60 

Dismantling Train T(>3.47 

$ 12,647.60 



Camp Meade. 

Uniforms and EJquIpment $ 90.75 

Salary 100.00 

General Expense 50.05 

Insurance 240.06 

Automobile and Equipment 501.01 

Repairs to Tractor 122.40 

Board of Health for Director; 

Salary $2..j<A>.00 

Exi^enses 833.33 



3,3:5:133 



International Harvester Co.— Two Tractors 2,322.40 

$ 6,850.00 

Camp Meade — Police Department. 

Salaries $ 2.734.«) 

Railroad Fare 15.22 

Board and Lodging 1 ,430.16 

Auto Expense <j47.02 

Auto Hire 30.25 

Conveying Prisoners 29.45 

Exi^enses 315.3S 

$ 5.202.47 



State Board of Prison Control. 
Purchase of Farm Laud at Maryland House of 

Correction $ 57,000.00 

Sewerage Plant and Operating same at Maryland 

House of Correction 2,871.00 

For Protection of Water Supply at Maryland House 

of Correction 2,300.00 

Sewerage Work 500.00 



-f 62,671.00 



124 



state Board of Health. 

Minutes of July 11, 1917 $ 4,922.00 

Chlorination Plant at Maryland House of Correction 1,200.00 

Appropriation 6,000.00 

Deficit Cantonment Zone Work 500.00 

$ 12,622.00 

Britain Day. 

Rent $ 250.00 

Setting Stage • • • • 25.00 

Machine Operator 37.50 

Ushers 47.69 

iTuto Hire 1.60 

Printing • • 43.50 

Advertising 6.0O 

Stationery 1.50 

Painting ,. 3.48 

Miscellaneous 347.03 

$ 763.30 

Adcertisin!/. 

Baltimore News $ 208.00 

Baltimore American 188.60 

Baltimore Sun 56.45 

Sun Book and Job Printing Co 129.40 

The Times, Cumberland lOO.OO 

The Alleganian, Cumberland 100.00 

Advertiser-Republican, Annapolis 100.00 

The Evening Capital, Annapolis 100.00 

The Jefifersonian, Towson lOO.OO 

Balto. Co. Sentinel, Highlandtown 100.00 

The New Era, Towson 100.00 

The Union News, Towson 100.00 

The Calvert Journal, Prince Frederick lOO.OO 

The Denton Journal, Denton 100.00 

The Courier, Federalsburg 100.00 

The American Sentinel, Westminster 100.00 

Democratic Advocate, Westminster 100.00 

The Cecil County News, Elkton 100.00 

Cecil County Star, North East 100.00 

The Times Crescent. La Plata 100.00 

Maryland Independent, La Plata 100.00 

Democrat and News, Cambridge 100.00 

The Record, Cambridge 100.00 

TEe Citizen, Frederick 100.00 

Tlie Frederick Post, Frederick 100.00 

The Chronicle, Emmitsburg 100.00 

The News, Frederick lOO.OO 

The Mountain Democrat, Oakland 100.00 

125 



Harford Democrat, Bel Air 100.00 

The Aegis, Bel Air 100.00 

Aberdeen Enterprise, Aberdeen 100.00 

Democratic Ledger, Havre de Grace 100.00 

The Republican, Havre de Grace 100.00 

Chestertown Transcript, Chestertown 100.00 

The Advocate, Rockville 100.00 

The Inquirer, Upper Marlboro 100.00 

The Times, Mt. Rainier 100.00 

The Gazette, Upper Marlboro 100.00 

The Queenstown News, Queenstown. 100.00 

Tfie Observer, Centerville lOO.OO 

The Centerville Record, Centerville 100.00 

The Crisfield News, Crisfield lOO.OO 

The Crisfield Times, Crisfield 100.00 

The Marylander and Herald, Princess Anne 100.00 

St. Mary's Enterprise, Leonardtown 100.00 

Hagerstown Mail, Hagerstown 100.00 

The Herald, Hagerstown 100.00 

Wicomico News, Salisbury 100.00 

Montgomery Co. Sentinel, Rockville 100.00 

St. Mary's Beacon, Leonardtown 100.00 

Easton Star Democrat, Easton 100.00 

Easton Ledger, Easton 100.00 

Salisbury Advertiser, Salisbury 100.00 

Democrat Messenger, Snow Hill lOO.OO 

Catonsville Argus, Catonsville 100.00 

Calvert Gazette, Prince Frederick 100.00 

The Caroline Sun, Ridgely 100.00 

The Cecil Democrat, Elkton 100.00 

The Hurlock Publishing Co., Hurlock 100.00 

The Republican, Oakland 100.00 

Ellicott City Times, Ellicott City 100.00 

Kent News, Chestertown 100.00 

Miscellaneous 2 440.91 

$ 8,823.36 

County Counoils 

Disbursements. 
Allegany County — 

Repairs — Armory $ 557.48 

Electrical Supplies 5 35 

Insurance 116.00 

$ 078.83; 

Anne Arundel County — 

Salaries ^ 200.00 

Office Expenses 15 00 

Printing and Stationery IPqq 

126 



Advertising 26.25 

Hauling 13.75 

Music 12.00 

Janitor 400 

Postage ,90 

Typewriter Rental 10.00 

o ,*, r. * $ 300.90 

Baltimore County — 

Advertising 20.00 

Calvert County — 

Advertising 8.00 

Carroll County — 

Stenograpuer $ 71.34 

Printing and Stationery 67.80 

Office Expense 12.50 

Postage 57.00 

Telephone and Telegrams 35.15 

Advertising 7,10 

Charles Count.v— 250.89 

Printing and Stationery 7.8O 

Caroline County — 

Rent $ 100.00 

Uumber 6.12 

Dorchester County— 100.12 

Stenographer 100.00 

Frederick County — 

Salaries ItJO.OO 

Garrett County — 

Salaries $ 20.00 

Advertising 1.50 ' 

Stationery 4.00 

Britain Day Celebration 25.00 

Harford County — 50.50 

Salaries 464.40 

Prince George's County — 

Salaries 120.00 

Queen Anne's County — 

Advertising 7.50 

Washington County — 

Advertising 14.70 

Wicomico County — 

Advertising 5 qq 

Worcester Coimty — 

Advertising 9 g^ 

127 $ 2,304.44 



BALTIMORE CITY 
Women's Section. 

OflSce Supplies and Expenses $ 726.42 

Postage 940.99 

Mrs. Annette Agnus Leser for reimbursement to 
parties wlio had financed the Women's Section 
before the State Appropriation was available, and 

prior to the creation of the Ck)uncil 1,939.36 

Postage Appropriation 280.00 

Stationery and Printing 1,923.69 

State Committee Meetings 25.00 

Traveling 570.19 

Automobile Hire 1,196.03 

Organization 50.00 

Telephone and Telegraph 766.50 

Garden Seed and Rentals 97.41 

i^bor 96.00 

Rent of Arcade Theatre 15.00 

Office Furniture 173.41 

Office Rent 350.84 

Farm Implements 36.95 

Kitchen Supplies and Utensils 417.50 

Petty Cash Fund 101.46 

Canning Demonstration 94.19 

Salaries 13,066.25 

Hauling 76.81 

lowing and Fencing Lot 18.10 

Signs 12.75 

Buttons 84.88 

Jars 137.24 

Advertising 182.02 

<3eneral Expenses 119.55 

Rent Janitor 43.00 

Typewriter Purchased 159.03 

Rental of Typewriters 95.40 

Food Production • • 17.00 

Club Meeting 12.50 

Freight and Express f !0.07 

Gas and Electricity 79.30 

Petty Fund • • 600.00 

Hardware, Paints and Oils 18.19 

Special Survey 100.00 

Plowing and Soil 73.60 

Posters and Weighing Babies 42.00 

Incidentals 470.30 

Insurance 28.15 

;Musie 125.00 

128 



MeeUngs 76.00 

Typewriting 1-55 

Cliair Rental • • 29.75 

R. R. Fare 96.26 

Rent •• •• 1,959.00 

Daily Papers 27.87 

Pins and Emblems 1,250.00 

lee 20.10 

Water 35.00 

Towel Senice 10.50 

Lantern Slide Equipment 125.10 

Groceries • • • • . . 320.55 

Hardware 1.70 

Carpenter work and lumber 216.82 

Messenger Service 1.50 

Meals 3.58 

Screens 180.00 

Garage Rent • ■ 24.00 

Auto Expenses 48.65 

Maps of Maryland 21.50 

Premium Ribbons 30.00 

Appropriation 110.00 

Gleaning 7.00 

Women's Section * 30,019.41 
Counties. 

Calvert $ lOO.OO 

Cecil 94.20 

Queen Anne's 474.09 

Caroline 387.15 

Somerset 218.24 

Washington 412.25 

Anne Arundel 553.07 

Frederick 487.86 

Kent 161.24 

Dorchester • • 518.87 

Montgomery 442.17 

Prince George's 297.90 

St. Mary's 238.54 

Wicomico 363.50 

Baltimore County 1,748.05 

Harford ,347.02 

Howard 262.50 

Talbot 136.00 

Carrett 330.86 

Allegany 353.74 

Worcester 123.60 

Carroll 432.46 

Charles 97.04 

-j^29 •? 8,.580.33 



CoiiOKED Division 
Disbursements. 

Public Meetings $ 442.23 

Salaries •• 956.09 

Printing and Stationery 785.80 

Rent 541.00 

Postage 302.12 

Advertising 215.70 

Traveling Expenses 1,490.47 

Auto Hire 159.00 

Telephone and Telegraph 136.19 

Office Supplies and Expenses 62.45 

Typewriter Rental 8.00 

Luncheons 35.51 

Canteen • 52.76 

Signs 10.75 

Sundries • • 11.65 

Distribution of Circulars 200.00 

Special Meetings 100.00 

Celebration— July 4, 1918 128.40 

Rest Room 100.00 

Petty Expense Fund 100.00 

Agriculture Committee. ^ 5,847.12 

Postage $ .93 

Blue Prints 6.20 

Professional Service 5.00 

Farm Labor Committee. ^ -^^-^^ 

Special Appropriation $ 108.75 

Maryland Council of Defense 
Census Bureau. 

Salaries $ 5,897.02 

Rental of Sorting Machine 80.00 

Rental of Tabulating Machine 347.00 

Rental of Typewriter 69.00 

Rental of Key Punch 91.83 

Mimeographing 4.40 

General Expenses 5.60 

Postage, Personal Expenses, etc 14.04 

Towels 8.00 

Stationery and Printing 80.82 

Furniture 18.00 

Telephone 44.52 

Express and Hauling 79.77 

Incidentals .57 

Filing Cases • 199.50 

Erecting Cabinets 5.00 

Hauling 108.25 

130 $ 7,053.32 



Compulsory W Jrk Bureau. 

Stamps $ 125.00 

Salaries 10,t>90.(>l 

Stationery and Printing 611.98 

Mileage 192.50 

Traveling Expenses 3,659.34 

Furniture • • 148.08 

Typewriting 12.76 

General Expenses 223.85 

Kent of Typewriters 73.92 

Advertising 12.00 

Postage 113.50 

Telephone 139.06 

Rent • 498.75 

Water and Ice 25.55 

Towel Service 11.40 

Official Badge 19.25 

Incidentals 32.48 

Office Supplies and Expenses 60.50 

$ 16,650.62 

V. 8. Emplovment Service. 

Salaries | 6,113.51 

Janitor 30.00 

Painting Signs 25.00 

Window Shades 24.65 

Distributing Circulars 1.50 

Cleaning Windows 6.00 

Typewriter Sundries 4.50 

Towels 1.25 

Office Sundries 18.30 

Advertising (Printing) 15.00 

Telephone and Telegraph 77.45 

Bent 76.25 

Storage 59.23 

C5ar Tickets 18.00 

Hauling 3.30 

Publishing 29.40 

$ 5,503.34 

Care of Tro&pa. 

Meals and Lodging | ],234.ii 

Heating Building 25.00 

Miscellaneous 258.61 

$ 1,517.72 

Non-War Construction Committee. 

Salaries I 571 01 

J^^t 60.00 

Printing and Stationery 7O.15 

131 



Traveling Exi)enses 29.;^ 

Office Supplies and Exi)enses 62.35 

Postage 14.26 

Miscellaneous 9.52 

Appropriation lOO.OO 

$ 916.67 

Historical Division. 

Disbvraements. 

Salaries $ 12,879.48 

Traveling Expenses 300.97 

Rent 133.33 

Office Supplies aud Exi>enses 721.41 

Postage 4,406.19 

Telephone and Telegrams 191.45 

Stationery aud Printing 804.05 

Papers 91.77 

Towels 3.89 

Hauliug 54.33 

Incidentals 239.00 

Water 11. ."0 

Ice ."t.!)l) 

Janitor 275.00 

Typewriting 210.65 

Typewriter Rental LlLiX) 

Typewriter Sundries 2.50 

R. R. Fare 94.1,^ 

Advertising 20.0<> 

Freight 1.77 

Expressage 7.53 

Photographs 47.5tj 

Multigraphing 24.05 

Parcel Post 9. 70 

Auto Sundries 4,00 

Auto Hire 42.50 

Car Fares 13.45 

Publishing 60.80 

Subscriptions 12.00 

Luncheons 14,70 

George L. Ratcliffe, Treasurer 14,164.68 

$ 35,000.00 

Bureau of Returned Soldiers. 

Salary $ 1,819.75 

Printing and Stationery 70.52 

Office Sundries 58.14 

J«"itoi" 220.00 

Pai^t'J's 5.00 

132 



Telephone and Telegraph 624.92 

Cleaning Windows 50.00 

Carfare 12.00 

Hotel 10.00 

Meals 14.75 

lee 13.34 

Water 25.50 

Hauling 14.33 

Electric Light 12.00 

Towels 29.90 

Auto Expense 1.35 

City Directory 8.00 

Advertising 5.45 

Typewriter Sundries 4.70 

R. R. Fare 5.20 

$ 2,999.85 

Reception and Memorial Committee — City. 

Rent $ 595.80 

Telephone 136.37 

Stationery 65.78 

Postage 50.00 

Transportation 2,743 27 

Band 2,406.92 

Meals for Soldiers and Sailors 23,755.75 

Salary 350.00 

Advertising 384,35 

Decorating 7,204.05 

Hauling 11.00 

Flags 364.36 

Incidentals 2,239.98 

Entertainment 98.13 

Auto Hire 27.00 

Stenographer 33.00 

Papers 3.66 

Construction and Removal of Band Stands 4.529.57 

Jewelry and Medals 740.00 

$ 45,744.99 

Reception and Memorial Committee, 
Counties. 

Music $ 1,757.23 

R. R. Fare 70.00 

Meals for Soldiers and Sailors 3.991.23 

Telephone 10.00 

Postage 9.00 

Advertising and Printing 438.57 

Badges, Buttons and Pennants 97.15 

133 



Flags, Si^s and Fireworks 885.92 

Rent 27.50 

Tractor Service 7.00 

Reception 274.25 

Incidentals 283.72 

Hauling G9.00 

Wages 142.28 

Piano Rental 8.00 

Janitor 10.36 

Lumber and Sundries 42G.14 

Flowers and Decorating 1,418.79 

Guarantee 25.00 

Merchandise 352.57 

Auto Hire 115.60 

Horses 10.00 

Special Offices 30.00 

Construction of Stand 26.00 

$ 10,485.31 

Reception of Monorial Committee — Counties. 

Allegany $ 1,276.97 

Anne Arundel 724.77 

Baltimore 2,447.98 

Carroll 700.32 

Charles 170.00 

Dorchester 599.74 

Frederick 1,100.00 

Kent 341.17 

Prince George's 800.00 

Queen Anne 403.56 

Talbot 400.00 

Washington 920.80 

Wicomico 600.00 

$ 10,485.31 

Americanization Committee. 

Salaries $ 300.00 

Printing and Stationery 48.80 

Postage 20.00 

Traveling Expenses 22.06 

$ 390.86 

Registration Day. 

Baltimore County $ 51.20 

Dorchester 75.00 

Montgomery 50.00 

Queen Anne's 50.00 

Talbot eO.OO 

Washington 62.30 

134 



Miscellaneous — 

Car Signs $ 42.50 

Meals for Camp Meade Band 165.00 

Sundries 15.G0 

223.10 

$ 571.60 

Preparedness Committee. 

Stationery and Printing $ 3,885.54 

Clothing 925.00 

Legislature 423.00 

Postage 166.29 

Speakers 55.34 

Advertising 49i7.52 

Out-Out Slides 3.00 

Rent of Typewriter 3.00 

Freight and Express 7.88 

Western Maryland R. R. Co. on account of Military 

Census— April 10, to June 6, 1917 3,086.98 

Stretchers 118.00 

Instruments 2.70 

Office 19.55 

Telephone 31.56 

f 9,225.36 

Department of Music. 

Salaries $ 590.00 

Office Furniture 20.00 

Printing and Stationery 101.75 

Office Supplies and Expenses 62.50 

Traveling Expenses 66.97 

Song Leader 4.50 

Postage 20.68 

Expressage .80 

Telephone and Telegraph 1.35 

$ 868.55 

War Camp Community Service. 
Spreads, Blankets, Sheets, Towels, etc $ 7,489.04 

Educational Committee. 

unirniture $ 198.25 

Salaries 1,255.17 

(stationery and Printing 854.54 

Postage 158.63 

Telephone and Tel^raph 248.40 

Traveling Expenses 438.50 

Board and Lodging 99.73 

Auto Repairs 43.54 

135 



Rent 226.00 

Lettering 19.75 

Parcel Post 8.68 

Hauling 15.75 

Advertising 40.23 

Rent of Typewriter 49.50 

Truncheons (53.95 

Rent for meetings 208.30 

Messengers 18.55 

Lantern Slide Equipment 218.34 

Incidentals 24.70 

Towel Service 8.95 

Sundry Expenses 23.25 

Auto Hire 17.00 

Frames, Cords, etc 52.30 

Water and Ice 20.65 

Exjiense of Speakers 207.62 

Office Supplies and Expenses 41 .45 

Stereoptican Slides 20.52 

Stereoptlcan Operator 12.00 

Electric Fan 23.62 

Sign 2.00 

Patriotic Speaking Classes — 

Salary 250.00 

Salaries and Exi>enses ^',.91 

Appropriation Preparing Men for National Army . . 500.00 

$ 

Boys' Working Reserve. 

Automobile and Accessories $ 806.29 

Expenses to Washington, Postage and Incidentals. . 43.38 

Stationery and Printing 354.56 

Salaries 2.146.57 

Postage and Incidentals 50.00 

Auto Repairs and Expenses 232.C>3 

Telephone and Telegraph 219.02 

Auto Hire 13.50 

Traveling Expenses 619.05 

Incidentals 53.62 

Photo Films 160.75 

Cots, Mattresses, Blankets, etc 1,">68.S1 

Tents and Stakes 653.40 

Window Shades 11 .00 

House Furnishings 921 .57 

Advertising 320.94 

Insurance 64.65 

Pliotographs 35.50 

Office Equipment 122.96 

136 



5,465.93 



Camp Supplies 254.34 

Freight and Hauling 133.02 

Water and Ice 7.85 

Towels 1.30 

Newspapers 17.24 

OfiBce Supplies and Expenses 66.90 

Medical Supplies 41.47 

Physician 244.50 

Boys' Amusements 202.04 ; 

Motion Picture Films 844.70 

Motion Picture Machine and Operator 30.00 

Shower Spray 30.70 

Laundry 41.60 

Maps 2.50 

Wreath 2.00 

Appropriation for Incidentals 25.00 

Wages 15.00 

Hardware 1.00 

Chairs 12.00 

Moving Pictures lO.OO 

$ 10,470.75 

War Recreation Committee. 

Recreation Room $ 38.53 

Stationery 431.63 

Printing 109.46 

Janitor 52.41 

Kitchen Supplies , 24.60 

Office Furniture 301.60 

W. B. and A. R. R. Payroll 655.00 

Water Rent 62.62 

Electric Light , 252.58 

CTas 35.00 

Salaries 2,704.35 

Typewriter Rental 33.81 

Telephone 129.49 

Proportion of Expenses — McCoy Hall 57.44 

Rent 16.88 

Hauling 24.50 

Postage 7.00 

R. R. Fare 175.86 

Incidentals 58.23 

Moving Piano ••..•• 8.00 

Towel Service 8.82 

Salaries, Information Bureau 463.42 

Office Expenses 22.70 

Fetty Expense Fund 100.00 

$ 5.773.9a: 

137 



state Lahor Ganninff Committee. 

Salaries $ 250.00 

Postage 15.00 

Telephone and Telegraph 4.75 

Stationery and Printing 28.30 

$ 298.05 

Cumberland Armory. 

Putting in Glass $ 2.00 

Spray Pump 12.00 

Stoves, etc 94.77 

Wiring Fixtures 64.38 

Whitewashing 88.00 

$ 261.15 

Rent Profiteering Committee. 
Stenographer $ 30.00 

War Labor Committee. 
Advertising $ 58.13 

University of Maryland. 
Appropriation for War Aims Course $ 3,000.00 

Spring Orove Hospital. 
Appropriation ? 25,000.00 



138 



Appendix A 

Joint Resolution No. i 



A Joint Resolution pledging the resources of the State it Maryland 
to tlie United States for the successful prosecution of the war: 

WHEREAS, The United States is at war with the Imperial German 
Government In order that the world may be made safe for democracy ; 

THEREFORE, be it RESOLVED by the General Assembly of Mary- 
land, That the State of Maryland pledges all Its resources to the Govern- 
ment of the United States for the successful prosecution of the war. 

Approved June 27th, 1917. 

An engrossed copy of the above Resolution was delivered to the 
President of the United States by a delegation of Maryland citizens for 
whom the Secretary of State of Maryland acted as spokesman. 

Appendix B 

Text of the Act Passed by the Maryland Legis- 
lature AT Its Extraordinary Session 
IN June, 1917 

Chapter 24, entitled an Act creating and providing for the Maryland 
Council of Defense, and prescribing Its powers and duties. 

Section 1. Be it Enacted by the General Assembly of Maryland, That 
the Maryland Council of Defense is hereby created. The said Council 
shall consist of not more than fifty members, all of whom shall be ap- 
pointed by and shall hold office during the pleasure of the Governor, who 
shall designate one of the members to act as Chairman. The term of 
office of the said Council shall be the duration of the present war, and 
for such period of time thereafter as the Governor may deem necessary 
for the welfare of the State. The members of the Council shall serve 
without pay, but may be allowed necessary travelling expenses incurred 
In the actual performance of their duty. The Council may. with the 
approval of the Governor, employ such clerical or other assistants as 
may be necessary, at such compensation as the Council, with the Gov- 
ernor's approval, may determine. The Council shall also be allowed 
for such printing, advertising, stationery, office or other proper expenses 
as may be necessary, and as the Governor may approve. 

Section 2. And be it Further Enacted, That it shall be the duty of 
the Council : 

(a) To co-operate with and assist the Council of National Defense 
In the execution of the duties prescribed by the Act of Congress of the 

139 



United States, approved August 29th, 1916, or any Act amendatory there- 
of or supplemental or additional thereto. 

(b) To co-operate with Councils of Defense or other similar bodies 
in other States, in so far as such co-operation is in harmony with the 
policies of the said Council of National Defense and with the welfare 
of this State. 

(cT^To make all investigations, with respect to any and all matters 
and subjects whatsoever, which the Council may consider advisable for 
the interests and welfare of the State or the Nation in the present emer- 
gency, and to report thereon to the Governor, with such recommendations 
as it may deem proper. 

(d) To assist the Governor in doing all things necessary to bring 
about the highest effectiveness within the State in the crisis now existing, 

(e) To organize and direct such public employment labor exchanges 
as it may deem necessary, during the present emergency, which shall co- 
operate in every practicable way with similar exchanges in other States 
and with the United States Employment Service. 

Section 3. And be it Further Enacted, That the Council may adopt 
such rules and regulations as may be necessary or appropriate for the 
performance of its duties. It may form advisory or other committees or 
bodies from outside its membership, to aid it in the discharge of Its 
duties. It shall form an Executive Committee of five members and such 
other committees from among its own members as may be necessary or 
convenient, with such powers as the Council may confer upon any such 
committees, respectively. It may act in conjunction with such other 
bodies or agencies and with State, County and Municipal boards and 
commissions as it may find necessary or desirable. Whenever the Ex- 
ecutive Committee of said Council is by any Act or Acts given any 
power or jurisdiction with respect to the disbursement of moneys appro- 
priated by the State, the Comptroller of the Treasury and the State 
Treasurer shall constitute part of said Executive Committee, so that 
in all such cases the Executive Committee shall consist of the regular 
five members thereof, and the Comptroller and the Treasurer. 

Section 4. And be it Further Enacted, That all officers, departments, 
boards, commissions, institutions and agencies of the State Government, 
or of any county or municipality in the State, shall co-operate with the 
Council, and shall render it such aid and assistance and give it such 
information as the Council may need or require. 

Section 5. And be it Further Enacted, That all expenses and dis- 
bursements authorized by this Act shall be paid out of any moneys in the 
Treasury available therefor and not otherwise appropriated, or out of 
any moneys appropriated for such purpose, such payments to be made, 
from time to time, on the order of the Executive Committee of the 
Council, by and with the sanction and approval of the Governor, such 
orders to be directed to the Comptroller, who shall draw his warrant 
upon the Treasurer for the amount thereof as in law provided. 

140 



Section G. And be it Further Enacted, That this Act is hereby de- 
clared to be an emergency law and necessary for the immediate preser- 
vation of the public safety, and being passed upon a yea and nay vote 
supported by three-fifths of all the members elected to each of the two 
Houses of the General Assembly, the same shall take effect from the date 
of its passage. 

Approved June 27th, 1917. 

Appendix C 

Purposes of the Million Dollar Loan. Extract 
FROM Chapter 3, Entitled an Act to Authorize 
THE Creation of a State Debt of One Million 
Dollars for the Defense of the State 

Section G. And be it Further Enacted, That the actual cash pro- 
ceeds of the sale of any and all certificates of indebtedness authorised 
to be issued under this Act, shall be paid to the Treasurer of the State, 
upon the warrant of the Comptroller. There shall first be repaid to the 
Treasury of the State, out of said proceeds, whatever advances may have 
been made therefrom for the purposes or any of the purposes mentioned 
in Section 5 hereof. The balance of said proceeds shall be used exclu- 
sively, as far as the same are required, and in the manner and subject to 
the discretion hereinafter more particularly described, for any or all of 
the following purposes, in accordance with the several Acts of Assembly, 
passed at the present extraordinary session of the Legislature, respec- 
tively providing therefor, it being hereby declared that said purposes are 
necessary for the defense of the State ; that is to say : 

a. For the purpose of meeting the expenses and disbursements incident 
to any Military Enrollment already made or to be made pursuant to 
Chapter 311 of the Acts of the General Assembly of Maryland of 1916, 
and any amendments thereto, or any other law of this State providing 
therefor. 

b. For the purpose of mobilizing, equipping, compensating, transport- 
ing, supplying and maintaining in any and every way, within this State, 
such portions of the National Guard or Naval Militia as may have been 
or may hereafter be called into active service by this State, and may 
not be mustered into the service of the United States. 

c. For the purpose of meeting all expenses incident to any draft or 
drafts which the Governor may be authorized to make and may make. 

d. For the purpose of meeting such expen.ses and disbursements of the 
Maryland Council of Defense as may be lawfully authorized and incurred. 

€. For the purpose of meeting the expenses and disbursements incident 
to the organization, training, equipment, arming, ammunitioning and 
maintaining of the Maryland State Guard. 

141 



/. For the purpose of payiug or aiding the counties of the State and 
the City of Baltimore in meeting exiienses incident to the taking of votes 
by mail ; provided, however, that this authority shall not affect in any 
manner the obligation of said counties and city to pay the said expenses 
as now provided by law. 

g. For the purpose of acquiring property in order to establish and 
maintain thereon a State farm, and to provide for the guarding, trans- 
portation, lodging, feeding, clothing and medical and other care and at- 
tention of prisoners working on said State farm, and for their per diem 
compensation. 

h. For the purpose of acquiring property by State institutions for 
farms upon which the inmates thereof may work. 

i. For the purpose of providing for the guarding, transportation, lodg- 
ing, feeding, clothing and medical and other care and attention of such 
prisoners as may be required to work for the State Roads Commission 
on the public roads and bridges under that Commission's jurisdiction. 

/. For the purpose of making any payments to be advanced by the 
State to persons not regularly and continuously employed, who may he 
assigned to work in accordance with the Act of Assembly passed at this 
extraordinary session of the Legislature providing therefor. 

A-. For the purpose of promoting or aiding in any way whatsoever in 
the conservation, production or regulation of agricultural food or dairy 
products or supplies, with authority to make such payments to or in 
connection with such existing boards, commissions or other agencies or 
instrumentalities. State or National, or otherwise, as may be expedient. 

J. For the purpose of constructing and establishing fish hatcheries, as 
an aid to the conservation and production of sea food. 

m. For any and all such other purposes not herein specifically enumer- 
ated as may be deemed necessary and proper, in the discretion of the 
said Executive Committee, by and with the sanction and approval of the 
Governor, for the defense of the State, the safety of its people and the 
protection of property, and to aid the State or the United States in the 
present war ; and also for the purpose of carrying into effect the pro- 
visions of any Act or Acts of Assembly, which are not herein specifically 
mentioned, but which may be intended or may be resorted to for the 
defense of the State, or the safe-guarding of its people and property, 
or otherwise aiding the State or the United States, in the present war, 
whether such Act or Acts of Assembly are now existing or may hereafter 
be passed. The said Executive Committee, by and with the sanction and 
approval of the Governor, is particularly authorized and made the agency 
to expend the proceeds of this loan in the manner herein described, for 
any and all of the purposes authorized by the Act passed by the present 
extraordinary session of the General Assembly relating to the establish- 
ment of a military camp within the State, in accordance with said Act; 
and also for any and all health or .sanitary purposes of any kind what- 
ever, and at any place or places whatsoever, which may be desirable 
and proper for or by reason of or as an incident to said military camp, 

142 



with authority to do any and all such work by or through or in connec- 
tion with such other existing boards, commission or other agencies or 
instrumentalities, State or National, or otherwise, as may be expedient. 

n. The purposes above mentioned, shall be liberally construed, and any 
and all expenditures which can fairly be said to be desirable or appropri- 
ate to effectuate any of them, and to carry out the objects of this Act, 
are authorized to be made out of the loan hereby provided for. 

Section 7. And be it Further Enacted, That the said Executive Com- 
mittee of the Maryland Council of Defense, by and with the approval and 
sanction of the Governor, shall, from time to time, investigate and deter- 
mine the purposes aforesaid for which, or for some or any of which, 
the proceeds of the loan hereby authorized, or any part or parts thereof, 
shall be expended, and may, from time to time, apportion said moneys 
among said purposes in such amounts as they deem proper. 

Appendix D 

Extract from the Act Providing for the Organi- 
zation AND Maintenance of the Maryland 
State Guard 

Section 99. All expenses and disbursements authorized by this Act 
shall be paid out of the moneys appropriated for such purposes ; such 
payments to be made, from time to time, on the order of the Executive 
Committee of the Maryland Council of Defense, by and with the sanction 
of the Governor ; such orders to be directed to the Comptroller, who shall 
draw his w^arrant upon the Treasurer for the amount thereof as in law 
provided. 

Appendix E 

The War Address of Governor 
Emerson C. Harrington 

Members of the Council of Defense : 
Ladies and Gentlemen : 

The Congress of the United States on the first day of April, nineteen 
hundred and seventeen, declared a state of war to exist between this 
Nation and the German Nation, and the President of the United States 
has promulgated that decree and called upon the people and the Execu- 
tives of the different States to render every assistance within their 
power in the great struggle in which we, together with our Allies, will 
now be engaged until the common enemies shall be vanquished and the 
principles for which we enter the war shall be forever secured to us and 
to the whole civilized world. 

US 



I appointed a body of dislnguished men and women from Baltimore 
City and the different counties, in order that at this critical juncture 
3 might have the benefit of the best and ablest advice available within 
'Dur State. And at a meeting of this Council, it was decided that the 
^st service which we could first render would be by bringing before the 
people of the State, the causes of the war, the demands which will be 
made upon our people and the sacrifices which we all will be called upon 
to make. 

I know the traditional ix)licy of our Government as laid down in the 
farewell address of the immortal Washington has been to avoid entang- 
ling alliances with European Nations, and to avoid taking part in 
European squabbles. No better advice could have been given to guide 
our youthful Nation through its early trials and history. But one hun- 
dred and twenty years have passed, and from a Republic of 3,000,000 
we have grown now to be a country of 110,000,000 souls, and the weal- 
thiest and most powerful Nation on the earth. And above all, we are a 
peace-loving Nation. We covet no Country's territory, and we have no 
longing for conquest. We are not warlike and we carry no chips upon 
our shoulders. We have believed in the victories of peace. 

But the conditions of the whole world have changed. Science, dis- 
covery and invention have practically annihilated both time and distance. 
And now the problems of the world are our problems, too, and the ques- 
tions that affect humanity and the destiny of the world, are of the great- 
est moment to us. Today, we could not, if we would, and we should not, 
if we could, remain aloof when civilization. Christianity, liberty, human- 
ity, the very existence of our Government and all that we hold most 
■dear in life, lay trembling in the balance. So, today, I say this fight 
is our fight, and this war is our war, and has been from its very outbreak. 
The liand of destiny points to America. God in His providence has so 
blessed and prospered us, and given us vision to be His instrument in 
rescuing humanity in this awful war which has been raging for three 
years in Europe, and which now it seems will engulf the whole civilized 
world. 

President Wilson has kept us out of war as long as it was possible to 
do so without dishonor, without disgrace. I must confess that I was one 
of those Americans who felt that our Nation should have gone to war 
when our soil was invaded by Mexican soldiers and American citizens 
were killed by Mexican bullets. Then again my blood boiled with indig- 
nation, when I saw the soil of Belgium, a neutral nation, invaded by 
the Army of the Hun, many of her hospitals, her public and private 
buildings devastated, her young women dishonored, and her old men, 
women and children either killed or carried away into involuntary 
slavery. Still more impatient did I become when the Lusitania, in de- 
fiance of all recognized principles of international law, was sunk by a 
German submarine, and American citizens went down to a watery grave. 
But, I now thank God that we had in these troublous times a man in the 
White House of the cool judgment and wisdom of Woodrow Wilson, 

144 



who kept us out of war, until the proper time for action came and when 
the people of our own Country felt that further forbearance would mean 
dishonor, and all the Nations of the earth realized that we entered the 
war for no ulterior or selfish motives, but for the most righteous causes 
and the highest ideals for which any Nation ever accepted the gage of 
battle. 

Our Country was not ready for war. We have never carried a large 
standing army. We have depended largely upon our National Guard 
for any emergency, but thank God, we have been getting ready, and we 
will demonstrate to the world that a democracy when aroused and 
united in a common cause is more invincible than any Monarchy on earth, 
however absolute. 

And so today, I come to tell you of the great struggle in which we 
are now engaged and what will be expected of us in Maryland and of 
the great sacrifices which we will be called upon to make. I want to see 
the National Guard of Maryland filled up entirely by volunteers. I 
appeal to the patriotism of our people. We can do no less when we 
remember our proud heritage, when we recall our glorious traditions, and 
then, too, we will fill our quota in the Navy by volunteers. But I must 
likewise tell you that the exigencies of this world war will be such that 
not thousands and tens of thousands and hundreds of thousands, but 
millions of the bravest and best of our sons will be called to cross the 
ocean and fight on the plains of Belgium, the heights of Italy and in the 
trenches of France. This Army cannot be raised from volunteers. I, 
therefore, am here to defend the Selective Draft as the fairest and best 
plan for the raising of a National Army. The volunteer plan will enlist 
the red blooded boys of our Nation, but the Selective Draft is a neces- 
sity, is fair and is no respecter of persons. The rich man's son, the poor 
man's son, men of high or low degree within the ages of the draft, are 
equally liable and vnll fight side by side on a perfect equality in defense 
of democracy. At the same time, it will protect those who have depen- 
dants for whom they must provide, until such exigency shall occur, if it 
shall occur, when the whole manhood of America may be summoned to 
arms. I know there are those among you who say we are perfectly will- 
ing to fight in the defense of our Country if it shall be invaded, but who 
do not believe we should interfere in the quarrels of the old world and 
send our boys across the seas to fight, but that we should await the 
enemy's coming over here, when all America will arise in defence. This 
reasoning is fair, but I am confident that the great majority of the 
people of our Country, like myself, have not heretofore understood the 
great world menace that has for half a century or more been growing 
up in the German Nation under the Prussian dynasty, that now threatens 
not only the liberty of Europe, but contemplates the whole wide world 
in its final victory. Our Nation and our Government, I fear, has been too 
slow to grasp or appreciate what the German Nation has been teaching 
and preparing for during the last fifty years. It is time that the naked 
truth stands forth, when we behold this German Nation in her true light, 

145 



her doctrines, her ambitions, and her purposes are almost beyond human 
belief. But today, these purposes and ambitions stand revealed and show 
Germany as she is, and it is now seen that it may take the combined 
action and sacrifice of the whole civilized world to prevent the success- 
ful designs of the boldest autocracy that ever lived to make its govern- 
ment world wide by the destruction of the other races of mankind and 
the building up of the German race as the one race of the earth and the 
establishment of a universal Empire with the Hohenzollens as the agent 
of God to rule supreme throughout the whole wide world. This is no idle 
statement. If revelation be true, then the Kaiser is entitled to be the 
Beast spoken of in Holy Writ. But I hope the Lake of Fire, burning 
with brimstone, is now ready wherein the Beast will be cast. I once 
made a distinction between the German Kaiser and the German people. 
I no longer make that distinction. Fifty years of training, of education, 
of false damnable doctrines, has converted the German Nation into the 
very reflection of the Kaiser himself, and so it is not only the Kaiser 
but the German people who must be taught by force, for force alone 
appeals to them, that the wrath of God can and will punish, and that 
the day of vengeance is at hand. 

The German people are behind the German Kaiser. Let me read from 
one of their Ministers of the Gospel. "Anyone," he says, "who cannot 
bring himself to approve from the bottom of his heart the sinking of the 
Lusitania, who cannot conquer his sense of the monstrous cruelty to 
countless perfectly innocent victims and give himself up to honest joy at 
the victorious exploit of German defensive power, such a one we deem 
no true German." Such is the teaching of their Ministers of the Gospel. 

Let us look at the teachings of their Sovereigns in matters of Govern- 
ment, from the establishment of the present line of Sovereigns. Frederick 
II, said on one occasion : "If there is anything to gain by it we will be 
honest, if deception is necessary, let us be cheats." At another time, 
"One takes when one can and one is wrong only when obliged to give 
back." Once more, "Our policy is that we will keep no Ministers at 
home but clerks, and no Ministers abroad but spies." And still once 
more, "There is only one person in the Kingdom and that is myself." 

In 1849, William I, said, "All written constitutions are only scraps of 
paper." William I, in 1871, said, "Providence has willed that we should 
be instruments." 

William II, in 1901, said, "We shall conquer everywhere, even though 
we be surrounded by enemies on all sides, for there is a powerful ally, 
the old good God in Heaven, who has always been on our side." And 
again in 1910, he said, "Taking upon myself the instrument of the Lord, 
without regard to the opinion and interests of mankind I go my way." 
"The spirit of the Lord has descended upon me because I am the Em- 
peror of the Germans." "We are the salt of the earth." 

Ladies and Gentlemen, these are the views not only of the Sovereigns, 
but their ministers, their writers, their philosophers and their business 
men, all of whom proclaim if they do not believe the same principle, the 
same idea that might makes right, that the German people must win the 

146 



world and the German race alone shall survive. And all this is done in 
the name of Him who taught, "Peace on earth, Good Will to man," 
who said, "Suffer little children to come unto me and forbid them not, 
for of such is the Kingdom of Heaven." 

Xet us never forget that Germany's ambition is to annex Belgium, 
hold France as a vassal, destroy England. Let us not forget the threat 
given by the Kaiser, with a snap of his finger under the nose of the 
American Ambassador, "Let America be careful, or after this war I'll 
attend to her." Let us take the warning. We have taken the warning. 
America has not waited until the war is over. America has accepted 
fhe challenge and will see to it that there will be no Kaiser when this 
war is finally closed, for we are preparing the "fiery lake burning with 
brimstone" and his days will soon be numbered. 

What a terrible history has Germany ! The wars which she has 
fought, which she has deliberately provoked ! Let me read to you the 
Confession of Bismarck : "But I have made many unhappy. But for me 
three wars would not have been fought and 80,000 men would not have 
been slain, nor would their parents, brothers, sisters and widows have 
mourned their death." 

Believe the horrid atrocities alleged to them? Yes and more. Read 
from the diaries of their dead soldiers : "Three children had thrown their 
arms around one another and were dead. Mother with her two children, 
one gash on head, the other an eye gone" ; and another : "Out of one 
house came two men with their wives and an 18 year old girl — were 
bayoneted. The girl made me feel badly. She gave such an innocent 
look, but nothing could be done against the excited crowd, for at such 
times they are not men, but beasts." Another from the dairy of a cap- 
tured soldier : "I did away with four women and seven young girls in 
five minutes. The Captain told me to shoot them, but I preferred to 
run my bayonet through them." 

But why more of this? For fifty years they have been laying the 
foundation for the conquest of the world. Every branch of their Govern- 
ment, every avenue of trade, every form of industry and every depart- 
ment of education have been arming and striving for fifty years to get 
ready for the awful catastrophe into which the Kaiser has cast the 
world in order to gratify his and Germany's world ambition, while 
America has gone along with most other nations, at peace with the world, 
teaching in public as well as private the doctrine of the Great Nazarene, 
blind to the fact that such ambitions as I have described could possibly 
be seriously contemplated by any nation on earth. But, thank God, one 
nation was not and has not been deceived. France, glorious, matchless 
France. I predict after this war that a Statue of Liberty will be erected 
in France as the one nation that stayed the hand of the Hun until other 
nations could prepare to save the liberty of the world. 

In 1914 they set forth in the language of the Kaiser "to annihilate 
General French's contemptible little army," but the spirit of that army 
knows no annihilation, and, while perhaps today the crisis of the world 
war is still on, I would rather deny my GJod than to doubt that victory 

147 



is sure, that the days of the Huns are numbered, that the vengeance of 
God is near at hand, that God will not hold him guiltless who taketh his 
name in vain, that the vaunted partnership between the Kaiser and God 
shall in some signal and unusual way be punished. 

I know the sacrifice may be fearful. I know that many of our loved 
ones may fall in defending the cause of humanity and preserving the 
liberty which many of our forefathers paid to win, but it is better for us 
to fight over there than here. Our homes will not be destroyed, our 
wives and our daughters will not be outraged, and, therefore, we must 
and will bear these sacrifices. Those of us who remain behind will do 
our utmost, not our bit, to prepare every comfort for our dear boys. 
If our Government needs more money we will give it, yea to the last 
dollar we will stand behind our soldiers in this war. Our country was 
not ready, but, thank God, she is getting ready ! We will now send men 
and ships and airplanes and food and provisions and ammunitions over 
there as fast as they are needed and our boys will not come back until it 
Is over over there. I am proud of our State, of this grand old Common- 
wealth of Maryland, rich in past traditions, proud of her Revolutionary 
heroes, of the record of our men at Long Island, Guilford Court House, 
Eutaw Springs and Camden, proud that a Mary lander amid the shot and 
shell at Fort McHenry gave our Nation the "Star Spangled Banner." 
We are prouder today of the fact that our men and women are ready 
to make any sacrifice for our country's cause and for the cause of human 
liberty throughout the world. 

We are Christian people. The lines of the Battle Hymn appeal to us : 

"In the beauty of the lilies, 
Christ vi'as born across the sea. 
With a glory in his bosom. 
That transfigures you and me. 
As He died to make men holy, 
Let us die to make men free." 

And the call for service today is a personal call. Let us see that our 
State is doing well, and that each of us is doing his part. May I not 
illustrate by these verses: 

"Were German Zepplins in the sky, 

Above our own home town. 

You would not think those bombs on high, 

Were meant for Smith and Brown, 

You would quick decide, 

Fritz wants my hide. 

"Were German Warships off our shore. 

To speak in thunder tones. 

You would not think that mighty roar, 

Was meant for Jinks and Jones, 

You would say that din. 

Is for my skin. 

148 



"Were Gerruau soldiers on our soil, 

If you beheld the Hun, 

You would not think that plotted spoil 

Was Jinks or Robinson, 

You'd mutter, 'Whee, 

That Boehe wants me.' 

"So Uncle Sam sends forth his call, 

For soldiers, fliers, tars, 

Don't think he wants the rest at all, 

To guard Old Glory's stars, 

But iioller, 'Gee, 

That call means me ! ' " 

So let all of us feel and act as we feel, that the call means us, so 
that when our brave boys who will go and come back from across the 
way, and most of themi will come back, flushed and bedecked with the 
laurels of victory, that each of us may be able personally to take pride 
in their return and feel that we have in part contributed to their victory. 
God pity the future of any man or woman when that time comes and the 
finger of scorn can be pointed at them and we can justly say, "he has 
been a slacker" or "she has been a slacker." When the cause of liberty 
lay trembling in the balance, like Nero, "they fiddled while Rome was 
burning." 

Men and women of Maryland, I have not over painted this picture. 
We must not underestimate the job before us. England, France, Italy, 
Belgium, all call to America to come and come quickly or all is lost. 
And if all with them be lost, America will have to bear the burden of 
the war and fight for its own existence on our own soil. If you but 
know the true story of the destruction, devastation and outrages per- 
petrated by tlie common enemy upon Belgium and France, you will want 
no war here, but be willing to fight over there with our Allies until the 
enemy shall be completely crushed. 

The representatives of the Agricultural College will tell you of our 
food demands. With less help, we must plant and harvest more crops. 
And we must deny ourselves even food, for we must feed not only our 
own soldiers, but our Allies across the seas. We must work, men, women 
and children, as we have never worked before. And we are going to do 
it. Maryland will never fail. We will never let our boys suffer for food 
or clothing. Maryland men and women will never falter and will never 
fail. 

I am no pessimist. Out of this awful struggle will come forth a world 
in which the equality and brotherhood of man will be forever established. 
If out of the terrible sacrifices of this war the world would not come 
forth purged, that mankind will not learn a useful lesson and will not 
live closer and closer to the teachings of the Great Nazarene, the penal- 
ties and sacrifices paid will indeed be vain. 

149 



A war picture at Albaugh's Lyceum Theatre represented the Com- 
mander of the U-boat which sank the Lusitania as having gone insane 
and imagining he saw women and children dripping with sea weeds 
everywhere, staring at him while he was at an interview with the 
Kaiser, and on being taken away by the guards pausing upon the 
threshold of the Kaiser's quarters and calling back to tiim, "I was 
ordered to do it by a man who had a withered soul." Not only the 
Kaiser, but the German Nation, has a withered soul. The God of our 
fathers has been insulted. Christianity has been challenged and the 
flag of every Christian or civilized nation that loves freedom and hates 
autocracy should wave over the fields of France and Belgium, and side 
by side with our beloved Stars and Stripes, streaming aloft, advance 
until they float o'er the palace of the Kaiser at Berlin, and such a treaty 
or league of nations be made that will forever secure the peace of the 
world. 

Destined, I believe the American nation to be, under the magnificent 
leadership of our great President, Woodrow Wilson, to take the lead 
from now on upon the battlefields until the victory shall crown our arms 
and such safe and just adjustments of international differences will be 
made that will forever preclude another world catastrophe. I believe 
that our Nation will go forward, on and on in the fulfilment of its divine 
mission, the protector of human rights, the guarantor of human liberty, 
and the saviour of the world. The words of the great discoverer of our 
country come to me, when upon an unknown and untried ocean, his 
ships weakened and sailors rebellious, when his mate wished the order 
to return, he replied to his mate in these lines : 

"Behind lay the Gray Azores, 
Behind the gates of Hercules. 
Before only the ghost of shores, 
Before only shoreless seas, 
The good mate cried, 
'Now must we pray, for lo. 
The very stars are gone. 
Speak Captain, what must I say?' 
'Why say sail on and on and on.' " 

Such must be our motto "on and on and on" towards the goal for 
which God has destined the American Nation. 

Will Maryland falter? She never has. She never will. With the 
help of God, I shall try to do my part. The proudest honor which I 
aspire to ever claim is, that after this war is over and victory has come 
and peace has been restored, my people may say of me, that as Governor 
during this world war in the cause of humanity, I failed not in my part 
in helping Maryland to live up to its proudest traditions and to keep in 
the very forefront of the States of the Union in this greatest crisis of our 
Country's history. The State that gave to the world the "Star Spangled 
Banner," our National Anthem, can do no less. Our National Anthem 

150 



and our State Anthem will forever live because they were born from 
the very heartburns of war itself. That flag which floated above Fort 
McHenry in the dawn's early light on the morn of September 12th, 1814, 
is as dear to us today as it ever was, and no people more than the people 
of this State, can with greater feeling of pride and enthusiasm endorse 
the language of a distinguished writer, in his tribute to our flag in these 
lines, when lie said : 

"Look upon our flag. 
With its stripes of white and scarlet, 
With folds of blue with its stars of azure, 
May loving eyes always greet it, 
May willing footsteps always follow it. 
May strong hands ever defend it, 
And dying lips ever give it their blessing. 
Ours by inheritance, ours by adoption, ours by affection. 
Long may it wave, in the open winds of Heaven, the eternal 
emblem of liberty, and the hope of the world." 

Congress, the representatives of the people, has declared war with 
Germany and the President calls upon you and upon me. 

I look into your face and I send back the word to the President, our 
Commander-in-Chief in this war, that he need have no fear for Maryland, 
My Maryland. We will dedicate ourselves, our means and our manhood, 
unto this holy cause. 

Governor Harrington's Addresses in the Counties 

In the spring of 1917, Governor Emerson C. Harrington made a tour 
of all the counties to arouse the interest and patriotism of the people. 
The following account of his visit to Harford county was written by 
Mrs. Otho S. Lee and it is typical of other visits and meetings : 

On Saturday, May 26th, 1917, citizens of Harford County assembled 
in the Belair Armory at 11 A. M. to greet Governor Emerson C. Har- 
rington, Professors Thomas B. Symons and Charles S. Richardson, of 
the State College of Agriculture, who were making a tour of the State 
In the interest of Preparedness, Military and Agricultural. 

The Governor and his party arrived in automobiles and were met at 
the Court House by the recently appointed members of the Harford 
County Preparedness and Survey Commission : — Messrs. Thomas H. 
Robinson, Stevenson A. Williams. Walter R. McComas, John D. Worth- 
Ington, John A. Robinson, Mrs. Otho S. Lee, Mrs. R. Harry Webster, Mrs. 
S. W. Bradford, Mrs. Grace R. McAllister, Mrs. Howard S. O'Neill, 
and Mr. T. C. McLaughlin, County Agricultural Agent. From the 
Court House, the Governor was escorted to the Armory by. the Boy 
Scouts of Bel Air under the direction of their Master, Rev. A. Burtis 
Hallock. It is estimated that between one and two thousand patriotic 
citizens and public school children greeted the Governor on the street 

151 



and in the armory and he expressed his gratification at the enthusiasde 
demonstration of the fact that Harford County was keenly alive to 
its duty in the war crisis. 

Mr. Thomas H. Robinson, Chairman of the Commission, presided over 
the meeting. His remarks were laudatory of Harford's patriotism and 
of the efforts of its citizens already displayed in making preparation for 
the war. A large number of the public school children of the county, 
who were in Belair for their annual Athletic Meet, were massed in the 
Armory and added much to the inspiration of the meeting by singing 
patriotic songs under the direction of Miss G. Ethel McNutt of the 
Faculty of the Belair High School. An interesting feature was the 
presentation of a handsome American Flag to the Boy Scouts by Mrs. 
Herman Stump in memory of her late husband, Colonel Herman Stump. 

Governor Harrington's address was a stirring appeal to the patriotism 
of Harford County's citizens, particularly her young men. He said in 
part: "The war we are engaged in is a holy war. America draws the 
sword for the protection of Humanity and for the up-holding of liberty 
and equality. We have been drawn into this world's conflict against our 
will, and while I have felt the President might have taken action 
sooner, I am with him with all my heart in this fight for human rights. 

"Two vastly important subjects are before us— one is the raising of an 
army and the other is providing food for the nation and the allied 
nations. If the Legislature of Maryland stands by me, it will mean that 
we work not one or two or three days but that we shall work six days 
a week. ... I want to warn the people of Harford County that this is no 
passive war. It is a desperate conflict, as we may see by the great 
destruction of shipping. Any man who does not fight or work in this 
emergency is a traitor to Ins country." 

The Governor pointed out the need of swift recruiting for the 
National Guard and urged Harford County to do its full share. 

In speaking of the approaching Registration Day, June 5th, 1917, in 
compliance with the National order, the Governor pointed out that the 
Selective Draft was strongly democratic in principle, inasmuch as it puts 
the men of means on the same plane as those less fortunate, and urged 
the complete fulfillment in Harford of the day's requirements. 

He told of the proposed Work Law to be authorized by War Session 
of the Maryland Legislature, stating that every able-bodied man in the 
country must do his quota of work and must do it six days a week. 
"You must have no slackers or loafers. You have already placed scores 
of men in position to perform valuable military service for our country 
and I hope the Honor Roll will continue to be increased." 

The Governor and his party were entertained at luncheon at the 
Kenmore Inn by the Preparedness Commission. The stimulus of this 
personal appeal and the strong addresses of Messrs. Symons and 
Richardson in the interest of agricultural preparedness were productive 
of determined response and co-operation on the part of the citizens. It 
was the initial step in the effort to awaken the entire county to the 
duty of each man, woman and child. 

152 



From that meeting leading citizens returned to their own communities' 
to arouse their neighbors to loyal supiwrt of their county and state. 

The strategic effect of this tour of the State by its chief executive 
was two-fold. Unforunately there were those whose measure of duty 
in the war situation was limited to defense of America in case of in- 
vasion, others viewed the proposed registration for the Selective Draft 
with distrust and disfavor, still others were stoical in the demand for 
increased food production for the benefit of the Allied nations. With 
determined zeal the Governor eradicated these false attitudes toward 
the measures advocated by the National Administration before they had 
had time to become firmly rooted, or if not entirely eradicated, stamped 
them as unbecoming an American citizen and Marylander. The other 
beneficent effect was the simultaneous awakening of the citizens to 
render individual as well as united service for the State and Nation and 
to make immediate preparation toward that eflScient service. 

Appendix F 

Report of Chairman for 1917 '■ 

To the Honorable Emerson C. Harrington, 
Governor of Maryland : 

Sir — We beg to submit the following, the first report of the Executive 
Committee of the Maryland Council of Defense, covering the period of its 
existence from July 11, to December 31, 1917. 

The General Assembly of Maryland, in extraordinary session in June, 
1917, called by the Governor for the consideration of measures made 
necessary by the war, enacted Chapter 24, entitled an Act creating and 
providing for the Maryland Council of Defense, and prescribing its 
powers and duties, placing its membership at not more than fifty and 
limiting its term of ofl5ce to the duration of the present war and for 
such period of time thereafter as the Governor may deem necessary for 
the welfare of the State. The General Assembly placed the main work 
in the hands of an Executive Committee of five members, to which were 
added the Comptroller of the Treasury and the State Treasurer when 
the disbursements of moneys of this State was involved. This Executive 
Committee has worked as a body of seven members, requiring a quorum 
of four, and at most of its meetings have been present the Governor, the 
Attorney-General and the Adjutant-General, who, while they had no 
vote, took active part in the proceedings. There have been general 
meetings of all the members of the Council from time to time, at which 
reports have been made of the proceedings of the Executive Committee, 
which have been duly approved by them. 

The General Assembly in the same extraordinary session, in June, 
IS17, enacted Chapter 3, authorizing the creation of a State debt of 
$1,000,000 for the defense of the State in the present war, to be used 
by the Executive Committee by and with the sanction and approval of 

153 



the Governor. The purposes of the debt thus authorized were stated 
in 14 paragraphs of the Act. These purposes has been developed by the 
Preparedness and Survey Commission appointed by the Governor in 
February, 1917, which Commission also suggested the legislation which 
created the Maryland Council of Defense. Its members, with some 
additions, became the members of the Maryland Council of Defense 
so there has been continuity of the war work of the State since 
February. 

The Executive C\)mmittee of the Maryland Council of Defense has. 
therefore, to report, first, an account of its expenditures to December 31, 
IviL, '^^^ ™°°^^ expended was realized from the sale of $500,000 of the' 
fl,000,000 of the certificates of indebtedness, appropriated by the 
General Assembly in extraordinary session in June, 1917, which were 
sold at par, dated the 15th day of August, 1917, bearing interest at the 
rate of 4 per cent, per annum, payable semi-annually, principal payable 
on tile 15th day of August, 1918. 

Organization 

The Council held its first meeting July 11, 1917, and elected officers 
and the Executive Committee of five : 
■ Gen. Carl R. Gray. 

' Gen. Francis E. Waters. 

Mr. Frank A. Furst. 

Mr. Stevenson A. Williams. 
I Judge Hammond Urner. 

Hon, Hugh A. McMullen, State Comptroller. 

Hon. John M. Dennis. State Treasurer. 

At a subsequent meeting, held on the same day, the Executive Com- 
mittee organized, with Gen. Carl R. Gray, chairman. At a later meeting 
Gen. Francis E. Waters was elected vice-chairman. There have been 
no changes in the membership of this committee, but by reason of a high 
call from his country, General Gray was obliged to resign the position 
of chairman, and Gen. Francis E. Waters was appointed by Governor 
Harrington to succeed him. Mr. Frank A. Furst was elected vice- 
chairman. The members of the committee serve without pay, and the 
members who reside outside of Baltimore city declined to accept their 
traveling expenses. On July 18, 1917, Lynn R. Meekins was elected 
Secretary and on August 7, William O. Peirson was elected Treasurer, 

Camp Meade 

At the first meeting of the Council, the State was already engaged in 
clearing the site of Camp Meade to provide the site of a great military 
city of over 40,000. In enacting the law appropriating $1,000,000 for 
emergency purposes, the Legislature provided that the expenses at Camp 
Meade in coniaection with this work should be paid from this fund, and 
tne amount paid over to the Board of Public Works by this committee from 

154 



this fund for this purpose has aggregated $179,475.06, which does not 
include the cost of two tractors used in connection with this work, the 
cost of which was $2,322.40. 

On September 13, the Governor, with members of the Executive Com- 
mittee, had a conference with the Secretary of War, resulting in an 
understanding that the State should discontinue its work in clearing the 
site at Camp Meade, which understanding was within a few days there- 
after put into effect. 

The State Department of Health urged the immediate necessity of 
surrounding the camp with proper measures of sanitation and hygiene, 
and on application of this department and the approval of the Council's 
Committee on Hygiene, Medicine and Sanitation, the Executive Commit- 
tee on July 11 voted $922 for the purchase of two Ford cars and $4,000 
for salaries and expenses for the work of health inspectors in the 
neighborhood of the camp. On September 7, the Executive Committee, 
on application of the State Department of Health and the approval of its 
committee, voted $3,333.33 for an extra inspector and expenses for one 
year. It also authorized the employment of three trained nurses at a 
salary of $75 per month each, in case of an emergency, but this need has 
not arisen. 

On September 25, in response to the representation of the State 
Department of Health, the Executive Committee authorized the con- 
struction of a supplementary chlorination plant at the House of Correc- 
tion for the protection of the water supply of Camp Meade at a cost of 
$1,200. 

To further protect the water supply of Camp Meade, it became neces- 
sary for the Executive Committee to extend aid to the State Board of 
Prison Control. The water supply and the sewage plant were under 
construction for the use of the House of Correction, and the sewage was 
flowing into a stream from which Camp Meade was taking its water 
supply. The State Board of Prison Control stated that it had exhausted 
its funds for completing the sewage plant and water supply. The 
Executive Committee on representations of need and urgency made an 
appropriation of $2,871 for the completion of the sewage plant and its 
operation to October 1, 1918, and later added $500 for increased cost due 
to the severe winter conditions. It was also represented that the State 
would lose heavily if the incomplete work on the water supply plant of 
the House of Correction was not protected and an appropriation was 
made of $2,300 conditional on the approval of the Attorney-General, 
which was afterwards received. 

For public order in the zone of the camp, the Governor was authorized 
to appoint a Chief of Police at a salary of $100 per month and expenses, 
and to provide him with a Ford car, and also to appoint, should emer- 
gency require, two extra ofl5eers at a salary of $18 per week each. The 
extra officers have not been appointed. 

The placing of a new military city of 40,000 within 20 miles of Balti- 
more raised many problems which the Executive Committee considered 

155 



with very unusual care. At first it was not clear how far the (govern- 
ment wished State action to go in social and moral matters connected 
with cantonments. From the first the Executive Committee had the aid 
of an exceptional and capable committee on camp activities, a committee 
that was representative of churches and organizations of the city and 
State. Many conferences were held, the purpose being to develop a 
policy in line with the plans of the Council of National Defense, and thus 
far the following appropriations have been made : $100 a month for 
office expenses of the Maryland War Recreation Commission, $166.66 per 
month for the operation of an information bureau at the W. B. & A. 
Railway station in Baltimore and $100 for printing. 

Also $3,300 to cover an experimental period of six months to aid in 
the prevention of immorality in the camp zone, to be expended under the 
direction of the Maryland War Recreation Commission in conjunction 
with the Executive Committee of the Women's Section of the Maryland 
Council of Defense. The work is undertaken upon the approval of the 
Council of National Defense and is in line with the work being done in 
the more progressive States of the country. 

Also $135 per month for three months for the running expenses of tlie 
armory at Annapolis, which is being used, in charge of local committee, 
as a rest house for soldiers and sailors stationed at or visiting that city. 
The chairman of this committee reports that 500 soldiers and sailors 
were entertained there on Christmas Day. 

Work in connection with camps is being developed under national 
direction and with State co-operation, and Maryland will be called upon 
to do much more of it. 

Thus it is seen that Camp Meade and its problems have taken upwards 
of $200,000 of the $500,000 expended by the Executive Committee. 
More will be required. 

Military 

On the statement of the Adjutant-General that it was the intention of 
the National Government to draft the National Guard of Maryland into 
Federal service on or before July 25, the Maryland Council of Defense at 
its first meeting, July 11, voted "that it was the consensus of opinion 
of the Council that a State Guard commensurate with the importance 
of the interest to be protected should be created," and referred the 
matter to the Executive Committee. At a meeting on July 17, the 
Executive Committee voted, "Resolved, That the sentiment of the com- 
mittee is. It stands ready to appropriate money for a State Guard, not 
exceeding SOO men, and that it should be organized at once." The 
Adjutant-General's plan was one regiment of about 12 companies. 

In securing men and materials, the Federal Government had the 
right of way, and so the organization of the State Guard in Maryland, 
as in other States, was slow, but the work has gone on constantly, and 
at the end of 1017 there were five companies in Baltimore, one in 
Hagerstown and one at Frederick, with one at Hyattsville almost ready 

156 



to be mustered in, and prospective companies in Salisbury, Cumberland 
and Belair. The total cost is estimated by the Adjutant-General at 
$130,000, of which $41,688.07 has been paid to date from the treasury 
of the Council. 

In this regiment is a machine-gun company organized out of the 
Motor Arms Company, about 60 men, fully equipped, who can go to 
any part of the State very swiftly. 

Armories 

The State Armory Commission reported that the increase in the cost 
of construction had halted the completion of the State armories at 
Cambridge, Hyattsville and Westminster, and that $15,000 each, or 
$45,000 in all, would be required. The need of the armories for the 
defense of the State was pressed, and the Executive Committee on July 
17 voted $45,000 of its funds and later turned that sum over to the 
Armory Commission. 

The Cunnberland Site 

In the first days of the Council no matter was more strongly urged 
than the proposition to purchase a site for an armory In Cumberland. 
Applications and letters were followed by a large and representative 
delegation from Allegany county, who presented the claims of Maryland's 
second city and urged that an armory was necessary for the organization 
of State troops in that important gateway to the mines. Immediate 
action was asked on the ground that the site most desirable could be 
had at the time at a price that would save money to the State. On 
July 24 the committee placed the purchase of a site in the hands of the 
Governor, the Attorney-General, the Brigade Commander, the Captain 
of the Cumberland Company and a leading citizen of Cumberland, 
and set aside $15,000, of which $14,952.25 was finally used in the 
purchase of the property. 

Guarding Water- Works 

At its first meeting, the Executive Committee appropriated $38,266.84 
to the Adjutant-General for the service of the National Guard from 
March 31, to July 3, inclusive, in guarding lines of transportation and 
water-works of Baltimore city, and on September 18, the committee 
appropriated $11,625.30 to the Adjutant-General for expenses in connec- 
tion with guarding the water-works of Baltimore city for the period 
of July 10 to September 15. 

Hospital Train 

A part of the State's military equipment is a hospital train, which 
had its origin in the offer fo the Pennsylvania, the Baltimore & Ohio and 
the Western Maryland railroads to contribute the use of coaches to be con- 
verted into hospital use. The result was the first train of its kind in 
America, and a very unusual outfit. The cost to the State so far is about 

157 



$10,250. Until December, the salary of $75 per month for the services 
of a trained nurse for this train was paid for by the contributions from 
the employes of the Western Maryland Railway. Since then the Execu- 
tive Committee has paid the salary. The status of the train In the 
changed conditions of the i-ailroads has not been definitely fixed, but 
it is under the orders of the chairman of the Executive Committee, who 
has appointed a surgeon in charge. The Western Maryland Railway 
has not made any charge for the use of its tracks for the train, which 
is at Hillen Station. 

So far, therefore, the expenditures of the Executive Committee for 
all military purposes aggregate about $160,000, and there will be neces- 
sary from $90,000 to $100,000 for further equipment of the State Guard, 
not including maintenance or expenses in case the Guard or any part 
of it should be ordered out. 

Military Enrollment 

Maryland was one of three States — New York and Connecticut being 
the other two — that made a military enrollment of men from 18 to 45 
years of age, inclusive, in the first months of the war. In Maryland the 
work of this census taking was done under boards appointed by the 
Governor and was free. The offices in Baltimore were given without 
rent, and for weeks the oSice forces were individual volunteers and clerks 
loaned by large business concerns. When the Maryland Council of 
Defense was organized, the work to be done was the tabulation of the 
returns, and at the meeting of July 11, 1917, an appropriation was made 
to pay the current expenses in connection with the tabulation. From 
tliat time the Executive Committee has made appropriations for this 
census, gradually reducing the employees as the work proceeded. As 
completed the census represents the returns from Baltimore city and 
18 counties. Several calls showed the value of these records. When the 
British recruiting ofl3cers came to Maryland they secured from the 
military enrollment a complete list of British-born men of 18 of the 
counties of Maryland. When the Attorney -General called upon the 
Police Department of Baltimore to secure a list of the enemy aliens, 
7,000 names were supplied from these records. When the Postmaster 
of Baltimore was asked to secure the names of enemy aliens in the small 
towns of Maryland, the military census was offered to him. In an 
official publication. New York placed the value of its census at $250,000. 
The total appropriations for the Maryland census have been less than 
$10,000. The counties from which no returns have been received are 
Cecil, Montgomery, Somerset and St. Mary's. 

Agriculture 

At the first meeting of the Executive Committee on July 11, the 
State Board of Agriculture was authorized to enter upon contracts 
not to exceed $25,000 annually to cover employment of assistant county 
agents, women agents, clerks and equipment, control of insect pests, plant 

158 



diseases, etc. The agricultural program was extended to include the 
purchase and operation of four tractors, the sale and distribution of seed 
wheat for testing, the aid of bee industry and the investigation of 
milk costs. Of the $25,000, the sum of $22,505 at different times was 
appropriated to the State Board of Agriculture, and some of this will be 
returned by the farmers to whom seed wheat was sold. In the hands of 
the State Board of Agriculture were also placed the various efforts to 
handle labor for farms and canneries. The amount appropriated for 
this purpose in various sums, including that for the farm army, was 
$9,578.87. The work in agriculture was greatly aided by the cordial 
and enthusiastic co-operation of the county agents. In November, the 
Secretary of Agriculture called a conference of the Middle Atlantic States 
in Washington, and asked that they increase their wheat production at 
least 10 per cent. Maryland was able to report that the plans for the 
increase had already been made, and that it would be at least 15 per 
cent. The total appropriated for agriculture and for labor by the 
Executive Committee was $32,073.87. 

Prison Farm 

Under the Act of the General Assembly passed in the extraordinary 
session of June, 1917, the State Board of Prison Control, with the ap- 
proval of the Governor, arranged for the purchase of two farms, one of 
530.53 acres, known as the Gardner Farm, and one of 26.4 acres, known 
as the Masson Farm, for the use of the Maryland House of Correction. 
This property was inspected by a committee of the Executive Commit- 
tee, and the purchase was recommended. The Executive Committee 
then made the appropriation of $57,000, and the property was purchased^ 

Compulsory Work Bureau 

The General Assembly of June, 1917, passed the act providing for 
the assignment of able-bodied male persons, between the ages of 18 and 
50, inclusive, not regularly and continuously employed, to work in occu- 
pations carried on by the State, the counties or the City of Baltimore,. 
or by private employers. This was known as the Compulsory Labor 
Law, and it was the first act of its kind in America. The cost of putting 
the act in operation was assigned by the Governor and the Attorney- 
General to the Council of Defense, and a budget was adopted, which 
provided for a director at $2,500 a year, four field men at $900 each, 
with the expenses limited to $1,200 each per year, stenographer at $900, 
and office expenses of $74. The expenses of tlie Bureau have amounted 
to several hundred dollars not included in this budget, so its operation 
calls for an expense of a little over $1,000 per month. This law has 
been effective in reducing loafing and vagrancy, and in increasing the 
number of men at work. There has been a demand from all parts of 
America for copies of the act, and it is serving as a model for legislation 
in other States, while a bill modeled on its lines is also before Coiipriess,. 

159 



Educational Work 

From tlie first, the Maryland Couucil of Defense has emphasized tfas 
importance of educating the public to a full realization of the meaning 
of the war. At the Speakers' Training Camp held at Chautauqua in the 
first part of July, the Maryland Council was represented, and shortly 
afterwards there was formed, in line with the national organization, the 
Speakers' Bureau, the name being changed to the Educational Commit- 
tee. This committee has provided speakers for many meetings, and has 
^distributed much literature. It prepared a pamphlet entitled "What 
-Are We Fighting About?" of which 40,000 copies have been printed, 
: and of which many more thousands will be distributed in 1918. When 
5 the Liberty Loan campaign came along, this committee took charge of 
Liberty Loan Sunday, and gave its whole organization to the Liberty 
Loan work. Until January, the Educational Committee had a budget 
' covering stenographer and expenses up to $107 a month, with an appro- 
• priation for speakers of $500. On December 31, the work of the com- 
mittee was broadened, and it was given an appropriation of $366.G7 per 
?jiionth for three months for expenses and literature. 

Commercial Economy 

The Executive Committee co-operated with the Commercial Economy 

'Board of the National Council in the campaign against the wasteful 

practice of accepting the return of unsold bread. General co-operation 

was secured in Baltimore with the exception of three cases, which were 

reported to the Commercial Economy Board of the National Council. 

By request of the Commerical Economy Board of the National Council, 
the Executive Committee appointed a special committee to handle the 
movement for curtailing the delivery service of stores. This resulted in 
various economies, including the reduction of deliveries and new regu- 
lations concerning non-returnable articles, returned goods and sales 
tickets. The total economy meant the service of many men and vehicles 
and the saving of money. The merchants of Baltimore, with one ex- 
ception, co-operated. Shortly before Christmas the movement was threat- 
ened with failure, but the Executive Committee secured the presence of 
a representative of the National Council, and at a meeting attended 
by representative merchants, the movement was saved. Since that time 
this work has gone on, and it is now planned to reduce the deliveries 
to one a day. The Maryland Council was represented at an all-day 
conference on this subject in Washington. On request of the National 
Council, the Executive Committee took up this matter also in the other 
cities of the State. 

In the nation-wide campaign to prevent waste by fire, the work of 
Maryland was assigned to an able committee, who named experts to 
visit factories and other buildings. These representatives bore creden- 
tial letters signed by the Chairman of the Maryland Council of Defense. 
There were nearly 100 of them, and their services given free resulted 
; in the reduction of fires, and the protection of property. 

160 



The Woman's Section 

/On April 10, 1917, the Governor appointed the Woman's Preparedness 
and Survey Commission, composed of 26 women, to be a State Com- 
.mission, and on May 3, 1917, appointed five vi'omen in each county as a 
county commission. After the creation of the Maryland Council of 
Defense this commission became the Women's Section — Maryland Coun- 
cil of Defense, and also the Maryland Division of the Women's Com- 
mittee of the Council of National Defense. 

The Women's Section applied to the Executive Committee of the 
Maryland Council of Defense for funds. The result of conferences was 
the financing of the Women's Section by current payments, with the 
exception of the county commissions, to which an appropriation of 
$15,000 was made. The first appropriation for the Women's Section 
,was $2,495.31 to pay $1,918.13 underwritten, and $510.18 for bills due 
for expenses. Special appropriations were made to the following com- 
mittees : 

Women in Industry, $300 a month for two months ; Food Production 
Committee, $400 a month for two months, and $200 for one month for 
the Committee on Co-ordination and Volunteer Service. 

These appropriations were renewed, and other appropriations were 
made for definite committee work of the section. To the section was 
given a budget aggregating about $225 per month, not including rent, 
which was $350 for six months. 

The county commissions of the Women's Section had old accounts, 
which were settled up to August 1, the total being $2,300. The appro- 
priation of $15,000 to cover one year's expenses of the county commis- 
sions was apportioned by the Executive Committee of the Women's 
Section, and approved by the Executive Committee of the Maryland 
Council. The Women's Section, including the county commissions, has 
received from the Executive Committee about $10,000, with about $9,000 
remaining of the $15,000 appropriation for the county commissions. The 
work of the Women's Section has been notably efficient. The details of 
it have been presented to your Excellency in a separate report. 

The Colored Division 

On August 10, the Governor appointed the Colored Division of the 
Maryland Council of Defense. It was organized after the manner of 
the Maryland Council, with 50 members, and with county commissions 
of five. Later the Governor appointed a Women's Section of the 
Colored Division, the organization being along the lines of the Division. 
Both the Colored Division and the Women's Section of the Division are 
financed by the Executive Committee, their expenditures to date being 
Tess than $1,000. The colored citizens have shown fine interest and 
enthusiasm. They have held large meetings. They have done excellent 
service in combating enemy propaganda and in stirring their people to 
an appreciation of the war. They have also co-operated with the 

161 



Executive Committee in defeating questionable schemes in soliciting war 
funds. Tbe Colored Division has carried its activities to all parts of 
the State, and has held a State conference with very satisfactory results. 
This conference was addressed by the Governor of the State. 

Fisheries 

Under paragraph L, "For the purpose of constructing and estab- 
lishing fish hatcheries, as an aid to the conservation and production of 
sea food," in the act stating the purposes of the loan of a million dollars, 
the Executive Committee appropriated to the Maryland Conservation 
Commission, the sum of $5,000 for hatcheries in Frederick county and 
on the Choptank River. 

Milk-Cost Survey 

Alarming reports came to the Executive Committee that owing to the 
high cost of feed and the scarcity of labor, the dairymen of the State 
w-ere preparing to slaughter their herds. The committee handled the 
matter through a series of appeals to dairymen direct, and also through 
the newspapers and pulpits. On November 20, a special letter was sent 
to the dairymen of Maryland stating, "in order to expedite a solution in 
Maryland, the council has asked Dr. A. F. Woods, President of the 
Maryland State College of Agriculture, to undertake immediately an 
investigation, and report upon the question of cost of producing milk in 
Maryland." This survey was made for the week of November 26, to 
December 2, and the report was handed to the Maryland Council on 
the 17th of December. By request of the Federal authorities, the pub- 
lication of the report was delayed until January 3. The Maryland 
report and the Federal report were strikingly similar in results. A 
spirited controversy followed the publication of the Maryland report, but 
this was over its findings and not because the work had not been faith- 
fully done. The Executive Committee took no part in the controversy 
over prices. Its duty was concluded when it secured the investigation 
and placed the results before the public. Over 2,000 copies of the Mary- 
land Milk-Cost Survey, making a volume of 42 pages, were distributed, 
and the widest publicity was given in the newspapers. 

Publicity 

Hundreds of c-olumns telling of the work of the Maryland Council 
of Defense and its various activities have been printed. Maryland had 
the first hospital train. It was the first to handle farm labor under 
war conditions. Its Compulsory Work Law was the first of its kind. 
Maryland was the first State to buy tractors and to do plowing for 
farmers. Of this the New York Stm said : "In Maryland, the State 
Council of Defense, to insure an increase in wheat acreage, is the first 
organization to offer farmers not only advice, but real help, having 
purchased four tractors, to be used in preparing land for plowing, har- 
vesting and so on." The same newspaper urged that New York should 

162 



follow Maryland's example, aud should Lave 100 State-owned tractors 
as a start on this same plan in the spring. These and other pioneer 
acts of the Maryland Council gave the State much prominence in the 
press of the country. In reply to requests, the Maryland Bulletin, con- 
taining the laws creating the Maryland Council and legislation relating 
to its work, was sent to every State in the Union, and the Council of 
National Defense and other organizations in Washington have distributed 
hundreds of copies of it. In this way, Maryland has been presented 
as a model for other States. Inquiries about the Compulsory Work 
Law come from all parts of America and from foreign countries. 

The Executive Committee published the Maryland Bulletin with an 
edition of 5,000 copies. The second issue, with reports of the work of 
the Council and its sections to December 31, will be issued soon. Special 
letters, to the number of several thousands, were sent to ministers, 
farmers, dairymen and others in the campaign on the milk question. By 
special request of the National Council, the Maryland Council sent to 
all Maryland newspapers a series of articles on the war and other 
matters. The correspondence of the office has been heavy. 

The Executive Committee cordially acknowledges the patriotic interest 
and the able co-operation of the Maryland newspapers and of the 
people of the State generally. 

Administration 

The Maryland Council of Defense organized in a general meeting 
July 11, 1917. On the same day, the Executive Committee met and 
began work. The Executive Committee had a schedule of weekly meet- 
ings throughout the year. These meetings usually lasted from two to 
four hours. Delegations or persons who desired to be heard on any 
matter connected with the war, or the defense of the State, were received. 
Reports of the meetings, including the appropriations, were supplied 
to the newspapers. The policy of the Committee was full publicity. 
In addition to the regular meetings, the members attended special meet- 
ings of committees and other meetings having war problems under 
consideration. Throughout all this period there were daily conferences 
of one kind or another. The office of the Executive Committee, No. 703 
Union Trust Building, has been open daily from 9 to 5 o'clock, or later. 
The committee has rendered continuous service. 

On October 16, a general meeting of the council, held in Baltimore, 
received a full report of the Executive Committee's work and approved 
it by unanimous vote. On December 17, a third general meeting was an 
all-day conference of the members of the council and the members of 
the county commissions, the attendance being 100. This meeting ap- 
proved the work of the Executive Committee by unanimous vote. The 
Governor was present throughout the day, and tliis meeting was excep* 
tionally interesting and successful. 

In administration, the Executive Committee has confined expenditures 
to three salaries ; for Secretary, Treasurer and Clerk, and to necessary 

163 



office expenses, the total, including salaries, postage and rent of offices, 
being less than $100 per week. The expenditures for meetings and 
expenses of the members have been less than $400 for all purposes, 
including the three general meetings to December 31, 1917. This ex- 
tremely low cost has been due to the co-operation of the members, and 
to the courtesy of the Merchants' Club in giving the use of rooms to 
the council, the only charge being for the modest luncheon. There 
has been no charge to the committee for the 20 meetings held in the 
rooms of the President of the Union Trust Co., or for the speakers' 
meeting held at the Emerson Hotel. 

Expenditures of the Council's funds have been by voucher checks 
containing particulars of such expenditures and requiring the signatures 
of three persons, the Chairman or Vice-Chairman, the Treasurer and 
the Secretary. A rule adopted by the committee was that "no expendi- 
tures be entered into or made without the previous consent and direction 
of the Executive Committee." Expenditures are backed both by the 
voucher checks and by original bills of authority. By request of the 
committee, the State Auditor made a minute examination of the com- 
mittee's accounts to December 31, 1917. 

The Executive Committee has 16 committees and four sub-committees, 

Co'operation with the National Council 

The first object of the act creating the Maryland Council of Defense is 
"to co-operate with and assist the Council of National Defense in the 
execution of duties prescribed by the Act of Congress." To this the 
Executive Committee has given its constant and unremitting attention. 
Your former Chairman and your present Chairman visited Washington 
and held conferences with the officers of the National Council, and kept 
in personal touch with all phases of the work. The main work of the 
Secretary and his assistants has been in carrying out the requests from 
Washington in the various matters undertaken. All this represents a 
very wide program, with much detail. At the general meeting of the 
Maryland Council in December, Hon. George F. Porter, of the National 
Council said: "It was very fitting that Maryland, the meeting place 
between the North and the South, should have been one of the two or 
three first States to establish its commission, which has grown into the 
Maryland Council of Defense. You did not wait until the request came 
from Washington after the declaration of war. The Mayrland Council, 
which has grown into this large organization, was established on Febru- 
ary 21. Your i)Iaus were under way, and your work was strongly under 
way before the request went out from Washington on April 9 to every 
State for the establishment of State councils of defense to co-operate 
with the National Council in the prosecution of the war. Your valuable 
work is very well known there. In food, in the development of plant and 
of agricultural work and what you did with tractors is well known in 
Washington. Your work with labor, your splendid Compulsory Work 
Law has been adopted by a number of other States, and is being put into 

1G4 



effect through your original efforts throughout the country, and will 
grow as it deserves to grow. We know of all of this work that you 
have done, and we appreciate it deeply." 

The Maryland Council has been called upon for many services by 
the Council of National Defense, and it has also responded to the call of 
other Governmental and patriotic organizations. It aided in recruiting, 
especially for the air service. It distributed 25,000 copies of the petition 
against enemy propaganda. It projected a campaign regarding the 
soliciting of money for war purposes, and caused the abandonment of 
questionable schemes. It has taken a forward position in the handling 
of labor and employment in close alliance with the Council of National 
Defense and the Department of Labor. It has promptly acted in the 78 
oflBcial bulletins that have come to it from the national body. 

An instance of its work was the escort of the motor-truck convoy 
through Maryland to tidewater. This convoy of 32 army trucks and 80 
men starting from Detroit and making the GOO miles to Baltimore was 
the first official test of what will be the movement under their own 
power of thousands of army trucks from the West to the Atlantic sea- 
board. Orders for 30,000 army trucks have been let, and the number 
may be increased to 100,000, and it is probable that a majority of these 
will come to Baltimore. The Government called on the Maryland Coun- 
cil to aid and welcome the first convoy. The trucks came through 
the bitter weather in the last week of December, at an average speed of 
50 miles a day for the 600 miles. They reached Gettysburg over the 
Lincoln Highway, and then entered Carroll county to Westminster, 
where the people, under the direction of a local committee, representing 
the Maryland Council of Defense, gave the men a fine reception, and 
hospitably entertained them over night. The convoy left Westminster in 
the early morning of December 28, and reached Baltimore by noon of 
that day. Every mile of the way they were escorted by c-ommittees and 
reresentatives of Carroll and Baltimore counties, and of Baltimore city, 
acting for the Maryland Council. In Baltimore, thousands welcomed 
the convoy and visited the trucks parked on the Courthouse Plaza. The 
men were dined at the City Club, and were the guests of the Council 
at the Y. M. C. A. from Friday until Sunday, when they left for Detroit. 
The National Council sent a letter of thanks for "your splendid work." 
Two results followed. Reports were made on the condition of the 
Maryland roads by experts, and these were taken up with the Maryland 
Highway Commission. Second, there was inaugurated a new Govern- 
ment enterprise, covering many acres near Baltimore, for the storing 
and handling of trucks for shipment abroad. This means both reputa- 
tion and profit to Baltimore as the nearest seaport to the West. It 
has also spread the fame of Maryland's good roads. 

The Executive Committee and the heads of several of its committees 
have rendered confidential service of an unusual character to Wash- 
ington, and in several cases the results have been the location in this 
State of important Government operations. It is estimated that, not 

165 



counting Camp Meade, the war will bring into Maryland, mainly to 
Baltimore and vicinity, 50,000 persons, practically all wage-earners. 
There never was a time when property in this section was so fully oc- 
cupied as now. The Maryland Conucil has helped in this work, and its 
office has become a center of information and has received many and 
varied inquiries. 

Recapitulation 

1. For Camp Meade there has been expended more than $200,000. 

2. Measures have been taken to insure proper health and moral 
conditions in the camp zone. This includes special police and special 
health inspectors. 

3. On the military, over $160,000 has been spent, including $60,000 
for armories and an armory site. 

4. A farm of .556.93 acres, costing $.57,000, was purchased for the 
House of Correction. Other appropriations to the Board of Prison Con- 
trol amounted to $6,671. 

5. In 1917, there was spent nearly $50,000 for guarding bridges and 
the waterworks of Baltimore City, and $50,000 more has been appropri- 
ated for 1918. 

6. Maryland was one of the three States to have a military enroll- 
ment of its citizens. The cost of the census in Maryland was less than 
in other States. 

7. There has been spent for agriculture and for farm labor, $32,073.87. 

8. For fish hatcheries $5,000 has been appropriated. 

9. The Compulsory Work Law was established. 

10. Under the committee State-wide campaigns were conducted, 
including those against waste from unsold bread, curtailing delivery 
service of stores, securing greater safety from fire, aiding recruiting 
and other services requested by the Government. 

11. The Educational Committee is conducting a State-wide campaign 
in line with the plans of the National Council for informing the people 
on the issues, needs and duties of the war. 

12. The Executive Committee has appointed two field directors to 
strengthen the Council's organization throughout the State, and stimulate 
the work of all war agencies. Maryland initiated this plan, and it has 
been adopted by the National Council. 

13. Under the committee there was a milk-cost survey, the first 
made in Maryland. 

14. The committee has promptly acted in the 78 official bulletins from 
the Council of National Defense. 

15. There are three allied organizations financed by the Executive 
C'ommittee. The Women's Section is probably the most efficient body of 
its kind in America. The Colored Division is regarded as one of the 
best of all the organizations of that race connected with the war. 
Under the Colored Divison is a Women's Section, also completely or- 
ganized and drawing its supix)rt from the Maryland Council. 

166 



16. Maryland was first to provide a hospital train. 

17. Maryland was first to handle labor problems of canneries and 
farms and to purchase tractors to help the farmers. It also purchased 
seed wheat for testing, and sold it to farmers at cost on credit. 

18. The law creating the Maryland Council of Defense has been used 
as a model by other States. 

19. The Executive Committee performed confidential services that 
aided in the location of important enterprises in Maryland. 

20. More than 40,000 pieces of mail, letters, announcements and coun- 
<?il publications have been distributed. 

21. The administration expenses of the Council have been less than 
$100 per week, including rent, telephone, postage and salaries of Sec- 
retary, Treasurer and stenographer. 

22. The Executive Committee has held regular weekly meetings since 
its organization July 11. 

Attached to this report are the following : 

A. The report of Hon. J. Enos Ray, Jr., State Auditor. 

B. Personnel of Maryland Council of Defense and its county com- 
missions. 

C. Personnel of the Women's Section and its county commissions 
and its committees. 

D. Personnel of the Colored Division and its county commissions 
and its Women's Section. 

Conclusion 

Our county commissions have shown improvement from week to week, 
and most of them have so organized their counties that every district 
may be reached promptly. The chairmen of these county commissions, 
who are also members of the Maryland Council, have devoted much 
time to the public work at their own expense, and most of them have 
been diligent in all matters pertaining to the work of the council. For 
their loyalty and public spirit we are very grateful. 

In conclusion, I beg to pay tribute to the unselfishness and high 
sense of public service of the members of the Executive Committee. 
On the hottest day of the summer they were in session practically all 
the afternoon, and on one of the coldest days of winter they gave a 
Saturday half-holiday to committee work. Day and night since the 
council was organized, the Executive Committee has been in call. Under 
the law, the traveling expenses of members residing in the counties 
sBould be paid, but they have declined to accept payment, either for 
traveling expenses or for telephone charges. There is not a i^enny of cost 
to the State of Maryland for the services of the Executive Committee. 

This same high sense of public service has been shown in the sections 
and committees of the Maryland Council of Defense, and we are thus 
able to report to you that we have in Maryland an organization of 
citizens that is being expanded and that can be depended upon to respond 
Instantly and completely to the call of the State and of the nation. 

167 



We wish lo make our most cordial acknowledgments to the Governor 
for his constant interest and co-operation in our work. He has attended 
many of our meetings, and hac taken part in our proceedings, and has 
been of great aid and inspiration to us in the handling of our problems. 
He has assisted us in many ways. We thank the Attorney-General, the 
Adjutant-General, the State Department of Health, the President of our 
State College of Agriculture and other representatives and agencies of 
Maryland for their prompt and full responses to our requests. 

FRANCIS E. WATERS, Chairman. 

Appendix G 

Report of Chairman of Women's Section for 1917 

Realizing the importance of co-operation and organized effort on the 
part of the women of Maryland in war emergency work, His Excellency, 
Governor Emerson C. Harrington, on the lOth day of April, 1917, 
appointed the Women's Preparedness and Survey Commission, com- 
posed of 2(> women, active in public life, to be a State Commission, and 
on May 3, 1917, appointed five women in each county as a County 
Commission. 

On June 27th, the General Assembly of Maryland, created the Maryland 
Council of Defense and the Women's Preparedness and Survey Commis- 
sion became the Women's Section — Maryland Council of Defense, with 
Mrs. Edward Shoemaker, as Chairman. 

On June 21, 1917, this body became the Maryland Division of the 
Women's Committee of the Council of Naitonal Defense, of which Dr, 
Anna Howard Shaw is Chairman. 

The Objects 

The objects for which the Council was created are: 

(1) To consider all problems relating to women and tJieir work which 
may arise during the war. 

(2) To co-ordinate the work and develop the resources of the women of 
Maryland in order to secure the highest efficiency for war work. 

(3) To ascertain and report the patriotic work now being done by 
women and women's organizations. 

(4) To furnish a direct and speedy channel between the various depart- 
ments of the Federal Governments and the women of Maryland. 

The Council is a clearing-house for all organizations and for the work 
of all individuals throughout the State. 

All organizations and individuals desiring to participate in patriotic 
work are requested to affiliate with the Section or Sections of the Council 
to which their past efforts and experience enables them to give the most 
efficient service. 

168 



Organization 

(a) Tlie State Cbairman shall appoint a Cliairman for each Section 
of the work. 

(b) The Section Chairman shall appoint a Committee of not less than 
five or more than seven members, whose duty it shall be to plan, direct, 
promote and develop the work of the entire State. 

(c) Plans for State-wide work are sent from the Section Chairmen 
to the County Chairmen, who in turn, with the members of the County 
Commission, pass upon the plans, and if found feasible for their County, 
the Section Chairmen in the counties direct, promote and develop the 
work assigned to them, and with the aid of District Leaders, of which 
there is one, if possible, for each election district, report results to the 
County Chairmen. 

The Advisory Board of the Council, which is composed of the heads 
of all State-wide organizations and branches of national organizations 
in Maryland, meets with the State Commission three times a year, in 
November, when outlines of the work contemplated by the various 
organizations are submitted ; in February, when reports are made of 
the progress of the work undertaken, and in May, when results are 
reported. 

The plan of organization in the counties is as follows: 

(1) The Chairman of the County Commission shall appoint for each 
Section of the work, a chairman, who is a member of the Commission. 
When necessary the same chairman may be appointed for several 
Sections of the work. 

(2) Each Section Chairman shall appoint a Committee of not less 
than five or more than seven members to organize, promote and develop 
the work of that Section. 

(3) The County shall be divided into election districts and a District 
Leader and Committee of four be placed in charge of all work in the 
district, this Committee being given the right of appointing sub-com- 
mittees whenever necessary. 

The plan of organization for Baltimore City differs somewhat from 
that followed in the counties. The city is organized under the direction 
of a City Organizer and 24 Ward Chairmen. Each ward is sub- 
divided according to population into Enumeration Districts, and these 
in turn into City Blocks, over each of which a woman leader will be 
appointed. These women will be expected to stand ready to respond 
whenever an emergency call shall come to the Council from Federal 
or State Governments, and it is hoped to perfect the system so that 
when a hurry call is sent out from Washington Headquarters to the 
women of the country for any special service, the State Chairman of the 
Women's Section — Maryland Council of Defense will only have to press 
the button to set the machinery in motion that shall reach every home 
in Baltimore. The heads of the larger city organizations will constitute 
an Advisory Board to be summoned at call of the State Chairman or the 
City Organizer whenever they are needed. 

169 



The advantag?es of the plan of organization are as follows: 

1. No organization will lose its identity. 

2. Existing machinery will be utilized and centralized. 

3. Duplication will be largely prevented and individual effect made 
more far-reaching. 

4. Women will work in their self-selected groups, along lines of their 
chosen activities. 

5. No work will be interrupted. 

6. Registration will be carefully classified and a distinction made 
between professional or trained service, amateur or untrained 
service. 

7. Expert Government information and advice will be available for 
local conditions and needs. 

8. Economy will follow better co-ordination and direct distribution 
to all divisions of authoritative standards and methods. 

9. The headquarters of the Women's Committee of the Council of 
National Defense at Washington, D. C, will serve as a clearing- 
house for women's activities throughout the country, and be the 
agent to transmit promptly any demands of the Government which 
may be sent to women or women's organizations. 

10. Each community will be free to work out the details according to 
its own needs, following the general plan as outlined. 

The State Headquarters are at 51S N. Charles St. in Baltimore City. 
Here the Executive Board of the State Commission meets once a week 
to discuss, formulate and decide all questions of general importance 
to the Council. 

On the first Thursday of each month a meeting of the State Com- 
mission and the County Chairman is held at which reports from all 
the counties are presented by the County Chairmen. Every three months 
the members of the County Commissions attend this meeting with their 
Chairmen. 

The State Commission meets at 2 P. M. on the third Thursday of 
each month at which time Section Chairmen of State Committees report. 

Reports of the work accomplished by the women of Maryland, so far 
as can be ascertained, are submitted by the State Chairman to the 
Governor of Maryland and to the Woman's Committee of the Council of 
National Defense at Washington twice a year. 

Plan of Work 

I. Registration. 

II. Social and Weo'are Department. 

Section 1. Relief of Families of Soldiers and Sailors. 
Section 2. Comforts of Soldiers and Sailors. 

III. Thrift Department. 

Section 1. Food Production. 

Section 2. Home Economics and Food Conservation. 

170 



IV. EIducationax, Department. 

Section 1. Patriotic Education. 

Section 2. Americanization. 

Section 3. Preparation for Employment. 
V. Employment Department. 

Section 1. Women in Industry. 
VI. Medical and Nursing Department. 

Section 1. Nurses' Service. 

Section 2. Garments and Surgical Dressings. 

VII. Volunteer Service. 

Section 1. Co-ordination and Volunteer Service. 
Section 2. Emergency (a) Motor Messenger Service. 

VIII. Vigilance. 

Section 1. Child Welfare. 

Section 2. Recreation at Mobilization Centers. 
IX. Work of Colored Women. 
X. Liberty Loan. 
XI. Maintenance of Existing Social Agencies. 

Registration 

This Committee will carry out the plans of the Woman's Committee — 
Council of Defense to record in definite form the training, capacity and 
willingness to serve of the women of the State. The registration will 
include both trained and untrained service. 

Relief of Families of Soldiers and Sailors 

The work of this Committee, which is carried on by the Civilian Relief 
Department of the Red Cross (now known as the Home Service De- 
partment), is to take care of the families of soldiers and sailors needing 
assistance. The plan is to care for the families not only in a financial 
way, but to be of friendly service and use in whatever emergency may 
arise in a soldier or sailor's family. Medical, legal and other profes- 
sional aid will be rendered. It is the strong desire of this Committee 
to foster a spirit of co-operation and good-will among the enlisted men 
and to make them feel that there is at home a committee of intelligent 
and interested friends, under Red Cross management, ready all the time 
to help their families to tide over the trying period of war conditions. 

Comforts for Soldiers and Sailors 

shall include knitted sweaters, wristlets, mufflers, helmets and comfort 
Tliis Committee shall provide comforts for soldiers and sailors which 

171 



kits. These are forwarded through the Red Cross, Navy League, Mary- 
land Battery League. 

Food Production 

This Section has under its supervision the increase of food products by 
furthering the cultivation of vacant lots and land wherever it can be 
secured, back-yard gardens, school, institutional and park gardens. 

Food Conservation and Home Economics 

The duty of this Committee is to urge the conservation of food in 
every way — teaching first the necessity for conservation and then how 
it can be accomplished. The Committee circulates literature relating to 
the value of food, the substitution of cJtieap nutritive foods for expensive 
ones, and the preservation of vegetables and fruits. Classes are arran- 
ged for instruction in canning and drying fruits and vegetables. Meet- 
ings are held to instruct the public in the relative values of food and 
how to eliminate waste. The necessity of using products grown or man- 
ufactured in nearby communities is impressed upon all audiences in order 
to help solve the transportation problem. Community kitchens an; 
established in certain neighborhoods where housekeepers receive in- 
structions in scientific methods of the culinary art. 

Patriotic Education 

The plan of the Patriotic Education Committee is to embrace every 
opportunity of giving women and girls, through a system of meetings, an 
opportunity of hearing competent speakers, both male and female, on 
the ideals that underlie American Democracy ; why our country is at 
war and what the principles are for which America is fighting sdde bj 
side with the Entente Allies ; how that in supporting them she is fighting 
the war upon which she has enteral ; also how w^omen can best contri- 
bute to the country by thrift and economy in the management and con 
duct of their own homes and lives by preserving the moral tone of the 
men and women in their community by keeping a sane and well-balanced 
mental poise throughout the country by active work and by a training 
and self-discipline which makes for force and efiiciency. 

Americanization 

This Committee endeavors to get in touch with all aliens in Mary- 
land for the purpose of teaching them the principles of good citizenship. 
A list of all aliens above 16 years of age in the community has been 
secured through the census reports as compiled by the Men's Prepared- 
ness and Survey Commission, and an effort made to have these aliens 
agree to enter classes in English and Citizenship, which it is hoped to 
have established in the public schools. In order to arouse interest, 
illustrated talks on patriotism have been arranged, these talks being 
given when possible in the language of the aliens gathered at the 
meetings. 

172 



Preparation for Employment 

This Committee arranges for classes where instruction may be secured 
in all branches of employment where women may be compelled to take 
the place of men. Volunteer instructors are secured when possible, 
or instructors are asked as a patriotic duty to give instruction at 
cation from the Council is given so that only applicants sent to instruc- 
tors by the Commission shall receive the benefit of the reduced rate 
for tuition. 

Women in Industry 

In general, the aims and purposes of this committee are to consider 
all problems which may arise in connection with women in industry 
throughout the war. They shall include the necessary changes in occu- 
pations which the exigencies of the war may demand, the substitution 
of women for men in the various industries, and the demand for equal 
pay for equal work. In co-operation with the -National League for 
Woman's Service, the specific undertaking of the Committee will be the 
mobilization of women labor for the war industries of Maryland. Natur- 
ally, the plans formulated by the Committee must be changed or modi- 
fied, with changing conditions in the industrial world. With a view to 
entering upon this very serious work with a maximum of information 
regarding conditions, an expert investigator has been employed, and she 
is now engaged in a survey of the manufacturing industries of the 
city, first, those in which war contracts are involved, but with the inten- 
tion of ultimately covering all of the important industries not only in 
Baltimore, but throughout the entire State. 

Nurses* Service 

This division arranges for instruction to those desiring to become 
Red Cross Nurses or Nurses' Aides, by forming classes for instruction 
in First Aid, Home Nursing, Elementary Hygiene, Dietetics, etc., as 
provided by the Red Cross organization. All applicants for these 
branches are referred to the Red Cross, as no applicant can qualify for 
Government service unless a Registered Red Cross Nurse. 

Garments and Surgical Dressings 

This Committee has in charge all work connected with the making 
of garments, such as pajamas, bed sheets, slippers, etc., and the making 
of gauze or knitted bandages, and surgical dressings of all kinds. 

Co-ordination and Volunteer Service 

It shall be the duty of this Committee, first, to assist volunteers, who 
offer their services to find the work which from past experience and 
training they are best fitted to perform. Secondly, to prevent as far as 
possible all duplication and over-lapping of effort by bringing into har- 
monious and reciprocal relation the various city and State organizations 
capable of engaging in war emergency work. In connection with this 

173 



second duty, the Committee has made a complete register of all women's 
organizations throughout the State. 

Emergency Service 

This (Committee should be able to call into service immediately women 
for volunteer emergency work. 

(a) The Motor Messenger Service provides motors and drivers dur- 
ing the continuance of the war to answer any emergency call of the 
Governor, the Council, the Red Cross, the Navy League, and similar 
organizations engaged in war emergency work. 

Vigilance 

Section 1. The Child Welfare Section investigates all legislation 
relating to children and the effect that war has on their condition, and 
aims in every way to safeguard the health and welfare of children. 

Section 2. Recreation at Mobilization Centers Committee works with 
Y. W. C. A. and all organizations interested in establishing recreation 
centers and rest-rooms where the men, when off duty, may meet their 
friend and women relatives, and where they may find rest, entertainment 
and refreshment. These centers will be supervised by trained workers 
assisted by volunteers. 

Work of Colored Women 

The work of this Committee is carried on entirely through colored 
organizations, which undertake all lines of war emergency work that 
they are willing to perform. A member of the Council is Chairman of 
this Committee and representatives from the colored organizations 
serve on the Committee. 

Liberty Loan 

This Committee takes charge of the Liberty Loan Campaigns for the 
women throughout the State. 

Maintenance of Existing Social Agencies 

This Department has been established for the purpose of maintaining 
the same standards of social activities during the war time that have 
existed in times of peace and to further the maintenance of existing 
agencies for guarding public welfare. Not to organize new associations 
but to conserve the agencies which were in operation before the war; 
"especially those agencies which make for the preservation and improve- 
ment of public health and family life, the protection of motherhood and 
the preservation of children from the destrur-tive and demoralizing 
influence of war." 

Reports submitted regularly once a month by the Chairmen of State 
Committees and by the County Chairmen, make interesting reading and 
only from a perusal of these can there be obtaine<l a full appreciation 
of the wonderful work that the women of Maryland are doing. Lack of 
space prevents reproduction, but a brief summary of these reports sub- 

174 



mitted at a recent meeting of the Council will tend to give at least a 
faint idea of the women's work. 

The following synopses are taken from reports made by the Chair- 
man of the eighteen committees under which the work of the Council 
is performed. 

Registration 

No concerted effort has been made to register and classify all the 
women of the State for service, but plans are being considered for a 
registration to be made according to the official method of the Women's 
Committee of the Council of National Defense. 

Relief for Families of Soldiers and Sailors 

The work of this Committee is carried on through the Home Service 
Department of the Red Cross, of which Mr. J. Walter Lord is chairman 
and Miss Mary C. Goodwillie, vice-chairman. The active members 
are chiefly trained men and women, who bring to their work the sympa- 
thy and experience due to past service. While the following statistics 
point out the material assistance which has been given, the really im- 
portant aid given is not money, coal or clothing, but human, personal 
service — the sort of helpfulness which, in peace or in war, individuals 
are giving individuals, quietly and sympathetically. 

Visits by Volunteers 2151 

Visits by Secretary 493 

Total Number Applying 342 

No Relief 116 

Weekly Allotments 167 

Emergency 48 

Sick Diet 27 

Relatives Helped 5 

Employers Helped 8 

Transportation 2 

Loan 2 

Dental Aid 2 

Medical Attention 77 

Legal Aid 10 

Secured Employment 7 

Recreation 5 

Removal to Better Homes 10 

Illegitimacy 3 

Births 7 

Referred to Organizations 8 

Investigated for other societies 13 

Discharged 87 

Allotments secured 98 

Deserted a 

Died 3 

Re-enlisted 3 

175 



The organizations represented were the First Maryland, Fourth Mary« 
land, and Fifth Maryland Regiments, the Navy, Army, Marine Corps. 
District of Columbia National Guard, Coast Artillery, Naval Militia 
and Naval Reserves, Canadian Army, English Army, Johns Hopkins 
Hospital Unit, Field Hospital, National Guard, Pa. Engineers' Corps, 
Battery A, Ambulance Corps, Hospital Corps, Quartermasters' Corps, 
General Gaither's Staff, Aviation Corps, Drafted and Transport Workeis' 
Battalion. 

Comforts for Soldiers and Sailors 

The Women's Section — Maryland Council of Defense being a clearing- 
house for war worlj, this Committee has primarily endeavored to keei. 
in touch with the associations and patriotic societies engaged in work 
along these lines in the State. The members have been active in relieving 
individual cases. 

The Maryland Chapter of the Navy League reports that over 5.000 
soldiers and sailors have received equipment through that organization 
in the last six months. 

Ten Baltimore Chapters of the Red Cross report that the following 
articles have been shipped since May 1st: 4,288 sweaters, 5,268 wristlets, 
helmets, socks and mufflers, 8,000 comfort kits, and 1,204 foreign Christ- 
mas packets. 

The Bard Avon School Unit have sent mufflers, wristlets, socks, and 
even sweaters to Baltimore boys without families in Company E, 
115th Infantry. 

The Battery League of Maryland League of Maryland has sent to 
Batteries D, E, and F of the 112th Regiment of Field Artillery, 120 
sleeping bags made of warm blankets at a cost of $873.00. 

The Maryland League for National Defense has furnished 120 
sweaters. 

The Maryland Patriotic Knitting Club, under the direction of Mrs. 
William K. Tubman, and composed of girls and women who are em- 
ployed during the day, have shipped to Camp Anniston, Camp Meade and 
Camp Allen, 312 sweaters — sent to individuals. Eight hundred dollars 
has been raised by this Club for the purchase of wool. 

On October 23rd, in reply to a call sent to Maryland by Mrs. Charles 
A. Little, wife of Colonel Little, at Anniston, for sweaters for the Mary- 
land boys in the 11 5th Regiment of Infantry, application was made by 
the Chairman of this Committee to the Red Cross, Navy League and 
other organizations. The Red Cross waived its usual recognition and im- 
mediately shipped 250. Word has been received that most of the 
counties have shipped their quota and 800 have been sent from Balti- 
more. As fast as sweaters are made they are forwarded. 

Food Production 

In the spring and suumier of 1017, the Food Production Committee 
devoted its energies to stimulating interest in every community for the 

176 



purpose of increasing the number, size and productiveness of home 
gardens, community gardens and educational gardens. Existing organ- 
izations were used as far as possible to further the work, and other 
gardens were worked exclusively under the supervision of the Com- 
mittee. 

In Baltimore City there were reported 20,000 backyard gardens, of 
which 4,000 were entered in the Evening Sun Contest, which aided great- 
ly in stimulating interest. Twenty-five large, vacant lots, some used as 
dump heaps, were donated by the owners, were ploughed and fenced at 
the Committee's expense, and fertilized with street dirt given by the 
Street Cleaning Department. One large vacant lot garden was fenced by 
the Baltimore News, which, through its generous publicity, greatly aided 
in the gardening. These lots were divided into plots of about one- 
eighth of an acre and were worked by the people in the immediate 
neighborhoods, who, when the vegetables were ripe, availed themselves 
of lessons given at local canning and drying centers through the efforts 
of the Home Economics and Food Conservation Committee of the Coun- 
cil, and conserved their surplus produce. 

The Baltimore City School Board co-operated with the Committee in 
the cultivation of thirteen school gardens, divided into 595 individual 
plots. Eight institutional gardens in orphan asylums, homes for the 
aged and girls' homes were worked under the Committee's supervision. 
The children's gardens in six city parks, worked by 286 children, in co- 
operation with the Children's Playground Association, were an inspiring 
sight. In one park, 176 children regularly harvested their Sunday dinner, 
one little girl reaping a harvest sufficient for a family of nine. The 
total value of the produce from the park gardens amounted to $425.00. 

The counties of Maryland all reported renewed interest in vegetable 
gardening, many of them surpassing all previous years in the number 
of gardens, and in the variety and quantity of vegetables grown. In 
several of the counties, the vegetable gardens were planted and culti- 
vated entirely by the women. One woman in Dorchester County, by 
Intensive farming of a plot 20x20 feet, filled 360 jars with beans, corn 
and tomatoes, which she had raised. In Howard County, four sisters, 
on one acre of land, did all the work themselves except ploughing and 
raised enough vegetables to supply a family of adults from April to 
December. 

The campaign waged by this committee, besides increasing the food 
supply, aroused civic pride and a hearty spirit of co-operation in con- 
gested districts. Plans are already under way for next year 

Home Economics and Food Conservation 

Since the early part of May, this Committee, in co-operation with the 
State College of Agriculture and the Maryland Federation of Women's 
Clubs, has been spreading the gospel of economy and food conservation 
by promoting the canning, preserving and drying of fruits and vegetables 
iu the home. Thrift leaflets were perpared, printed and distributed 

177 



throughout the State. These leaflets contained the important principles 
of canning fuit and vegetables by the "cold-pack method" which is en- 
dorsed by the United States Department of Agriculture and has been 
used with success by housekeepers and young people in canning clubs 
throughout the country. 

Demonstrations by skilled agents sent to the counties and to Baltimore 
City by the State College of Agriculture were held in every section of the 
State. Schools were kept open during the summer for this important 
work and the hearty co-operation of the Granges was secured. In 
Baltimore City, sixteen schools were opened for demonstrations, the 
Women's Civic League conducted nine classes in different parts of the 
city, and the settlement houses, community centers and several churches 
were used by the War Emergency Agents, Miss Alice C. W^alton and Miss 
Pearl A. Bernhardt. Inquiries were answered by letter and by telephone 
for women who could not attend the lectures and demonstrations. The 
demonstration work among the colored women in Baltimore was success- 
fully conducted by Mrs. J. W. Shaw (colored). 

A course of four lectures on "Wartime Economies" arranged by Mrs. 
J. J. Abel, and given at the Arundell Club, attracted large and interested 
audiences. 

A Community Kitchen will be established at Locust Point in the near 
future, and if successful, it is hoped to have others in different parts of 
the city. 

This Committee also instituted "Uncle Sam's Shelf Week," under 
the direction of Mrs. Oscar Leser, which enabled the women of Mary- 
land to contribute from their surplus stocks of preserves, jellies, pickles 
and canned goods, a generous Thanksgiving treat for the soldiers and 
sailors stationed in Maryland. 

Patriotic Education 

In accordance with its duty, this Committee has arranged meetings 
and secured speakers on patriotic subjects for no fewer than fifty 
meetings since the first of October. In addition to holding meetings dur- 
ing the months of May and June, with the aid of the Motor Messenger 
Service of Baltimore, of which Mrs. Cary B. Gamble, is captain, 
the Registration Booths throughout Baltimore City were decorated with 
red, white and blue bunting, and copies of the President's War Message 
were delivered at the booths so that every man registering might receive 
a copy of this message stating the reasons why America is in the war. 

An American Flag was presented to Monsieur Viviani, in the name 
of the women of Maryland and a stand of the Allies Flags was at the 
same time pre.sented to the City of Baltimore. 

The Committee has been active in the Liberty Loan Campaigns, has 
co-operated with the Red Cross and has assisted in raising a fund to be 
used for establishing libraries at the camps. 

It has initiated a class in Patriotic Current Events at the Y. W. C. A., 
entitled "The Great War and Your Part In It," and in co-operation with 

178 



the Children's Playground Association, has arranged for a series of 
concerts and patriotic meetings at the Recreation Pier every Sunday 
afternoon. The first of these meetings took place on Sunday, Novemebr 
11th, and was well attended. 

Americanization 

The Americanization Committee in Baltimore City conslts of twenty- 
four members, five of whom act as an Executive Board to map out the 
work for the State. In the counties, the work is under the direction 
of a chairman, appointed by the Women's Section — Maryland Council of 
Defense in the various counties. The aim of the committee is to make 
good American citizens of the foreigners in this State (1) by telling 
them how to become citizens, and (2) by teaching the ideals of citizen- 
ship. 

The Committee's first work was, to secure from the census reports 
gathered by the State immediately after war was declared, the names of 
aliens and the nationality of each. There were found to be 2,0S7 aliens 
In tHe counties of Maryland, and 10,876 in Baltimore City. With this 
large alien population in Baltimore City, attendance at the classes in 
citizenship in the public schools was found to be only 53, and of this 
number nearly 30 per cent, dropped off before the courses were finished. 
These facts seemed to indicate that the work of the Committee should 
be to encourage the attendance at the night schools and, witlf the 
co-operation of the school authorities, to establish classes which would 
be sufl5ciently attractive to hold the attendance during a course in 
English and Citizensliip. 

With the advice and co-operation of Mr. Orem Moore, Chief Examiner 
of the Federal Bureau of Naturalization, and Dr. Isaac Aaronson, of 
the Jewish Educational Alliance, the committee has worked along this 
line, selecting Locust Point (Ward 24) as the locality for the first ex- 
periment. Of the numerous methods tried during the past few months 
(which included meetings, reply postals in three different languages, 
posters in the large industrial plants, etc., none have brought sufficient 
response to justify a request of the School Board to open a night school 
in that neighborhood. The Committee has, therefore, engaged a woman 
who speaks both Polish and Russian to make a house to house canvas, 
and in this way we hope to gather the necessary data to open the 
way to a more friendly relation with the men and their families. 

The line of work followed by this Committee is that pursued in other 
States and has been directed by the Committee of the National American 
Woman Suffrage Association. 

Preparation for Employment 

A member of this Committee is at headquarters every day from 12 
until 2 P. M., or can be seen by appointment, to recommend places for 
instruction in Bookkeeping, French, Home Nursing, Languages, Motor 
Driving, Motor Mechanism, Telephone Operating, Wireless Telegraphy, 

179 



ytenography and Typewriting, Domestic Art, Handicraft and Household 
Management. Many letters tiave been received and promptly answered. 
Instruction in some branches is free, and in others a rebate is allowed 
to all students enrolling with the Committee. Many of the applicants 
wish to take up one course, and then do volunteer work, and many 
working women have studied at night after toiling all day so that they 
can "do their bit." 

Motor Driving and Motor Mechanism are the most popular branches. 
Only a few of the applicants intend to go ot France; the others expect to 
volunteer for service here when the need arises. At present there are 
three classes in Motor Mechanism, and new members are joining every 
week. Stenography and Typewriting are next in popularity. The mem- 
bers of this Committee, recognizing the great need for stenographers, are 
themselves taking the course and urge their friends to do so. 

Even though Wireless Telegraphy is very difficult, a few earnest 
and clever applicants have undertaken it, and some have already gradu- 
ated. Many women have taken up telegraphy and telephone operating 
and quite a number are studying Home Nursing. 

The women who seek our advice and help are all earnest workers 
and after being told where they are most needed go at once to work and 
often come back to report their progress. 

Women in Industry 

The Committee on Women in Industry inaugurated its work by making 
a very gratifying connection with the National League for Women's 
Service. Even before the declaration of war by the United States, the 
League had assumed as its responsibility the mobilization of woman 
labor for war industries. By way of preparation for carrying out this 
work in Maryland, this Committee undertook an industrial survey. The 
purpose of the survey was to find out whether there was a shortage 
of woman labor or whether there were in the community trained wo- 
men available for employment. The first call for help in recruiting 
woman labor came from the canneries, which from the point of view 
of the number of wage-earners, employed, represent the second largest 
industry to the State. The campaigns for recruits was successful in an 
unexpected way. The object was to inspire women not engaged in In- 
dustrial occupations to undertake work in the canneries. Women of 
leisure, professional women and students on vacation did respond in 
satisfactory numbers, but their Industrial value was small. On the other 
hand, their presence in the canneries raised the standing of the industry 
and brought back experienced women who had given up the work. 
There are indications that similar results will develop from future cam- 
paigns in the interest of other war industries. Calls have also come 
from several manufacturers of army breeches, and women are being 
seat into the factories where needed as rapidly as they volunteer, 

180 



Nursing Service 

In submitting a report of the Nursing Service, it must be remembered 
that all worli of a general character necessarily gave way to the press- 
ing needs of the time and season, such as Home Gardening. Canning, 
Preserving, and the appeal for hospital supplies; also that the Educa- 
tional Department of the Red Cross which conducts the classes in 
Baltimore was closed for the summer. 

In spite of these facts, between twenty and thirty classes in Home 
Nursing and about twenty-five in First Aid have been reported through- 
out the State, each class, in accordance with the regulations of the Red 
Cross, averaging twenty members. 

A letter was sent out by the Coaimittee urging all who would to be- 
come trained nurses to qualify as teachers. To encourage the register- 
ing of those capable of giving instructions in dietetics and to organize 
as many classes as possible for instruction under the Red Ctoss, the 
Committee, in the near future, will issue a prospectus with suggestions 
for impressing upon women the benefit of this education not only as 
a war measure, but one which cannot fail in time to have a beneficial 
influence on the health of the community. It is hoped to establish in 
churches and clubs night classes for the benefit of women employed 
during the day. 

Garments and Surgical Dressings 

This Committee was formed with the idea (1) of interesting the 
women of the State in the making of surgical dressings and garments 
by keeping before them the tremendous need for these articles; (2) of 
showing the value of co-operation between all agencies doing a like 
work and proving that antagonism meant over-lapping and waste of 
time and money ; and (3) of keeping in touch with the w'ork that a yearly 
report might be compiled of what Maryland as a State has accomplished. 

Since April, 1917, reports have been received from Red Cross organi- 
zations in Baltimore City and thirteen counties showing that through 
these organizations 37,249 garments have been made and 342,679 surgical 
dressings have been prepared. A recent report from the National Sur- 
gical Dressings Committee shows that the members of this organization, 
throughout the State, have made 225,656 surgical dressings. In this 
report of the Red Cross and National Surgical Dressings Committee,^ 
no mention is made of knitted garments, bed or table linens, or any 
hospital supplies, of which there have been thousands. 

Red Cross chapters have been formed in sixteen counties. Four 
counties already had chapters, and three are in process of formation. 
While the forming of the chapters was done by the National Red Cross 
Society, over half of the work done in the entire State, outside of Balti- 
more City and Baltimore County, was inspired by the Women's Section 
of the Maryland Council of Defense. Twenty visits have been made 
by a member of the Council to the counties for this purpose. 

181 



Co-ordination and Volunteer Service 

The Women's Section — Maryland Council of Defense ia organizing its 
work decided that in order to secure the proper mobilization of the 
woman power of the State, the fii-st and fundamental step was to learn 
what working machinery already existed. It was determined, therefore, 
to make a systematic effort to secure a register of all women's organi- 
zations throughout the State. The Committee on Co-ordination and 
Volunteer Service, during the past six months, has been engaged in com- 
piling this register which, we believe, will be of great assistance not 
only in the present war emergency, but for all future work, in the State. 
Maryland is believed to be the first State that has undertaken this task. 

Each County Chairman with the aid of an enrolling officer endeavored 
to secure certain data concerning every woman's organization in the 
county, this data consisting of the name and object of the organization, 
the number of its membership, whether composed of women only, or men 
and women, and the name and address of its President and Secretary. 
The various lines of work inaugurated by the Council were also listed, 
with the request that the organization enrolling specify the line or lines 
of work in which it was already engaged, or which it would like to 
undertake. The filling in of the blank did not obligate the organization 
to do the work indicated. With three counties still to be heard from 
1,328 organizations throughout the counties and 1,100 in Baltimore City 
have been recorded, and much work still remains to be done. The list 
includes church, beneficial and fraternal associations, women's clubs, 
historical and patriotic societies, educational, literary, musical and 
recreational organizations, trade union leagues, and auxiliaries and 
women's boards of hospitals and asylums. 

Although the returns are not yet complete, nor have they been fuliy 
classified and tabulated, the register proved of inestimable value for 
propaganda work in the Liberty Loan Campaign, and for securing 
volunteers to assist in the Food Conservation Campaign. 

Emergency 

This Committee has secured the names of a large number of women 
prepared to answer emergency calls for service. When it was organized, 
the Men's Section of the Preparedness Commission was engaged 
in taking a census of the men of the State over sixteen years of age, 
and for several months the Emergency Committee assisted in the tabu- 
lation of the census reports. The Committee recently answered a call 
for volunteers to assist several of the District Draft Board in com- 
piling data for Provost Marshal General Crowder at Washington, the 
workers being complimented on their ability to complete the task as- 
signed them in two days instead of six as had been anticipated. 

A sub-division of the Committee's activities is the Motor Messenger 
Service, inaugurated in Ma.v, 1017, the first unit operating in Balti- 
more City. It began with sixty members, all women who contribute 

182 



and operate their own cars for war emergency work. The women, 
when on duty, wear a distinctive uuiform, and the car bears a diamond- 
shaped insignia with the words "U. S. Motor Messenger Service" in 
black letters on a yellow background. In addition to Baltimore City, 
nine counties have organized the service, each with a captain, adjutant 
and lieutenant. The volunteers pledge a certain amount of time each 
week and if unable to report for duty at the appointed time secure a 
substitute. 

The first big task set the mesengers in Baltimore, who are under 
the command of Mrs. Gary B. Gamble, and which they creditably 
performed, was that of distributing the red, white and blue bunting 
which was used to decorate the registration places on June 21st, and 
the President's War Message so that each registrant might receive 
a copy. In many instances the Messengers themselves climbed ladders 
and draped the bunting. 

They next distributed posters and carried speakers to various parts 
of the city during the Baltimore Fund Campaign. The Food Production 
Committee of the Council availed themselves of the services of a 
Motor Messenger every day from May 1 until Sptember 15. Some 
of the Messengers became so interested in the gardens that they carried 
soil and helped plant vegetables. The Women's Liberty Loan Com- 
mittee also took advantage of the services offered by the Motor Mes- 
sengers, who distributed signs and posters, and carried speakers to 
meetings in various parts of the city. The Red Cross and Navy League 
use the service constantly and when a hurry call for sweaters or other 
equipment comes from Washington, the Motor Messengers rush the 
shipment to that city so that garments or supplies may be shipped with- 
out delay to the various cantonments. Camp Meade has several times 
called on the Motor Messengers, but due to impassable roads, some of 
these calls could not be answered. One of the Messengers recently had 
the honor of carrying Madame Schuman-Heink to the camp where she 
sang for the boys. This service also proved of value in the Food Con- 
servation Campaign, being called uix)n to rush food pledge cards, win- 
dow and kitchen cards to Recruiting Officers whose supply had given 
out and who desired an additional supply, so that their work of obtain- 
ing signers might not be interrupted. 

Captain Gamble recently attended a meeting in Philadelphia with 
representatives of the Motor Messenger Service from 11 other States. 
From reports submitted, the Service in Baltimore City was better 
organized and answered a greater variety of calls than any of the 
other 12 cities represented. 

Although the service is particularly hard in the counties, as all 
county roads are not good and distances to be traveled in many instan- 
ces much greater than in Baltimore, nine counties have succeeded in 
perfecting the organization of this branch of war service and have 
found it of incalculable value. 

183 



Child Welfare 

The work of tbis Committee has been directed entirely toward the 
enforcement of the Ohild Labor Law. When an effort was made at 
the Extra Session of the Legislature to have the Child Labor Law 
suspended, an appeal was made both to Governor Harrington and to 
the members of the Legislature with the result that the law remained 
unimpaired. Some difficulty is found with the children who have not 
finished the fifth grade at school as required by the law. All kinds of 
excuses are made. Upon physical examination, conditions are found 
in many that are directly responsible for their retardation, and which 
should have been corrected early in the school life. 

Possibly ths most effective work observed during the summer was 
that of Miss Mathilde Selig, of the Child Labor Bureau, and Miss 
Talbott, Principal of School No. 6, in an effort to keep the children 
out of packing-houses while the mothers were employed there. Per- 
mission was secured from the School Board to use School No. 6 as a 
social center for the children. All organizations interested in child 
welfare were invited to take part in this work. Children of all ages 
were cared for, from the infant of a few months to the child of 12 
years, who was not permitted to work in the canneries. This splendid 
work did untold good. It allowed the mother — a skilled worker — to 
help herself and the State and provided excellent care, training and 
two meals a day for the child beyond infancy, and expert care for 
the otherwise neglected infant. It relieved the packers from the lia- 
bility of accident and from prosecution for having children of illegal 
age in the canneries. The packers appreciated this and met the 
entire expense of the work. It relieved the Labor Bureau of respon- 
sibility of constant oversight and prosecution. 

At present everything is being done to put into effective operation 
the Federal, as well as the State Child Labor Law. 

Recreation and Mobilization Centers 

This Committee in co-operation with the War Work Council of the 
Young Women's Christian Association, reports that since June 1. two 
theater meetings and one parlor meeting have l>een held in the interest 
of the Patriotic League for Girls and Young Women, and hundreds 
have signified their wish to express their patriotism according to the 
following form : "By doing better than ever before whatever work I 
have to do, by rendering whatever special service I can to my com- 
munity and country, by living up to the highest standards of char- 
acter and honor and helping others to do the same." 

At a meeting of women held on June 20 at the residence of Mrs. William 
M. Manly, about $22,000 was raised towards the $4,000,000 fund of the 
National War Work Council of the Y. W. C. A., this fund to be used at 
camps and cantonments, munition and uniform factories and other 
centers created by war emergency. 

184 



Every Thursday evenins, during July and August, entertainments 
were held for the corps of engineers at Camp Meade, first in the Masonic 
Hall at Odenton and later in the Y. M. C. A. Tent in the cantonment. 
Refreshments were served. 

A Hostess House, where women relatives and friends may meet the 
men in command, has been erected within the reservation at Camp Meade 
and was dedicated and formally opened on Sunday, December 2. A 
trained director will be in charge. 

A series of lectures for teachers, mothers and girls on Social Hygiene 
will be given in Baltimore and in the counties adjacent Camp Meade, the 
series to extend over a comparatively short period of time. 

A club for men in uniform, known as the United Service Club, has 
been opened under the management and direction of the Congress of 
Mothers, at 204 and 206 W. Fayette St., Baltimore. Sleeping accommo- 
dations for 30 men have been provided, which, upon demand, will be 
increased to 150. The club is well patronized. 

Work of Colored Women 

This Committee is composed of two white women and five colored 
women. The work is centralized in the office at 953 Druid Hill Ave., 
which has been the center of a wide range of social and civic activity. 
Regular meetings of the Committee have been held since June, and 
defense work reported and reviewed. 

During June, the school gardens at No. 107, a large number of back- 
yard gardens, an open-lot garden at Carey and Winchester Sts., and the 
securing of a site in Druid Hill Park for the Colored High School were 
among the activities reported. A larger number of gardens than ever 
before in colored neighborhoods were planted — instances being given of 
persons who had taken up the bricks in their tiny back yards to plant 
vegetables. 

During July, in addition to the garden work, reports of Red Cross 
work were added. Through special effort $108 was raised and sent to 
the East St. Louis riot sufferers. A volunteer worker succeeded in 
having 150 bags made for the First Separate Colored Company of Mary- 
land, and subsequently funds were raised to fill these bags at a whole- 
sale cost of about 75 cents. The bags were then forwarded to the Com- 
pany. 

Also in July, a Canning Class, financed by the Women's Civic League, 
was conducted at the headquarters where 25 women were instructed in 
the new methods of canning vegetables. This acted as an incentive to 
many housekeepers and reports show an increased number of well- 
stocked pantries. 

About July 15, a Special Agent from the State College of Agriculture 
was sent to Baltimore, and with headquarters at this office, together 
with the Field Secretary, a line of work was mapped out which covered 
the six weeks to August 31. Clubs and classes were formed and house to 
house instruction given by the Agent, Mrs. J. W. Shaw, with remarkable 

185 



success. Products from open-lot gardens were put up at Canning Clubs 
situatefl near them. In homes where little thrift was evident, much 
valuable work was done. 

County work covered Anne Arundel, Baltimore, Cecil, Dorchester, 
Talbot and Wicomico. 

The other activities which came directly within the province of the 
worker for the Council of Defense were registering employes for the 
canneries and for the Camp Meade Laundry; making social investiga- 
tions concerning same; speaking and writing for the enlightenment and 
enlistment of patriotic interest in the great cause. Audiences in the 
counties expressed a clearer understanding of the situation after such 
attempts. 

In the recent Food Conservation Campaign, 150 workers were enlisted 
to reach the colored women in the city districts, with good results. 

So much interest has been created in the Red Cross through the efforts 
of the Council that it has been considered necessary to establish a 
colored branch of the Baltimore Chapter, and steps have been taken to 
do this. Knitting classes have also been formed which later will be 
organized as auxiliaries of the Baltimore branch. 

Liberty Loan 

The Women's Liberty Loan Committee for the first loan was organized 
in May, 1917, with Mrs. Robert Garrett as State Chairman. The County 
Chairmen of the Council acted as Liberty Loan Chairmen in their 
respective counties. A vast number of women were reached through 
their clubs, churches, societies and Red Cross Circles, but it was im- 
possible to ascertain just how many women subscribed to bonds and to 
what extent. But the hearty co-operation on all sides convinced us of 
the value of the work done by the women of the State. 

The Committee disbanded at the close of the campaign in June, 
but in September, at the request of the Secretary of the Treasury, was 
again called into service through the National Woman's Liberty 
Loan Committee in Washington. Headquarters were established 
with the Central rx)an Committee and the County Chairmen of the 
Women's Section — Maryland Council of Defense were again asked to 
take over the work in their counties. Where the County Chairman 
was unable to do so, she appointed another woman in her place to act as 
Liberty Loan Chairman for the County. The work was carried on by 
these women in the rural districts as well as in the townships and our 
better organization led to a more far-reaching distribution of informa- 
tion, a better response to a national obligation, and a heartier co-operation 
between the Committees in charge. 

The women were again reached through their churches, clubs, societies 
and Red Cross Circles, and in some sections by a house-to-house canvas, 
The excellent work done by the women in the rural districts and the 
success of their efforts was shown in the large increase of subscriptions, 
<iarrett County alone increasing from 12 to 101, and other sections 
returning as many as 584 subscriptions. 

186 



It has been difficult to get full reports as in many cases no figures 
have been sent in, due to the fact that the subscriptions were made 
largely through local banks which reported through the Federal Reserve 
Bank of the Fifth District. 

This Committee distributed much literature and issued its owa sut>- 
scription blanks as those from Washington were so long delayed. The 
Committee worked in direct connection with the Men's Committee 
throughout the State and they were most helpful and co-operative in 
every way. 

As far as we have been able to ascertain in the second campaign 
there have been women subscribers to the number of .^,034 (with counties 
alone) and bonds (for counties and Baltimore City) to the amount of 
^1,374,706.50, but it is not to be supposed that this represents the num- 
ber of Maryland women who took part in the Loan nor do the figures 
represent women's savings as put in the National Loan. Men have sub- 
scribed through our Committee and many women subscribed through the 
Men's Committee so that a perfect report is impossible to secure. 

In the future, we shall have our blanks ready before the campaign 
starts and will distribute them to all agencies handling the bonds in 
order that a record of the women's contributions may be more easily 
kept. 

The aforegoing synopses of the reports of the Chairmen of State Com- 
mittees are generalizations of the State-wide work, but any account deal- 
ing with the subject of war emergency work of the women of Maryland 
would be incomplete without some reference, however brief, to the 
detailed activities of the women in the various political sub-divisions 
of the State. We accordingly append short and necessarily inadequate 
statements of the work in the counties. 

Allegany 

The work here was organized May 5 with headquarters in the City 
Hall at Cumberland. Representatives of nearly ail the women's organi- 
zations met on May 17, in response to the appeal of the County Chair- 
man, and every phase of the work, as outlined by the State Plan, was 
in some degree undertaken. 

The Red Cross and Navy League are thoroughly organized and doing 
splendid work. 

In July, "Home Economics Week" was inaugurated and the "Woman's 
Army Against Waste," 1,200 strong, equipped with av Army Kitchen, 
where surplus fruits and vegetables were collected, canned, preserved 
and pickled, waged and won a vital campaign against waste. Valiant 
aid was rendered by the Press, and the County Demonstration Agent, a 
War Agent, a Local Committee, Girls' Canning Clubs, the Home Demon- 
stration Club, and the housewives of the County (both white and colored). 

The National Food Conservation Campaign and the Liberty Loan Cam- 
paign were entered with enthusiasm and the results were most satis- 
factory. 

187 



Anne Arundel 

Here the work is well organized under the direction of five Section 
Chairmen and eight District Leaders. Particular attention has been 
given to the conservation of food and 22 clubs, with an attendance of 
8O0 members, have been formed by the Home Economics Agent. One 
hundred and fifty food demonstrations have been given and three out- 
door demonstrations, with the result that 20,000 containers have been 
packed with food of diflferent kinds by the housewives of Anne Arundel 
and only nine jars lost. Through the activity of the Thrift Section, the 
Home Economics Club of Lothian has placed unusually large orders for 
canned goods. They report 4,952 quarts of canned fruits and vegetables 
and a total of $83.70. One member, Mrs. T. J. Hall, 3d, has personally 
canned 3,000 quarts of fruit and vegetables. The Mothers' Circle organ- 
ized a Community Kitchen in the Annapolis High School and over 500 
jars were canned and sold for the benefit of the Red Cross. Five thou- 
sand Thrift Pledge Cards were distributed in the July campaign, and 
a second campaign is now in progress. 

A Registration Day Parade was arranged and thirty-one Prepared- 
ness meetings have been held throughout the county. 

The National Surgical Dressings Committee reported 17,2G8 articles 
made since May 1st, and a weekly average attendance of forty-five 
members. 

The Navy T^eague reported over I.CKX) knitted articles finished and 
shipped since May 1st. 

Baltimore County 

Reports from the women of this county are summarized as follows: 

1. Food Production — Fifteen District Leaders, each with four assist- 
ants, actively engaged in food pro<luction and conservation. Three thou- 
sand "Farmers' Aid" papers distributed and 1,500 "Farmers' Aid But- 
tons" given to persons only working a garden. Seven thousand three 
hundred and seventy-five cabbage and tomato plants and $8.10 worth 
of miscellaneous seeds distributed. Twenty-four Community and Chil- 
dren's Gardens and one Colored Community Garden established. 

2. Dairy and Poultry Products — Demonstrations given in egg-pack- 
ing in water-glass. 

3. Home Economics — A complete portable equipment for canning, 
drying and fireless cooking, and services of professional demonstration 
agent secured. Demonstrations held all over the county. 

Agent's reports show : 

Demonstrations held 57 

Bulletins mailed 540 

Ijetters written 136 

Home consultations 147 

Miles traveled 2234 

Persons reached by demonstrations 1811 

Visits made 38 

188 



Competitive canning exhibit held at Timonium for colored women. 
Two hundred and twenty-six jars entered : 13 prizes awarded ; 30 gross 
jars purchased by the Committee, sold at cost to poor people. Bulletin 
on home canning, drying and tireless cooking, and recipes prepared and 
distributed free. Twenty-six thousand four hundred and fifty Hoover 
Food Pledge Cards distributed by seven women in the July campaign. 
A second campaign is now in progress. 

4. Patriotic Education — One hundred and sixteen white and 36 colored 
public schools show 16,681 children enlisted in war-relief work, home 
and neighborhood gardens. Six thousand seven hundred and thirty-five 
garden leaflets, 1,000 garden primers and thousands of copies of the 
President's War Message have been distributed. All Roman Catholic 
schools reported organized and self-sustaining in most cases. Private 
schools surveyed and reports show that they are awake to their respon- 
sibility. Teachers organized and educational campaign planned for the 
winter. 

5. Americanization. — This Committee has completed tabulating the 
war census of aliens in 11 districts. 

6. The Red Crosa reports that there are 36 centers working in 
Baltimore County. 

7. Classes in Home and Infant Nursing to relieve the scarcity of 
doctors and nurses called to the front, are to be organized in each 
district. Fives classes of 15 members each have already been formed. 

8. Volunteer Service. Oirl Scouts — Nine troops organized since April, 
Girl Scout Council has been formed through the efforts of the Chairman 
of this Committee to promote scout work and arrangements have been 
made with the Field Secretary of the National Headquarters to hold 
classes for instructing Girl Scout Captains at McCoy Hall, open to all 
girls in Baltimore City and Baltimore County. 

9. Co-ordination. — All clubs, granges and societies in the County 
surveyed. One hundred and fifteen organizations enlisted and pledged 
to co-operate with the Council in war relief work. 

10. Emergency. — In response to an appeal from Batteries D, E and 
F. Maryland Field Artillery, for sweaters, 80 sweaters have been made 
and forwarded and 160 more are now being made, making a total of 240. 

11. Vigilance. — The Baltimore County Branch, Children's Aid Society, 
gives a detailed report of aid rendered to families and children. Cloth- 
ing, hospital care, physical examinations, employment and foster and 
Institutional homes provided. 

12. Work for Colored Women. — Colored units organized for war relief 
work in each district, with colored women as Chairmen. 

Calvert 

Although the population in this County is widely scattered and 
means of communication difficult, the work has been prosecuted with 
vigor and success. The increased acreage in crops and food products 
which have been so successfully and abundantly grown in our county 

189 



this year have aroused an interest heretofore unknown among the people. 
The first county-wide exhibit ever held in Calvert took place on Novem- 
ber 20. 

Shortly after the Council was appointed, the Thrift Committee was 
thoroughly organized. A county Agent was sent by the Maryland State 
College of Agriculture to assist with the work during the summer. The 
County was divided into eight districts with a Chairman and Assistants 
in each. The County Agent held meetings in each District every two 
weeks and demonstrated the canning of fruits and vegetables, the use of 
nuts as food, and many inexpensive recipes for meat substitutes. The 
attendance and interest shown at these meetings were remarkable. 

Twenty-two organizations most of them supporting churches, have been 
registered for war relief work. 

On September 4, a chapter of the American Red Cross for Calvert 
County was organized with 150 members, and new members are constant- 
ly being enrolled. The members are organizing local Circles throughout 
the County. Six have already been formed and are busy raising funds 
to purchase necessary supplies. The Chapter has donated money to 
purchase knitting materials so that each man drafted from the County 
will have a complete outfit. The Prince Frederick Red Cross Circle 
gave a banquet to the drafted men just before they were called to camp. 
A First Aid Class has been organized and is well under way. 

Through the efforts of the Women's Liberty Loan Committee, 800 
subscription blanks sent by the State Committee were either delivered 
personally or mailed in the County. In some districts a house to house 
canvass was made and every means used to awaken interest and enthu- 
siasm. The very attractive Liberty Loan Posters were distributed to 
those who subscribed. At a Liberty Loan meeting held in Prince Fred- 
erick on October 23, there was the largest number of women ever present 
at a public gathering in the county. In the first Liberty Loan Campaign, 
Calvert County subscribed only $15,000. In the second, her minimum 
apportionment was $37,000 and maximum $62,000. The total subscription 
reached nearly $60,000, and the banks report that fully 50 per cent, 
of this was due to the efforts of the women. Nearly 100 women have 
taken bonds to the amount of $10,000, and when we are called on for 
the Third Liberty Loan, we feel sure that the women will show still 
greater interest and enthusiasm. 

Caroline 

Much credit for the work accomplished in Caroline County is due 
to Mrs. Thomas W. Jones, until recently the County Chairman. The 
Women's Section Maryland Council of Defense for Caroline County 
devoted its energies to food conservation in the spring. Five hundred 
and thirty children were providetl with garden seeds and instructions 
for planting. Sixty Food Demonstrations (four by the State Specialist 
in Canning), through 10 organizations, were attended by 934 women, 

190 



and 449 Governmtnt Bulletins were distributed. A special demonstration 
was given at each of the four canning clubs for colored people. 

An enrollment of 68 women's organization, officers and members, 
for volunteer service has been made. A Library Fund Campaign has 
been conducted, and patriotic meetings and entertainments for both 
enlisted and drafted men. 

A Chapter of the Red Cross was organized in June with working Cir- 
cles in each town. Five thousand sixty-one dollars and two cents has 
been collected for the work of the Red Cross since organization. A 
Base Hospital equipment for 45 patients, costing approximately $1,000 
has just been shipped. Two hundred and nineteen Comfort Kits have 
been filled. Much has been accomplished in the Knitting Department 
and much more could be accomplished were it not for the difficulty in 
obtaining wool. 

Carroll 

The activities of the Carroll County Division began with a public 
meeting at Westminster, and due to the splendid co-operation of the men 
of the county, good results have been attained. Through the generosity 
of a patriotic citizen a large corner building was secured as headquarters 
for the Council and is shared with the Red Cross and Navy League. 

Through newspaper publicity and public meetings, intensive farming 
of garden vegetables was urged, with the result that 59 per cent, of the 
town and 90 per cent, of the County maintained gardens. 

Although the people of Carroll are naturally thrifty and economical, 
the recent appointment of a County Demonstrator by the State College 
of Agriculture will, no doubt, stimulate interest in food conservation as 
urged by the Federal J^ood Administration. Over 7,000 Hoover Pledges 
were distributed in the July campaign, and the second campaign is under 
way. An "Uncle Sam's Shelf" for canned or preserved food for civilian 
relief originated in Sykesville, and a hurry call for sweets to go to the 
camps in Maryland as a Thanksgiving treat, brought forth 800 jars with- 
in a few days. 

A Red Cross Chapter started in July now numbers 1,500 members, 
actively engaged in all branches of Red Cross work. The Navy League 
unit fitted out the crew of the Submarine Chaser No. 79 with knitted 
garments and has made many additional garments for the boys at Annis- 
ton and Camp Meade, raising money for the wool by the sale of fancy 
bags. 

The Patriotic Education Committee has received splendid co-operation 
from the County Superintendent of Schools and the teachers. Domestic 
Science and practical business courses have been instituted and extra 
classes have been formed for those unable to attend the regular school 
courses. A period of each day has been assigned to give the children 
an opportunity to do their bit for the Red Cross and patriotism is in- 
stilled by song, readings, and sentences used for instruction in penman- 
ship. 

191 



T'lo welfare of the children is being carefully looked after. The women 
of Carroll took an active part in both Liberty Loan Campaigns with 
excellent results. 

Cecil 

It is not possible to tabulate in cold statistics the activities or the 
results of the activities of the women of Cecil County under the auspices 
of the Women's Section — Maryland Council of Defense. Much very im- 
portant work has been done along several lines by women who technically 
are not members of any organization. The women and people of the 
County generally have been resultfully occupied in the essential work 
of the increased production and conservation of food. Extensive and 
intensive gardening and fruit culture have been followed by careful hus- 
banding, storing, canning, etc. "Raise more and waste nothing" has 
been the slogan of our people in Cecil. 

The Navy League has five vigorous organizations in Cecil, with a large 
membership working energetically and successfully along the lines map- 
ped out by that organization. 

The American Red Cross is represented in our County by a Chapter 
Tvhich has eight Auxiliaries busily engaged in the various departments of 
the Red Cross work: Surgical dressings, knitting, hospital garments and 
supplies, junior work, etc. Many sweaters for both Army and Navy have 
been knitted, while every member of our Company of the First Regi- 
ment — Company E — was provided with a Comfort Kit prior to the de- 
parture of the Company for Camp McClellan, at Anniston, Alabama. 

Charles 

Due to illness, the Chairman was forced to resign before the organi- 
zation of Charles County could be perfected, and although the work of 
the Council has been somewhat handicapped here for this reason, the 
women of Charles, as in other counties, have fully demonstrated their 
patriotism by enthusiastic effort in the various lines of war emergency 
work. 

As a result of a very stirring address made to the people by Governor 
Harrington on May 28, shortly after the Council was appointed, much 
interest was shown in the production of food and larger crops were 
planted, worked and harvested than ever before. The housewives of 
Charles County responded to the appeal to conserve the food supply and 
many signed the food pledge cards distributed in July. The Girls' 
Canning Clubs have done splendid work. 

A Red Cross Chapter is being organized and many garments and 
sweaters have been made. 

The Liberty Loan allotment for Charles County was largely over- 
subscribed. 

The County organized to invite the soldiers to spend Thanksgiving 
Day as guests of private families. 

192 



Dorchester 

During the past six months Dorchester County has surpassed all 
former records both in production and conservation of food. This con- 
servation was not confined to any one section nor to any one class of 
people. One woman filled over GOO quart jars with food planted and 
raised eotirely through her own efforts. Canning Demonstrations were 
held in each District. 

A Dorchester County Red Cross Chapter was organized and 17 organi- 
zations are doing Red Cross and Navy League work. Two First Aid 
Classes have finished their courses and three are under instruction. 

Much attention has been given to child welfare work. Violations of 
the Federal Child Labor Law have been reported and 50 children return- 
ed to school from places of employment. 

Relief has been given several families left without funds — the hus- 
bands in each case a member of Company C, at Anniston. 

Several meetings for colored women have been held, and they have 
responded in a most gratifying way. Besides assisting in the signing 
of the Hoover Pledge Cards, they are now organized for Red Ci'oss 
work, and are raising money for wool to furnish sweaters, etc., for the 
56 drafted colored men who left the County on October 30. 

Two Junior Knitting Classes are at work ; one child of seven now 
knitting her second sweater. 

The women of the County stood firmly behind the Liberty Loan. We 
have endeavored to arouse the women of the County to the necessity 
of co-operation to overcome indifference, and to emphasize the fact that 
the American women will prove a tremendous force in war time. 

Frederick 

There are organizations in 25 towns of Frederick County. Thirteen 
Girls' Clubs are doing active work. One hundred and twenty-five gar- 
dens have been planted by girls and 25 by women. Sixty-seven girls 
are raising thoroughbred poultry. 

On Registration Day, 600 copies of the President's War Message were 
distributed throughout the Voting Precincts of Frederick. 

The Chairman of the Thrift Section assisted the State Demonstration 
Agent at Emmitsburg, Burkittsville, Jefferson, Braddock and Urbana. 
A demonstration in canning and drying was given at the Armory in 
Frederick before a gathering of 200 women. The Girls' Canning Club 
reports 10,000 containers of fruit and vegetables canned. Emmitsburg 
reports 8,000 canned by the Defense League. 

In July, 5,000 Hoover Food Pledges were distributed. Eight canneries 
were interviewed regarding the shortage of labor and the Commission 
undertook the supplying of female labor in the event that the need 
might arise. Thirteen canning demonstrations, seven drying demonstra- 
tions and 12 sewing demonstrations were given during this month. A 
meeting of colored women was held and demonstrations were given in 

193 



canning, di"ying, bread making, and the use of left-overs. The colored 
women are manifesting great interest in the conservation of food. 
The Principal of one of the Colored Schools took a summer course at 
Hampton and will teach Domestic Science in his schools during the 
winter. 

The women of Frederick are actively engaged in all kinds of Red 
Cross work. 

As both Liberty Loans were taken over by the banks of Frederick 
County, the Women's Liberty Loan Committee devoted its efforts to 
stimulating interest in the loans, and endeavored to ascertain the 
number of women who bought bonds. 

Garrett 

Upon solicitation of the Council, the County Commissioners contri- 
buted $100 for the purpose of securing a Home Demonstration Agent. 
Fourteen Canning Clubs were organized with a total membership to 
September 1, of 1,202. Eight thousand and ninety-two quarts of vege- 
tables were canned and l.oOO quarts dried. Four thousand three hun- 
dred and eighty-five glasses of jelly, 2,930 glasses of preserves and 3,100 
quarts of pickles were put up. 

District Chairman and Committees have been appointed in each of 
the 12 districts, to promote the work of the Council. In July, Hoover 
Pledge Cards were distributed throughout the County and after being 
signed, were collected and forwarded to Washington. A second campaign 
is now in progress. Waste No Food Posters have been placed in 
country stores, schools, etc. 

A registration of all organizations, clubs, church societies, etc., in 
which women are interested, has been made. 

A Red Cross Chapter with six branches has been organized in Gar- 
rett. Two hundred and ninety garments, etc., and 99 Comfort Kits 
have been made. 

The District Chairmen and their Committees were visited and meet- 
ings held in the interest of the Second Liberty Loan, which resulted in 
arousing considerable enthusiasm and increased the subscriptions of 
this county from 12 in the first campaign to 101 in the second. 

Harford 

Women in each community vigorously pushed the sale of Liberty Bonds 
through the schools, the women's organizations and by a house to house 
canvass. 

Havre de Grace Red Cross Auxiliary has announced its intention of 
contributing the last $50 when needed to complete the Fund started 
by the Jarrettsville Alumni Association for the purchase of an ambulance 
to be sent in the name of the Harford County Chapter. 

Six Navy League Units have sent 250 "Good Cheer Bags" to Wash- 
ington to provide Christmas cheer for the men of the Navy, and contri- 
butions are still coming in for the Christmas Cheer Bags for Harford 

194 



men. Donations and money for wool and willing hands to knit enabled 
Harford County to send its quota of sweaters to Anniston within three 
weeks of the date of the hurry call from Mrs. Charles A. Little, and 
Camp Meade will soon receive its share. Eight Comfort Kits, donated 
by Highland School, were sent to men of Harford in various fields of 
service wJio had not previously been supplied. 

Meetings in the interest of Food Conservation were called at Perry- 
man, Aberdeen and Havre de Grace preparatory to the great drive for 
signers of the Food Pledge Cards. 

A schedule of talks has been arranged for the pupils of the Public 
Schools on Harford's Patriotic Career in the Past, and appealing for 
their patriotic aid in the present. 

Howard 

A campaign of preparedness has been conducted throughout tlie 
County. Meetings have been held in all neighborhoods, at which speakers 
sent by the State Commission have 5poken on Thrift, Food Conservation 
and Red Cross work. Hoover Food Pledge Cards have been signed by 
most of the housewives in the County. A spirit of patriotism and will- 
ingness to co-operate is, with few exceptions, universal. Demonstrations 
In canning and drying have been given in all parts of the county by 
agents sent out by the State College of Agriculture. Fifty per cent, 
more canning and drying has been reported in most sections this year, 
and there have been individual instances where the output has been 
100 times greater than in previous years. 

Howard County has 16 active Red Cross Circles, 12 of these having 
been organized through the efforts of the Council. Over 5,000 surgical 
dressings have been sent from the county to the National Surgical 
Dressings Headquarters. 

A large supply of knitted comforts for soldiers and sailors have been 
shipped to the Red Cross and Navy League Headquarters. 

A call to work for the Second Liberty Loan was answered by most of 
the prominent women in the County and an active Liberty Loan Cam- 
paign was conducted, in some sections a house to house canvass being 
made. 

Kent 

Governor Harrington called five women to the colors in May, 1917, 
from contented old Kent County and immediately they shouldered the 
responsibility and began drafting the Women's Army, which now in- 
cludes women in every town, village, hamlet, church and country cross- 
roads in the County. 

The Army began Red Cross work with Mrs. Lewis Wood, as Chairman 
of the County, and Mrs. James Robinson, as Chairman of the town 
and Instructor in Surgical Dressings. Huge boxes of carefully made 
and packed Hospital Garments have continuously gone from Kent. 

Then came the Knitting Units with Miss Ethel Bacchus, as Chairman. 
Eighty-seven sprang up almost over night and boxes of garments, tedi- 

195 



ously woven by willing fingers, are warming the hearts and bodies of our 
boys at the front. 

With the earliest berries, the Food Army began work and the "Kent 
Kounty Kanning Klub," with Miss Anne Cooper as Demonstrator, visited 
every "Korner of the Kounty" in one week and the great necessity of 
storing from this rich trucking land was pointedly driven home until 
every pantry is packed with food and looks like a country store. Mrs. A. 
L. Harris, in a home-coming establishment, has packed 150,000 containers 
during the summer. 

We next devoted our efforts toward scattering abroad "Hoover's Ideas," 
and patiently and faithfully, from door to door, we took his message and 
had the Food Pledge Cards signed. The hard work was lightened by a 
visit from Governor Harrington in June, when the county school children 
and their parents, as well as the town, turned out, several thousand 
strong, to greet him and he was entertained at lunch. 

Then Battery A, Field Artillery, came to the County in June, and the 
Red Cross workers paraded with them and later danced with them at 
night at the Hubbard Ball. 

We are again engaged in driving the Hoover Message home and have 
worked day and night to draft both a women's and men's array to fight 
with Dollar Bullets. 

Montgomery 

Chairmen and their Committees have been appointed for all sections 
of the Council's work. In each of the 13 electoral districts, a Thrift 
Leader has been appointed under the Food Production and Conservation 
Department. A Volunteer Motor Messenger Service has been organized 
with a Captain and a Lieutenant in each District, and has proven of 
inestimable worth. 

A general meeting of all Chairmen is held each month at the Mont- 
gomery Country Club at Rockville ; committee meetings are held ; and 
the Council keeps in close touch with all the work. A large meeting was 
held at Rockville during the summer, at which Governor Harrington was 
the principal speaker. 

The enrollment of 170 organizations of women has been secured, and 
many hundreds of unorganized women have signed for service. The 
President's War Message was distributed at all voting precincts on 
June 5. 

More garden and farm production, more canning, drying and preserv- 
ing than ever before have been reported to the Chairman. Canning and 
Drying Demonstrations throughout the County were given by the 
Demonstration Agent. 

A Red Cross Chapter has been formed, with branches and auxiliaries 
in all parts of the County. The Navy League has 300 workers. 

Work among colored women has been very active and productive of 
good results. 

196 



Although Montgomery made a good showing in the Food Pledge Cam- 
paign inaugurated in July, the women again rallied to the second call 
and are now busy making a house to house canvass in the interest of 
Food Conservation in accordance with Mr. Hoover's plans. Thrift Leaf- 
lets have been published in the County papers, and demonstrations given 
on substitutes for flour. 

We have endeavored to arouse a spirit of practical patriotism and 
have striven for united efforts by all women. Every part of the County 
has been visited in the interest of war relief. The women in the Coun- 
cil have been untiring in their efforts, and we feel that Montgomery is 
well prepared, loyal and ready to serve the Government. 

Prince George's 

The Women's Section — Maryland Council of Defense for Prince 
George's County has accomplished complete and effective organization. 
Every department of the work is organized with a member of the Council 
as Chairman and a Vice-Chairman who conduct the work. Similar 
organization has been effected in each of the 19 voting districts of the 
County. Each district has a Committee of five with a Chairman appoint- 
ed for Thrift and Liberty Loan and in some districts Chairmen in other 
lines of work. The District Committees are asked to hold two meetings 
a month and report monthly through their Chairmen to the County 
Chairman. The County Council holds one Executive Meeting and one 
rally each month. Fifty Community Meetings have been held in differ- 
ent parts of the County to stimulate interest in war work. 

The Thrift Department conducted canning and drying demonstrations 
in all parts of the County which were attended by over 600 women. 

Red Cross work has been started at 30 points in the county through the 
efforts of the Council. Over 600 women are at work. About 400 women 
are knitting. 

A recreation room was conducted at Laurel for the Fourth Regiment 
and plans are now being made to open one at Bowie for the Camp 
Meade boys. 

Each District held a Liberty Loan Meeting and the women were most 
active for the Loan. 

Queen Anne's 

Organization was effected in Queen Anne's on May 8. Beginning May 
18, a canvass of the County was made, every housewife visited and the 
importance of extensive canning and drying was strongly urged. The 
Home Economics worker began her duties July 9. Fifty-six demonstra- 
tions were given with an attendance of 706. 

Seven Red Cross Sewing Circles, one Surgical Dressings Class, and one 
First Aid Class has been formed. Two hundred and eighty-three mem- 
bers of the National Red Ctoss are enrolled. 

The Navy League has supplied the gunboat "Annapolis" with 125 woo] 
sets. Seventy-five additional sets are in progress of construction. 

J 97 



The Hoover Food Pledge Cards were distributed between July 20 and 
30, and the necessity of signing urged through the local papers. The 
women were engaged in a house-to-house canvass securing signers In the 
second Hoover Food Pledge Campaign. 

An Army League was organized September 10, and benefits are being 
held to raise funds for the purchase of wool. 

The Liberty Loan Committee was fully organized and sales amounted 
to over $6,500 with only a small section of the County canvassed. 

St. Mary's 

On May 5, we had the pleasure of having Governor Harrington address 
the people of the County ; and on May 10, the first meeting of the Council 
was held at Leonardtown. We have a chain of district organizations 
covering the entire County, and have perfected as far as possible the 
plan outlined by the State Commission. Publicity is given in the County 
papers to register canned products and a large increase was reported. 
Containers were provided to women who could not secure them. All pro- 
ducts were exhibited on October 30. The County Agent is now busy 
giving demonstrations in bread-maliing and substitutes for wheat. Pam- 
phlets on the subject are being distributed. Two thousand Food Pledge 
Cards were distributed in the July Campaign, and we are busy with the 
second campaign. Five hundred "Waste No Food" Posters have been 
placed in public buildings. 

We have about 300 women sewing and knitting. One thousand two 
hundred dollars has been raised for materials for sewing and knitting 
and for food centres. One hundred and seventeen Comfort Bags were 
given and knitted garments were provided for the County boys. A series 
of banquets and balls have been given in honor of the drafted boys. A 
Red Cross Chapter was organized Spetember 11, through the efforts of 
the Council, and a Motor Messenger Service is being organized. The 
names and addresses of our enlisted and drafted men were secured and 
reports made to the Council of any needs. 

The first Liberty Loan Campaign met with ready response, about 
$60,405 being subscrilied. The Chairman serving on the Second Liberty 
Loan Committee attended the conference in Washington and the luncheon 
given by the Men's Committee in Baltimore. A big drive was made in 
which the women rendered excellent service. 

Somerset 

Social and Welfare Department. Two hundred and fifty-four Comfort 
Kits distributed to Company L, Crisfield, and to drafted men of Somerset 
County called out to date. Will furnish others as men are called. It is 
planned to send every Somerset County soldier an individual Christmas 
Box. Red Cross membership dues amount to about $500. 

Thrift Department. Posters, window, kitchen and food pledge cards 
have been distributed throughout the county. Talks have been made 

108 



on food conservation In schools and churches. Meatless Day has been 
adopted by some residents. Much canning was done by housewives. 

Patnotic Education. Literature sent to many individuals. One hun- 
dred and seventy-five dollars subscribed to the Library Fund. 

Garments and Surgical Dressings. Red Cross Branch formed at 
Chance. Princess Anne sent equipment for ten hospital patients to the 
value of $210; also 2,000 surgical dressings. Crisfield sent 806 surgical 
dressings and two fully equipped emergency cots. Marion sent full 
equipment for six hospital patients. From the County Circles, 36 dozen 
lap tray covers and wash cloths were sent. Eighty-four sleeveless 
sweaters are ready to be sent to Company L men at Anniston. Movement 
begun to knit by Christmas a sleeveless sweater. Sixty-seven garments 
have already been knit and sent for the Navy, valued at $150. 

Under the auspices of the Colored branch of the Red Cross at Princess 
Anne, a fine supper and send-off was given the colored draftees of Somer- 
set County. Sixty fracture pillows have been made by the members 
of this branch. 

Talbot 

Under the Comfort Section of the Council's work, Talbot reports 13 
Comfort Bags filled and 150 knitted garments, including sweaters, scarfs, 
helmets and socks, sent to the boys. 

Until the end of September weekly classes were held in each town in 
canning and drying and instruction given in flour substitutes by the 
County Demonstrator. 

There have been no Red Cross classes formed for nursing service, but 
practical home nursing classes have been conducted in all centres 
throughout the County. The Red Cross Branches report as follows : 
Patient's clothing, 482 pieces ; hospital linen, 466 pieces ; surgical gauze 
dressings, 1,440 pieces; muslin and other bandages, 852 pieces. Several 
entertainments have been given by the different branches to raise money 
for materials. 

Sixty-two organizations have been reported either engaged in war 
emergency work or willing to co-operate. A Motor Messenger Service has 
been established with 30 members. The Child Welfare Section is under 
the direction and supervision of a County Agent who reports regularly 
concerning conditions. There is no mobilization centre in Talbot. 

Washington 

Through the kindness of Mr. S. B. Loose, the Women's Section — Mary- 
land Council of Defense for Washington County has recently acquired 
a County Headquarters where free classes in Telegraphy are conducted 
with great success. Instruments have been installed and 24 girls, divided 
into two classes, attend with great regularity every Friday evening. A 
free class in typewriting is being planned. 

Since the appointment of the Council, food production and later food 
conservation has engaged the attention of the women of the County. 

199 



Hundreds of jars of fruits and vegetables have been conserved for home 
consumption and to be given to the Forward Club for use at home and 
abroad. Five thousand Hoover Pledge Cards were distributed in July 
and a second campaign is now^ going on. 

A amx of the Navy League has been organized and the women are busy 
knitting garments for the boys on the seas. Many women are also busy 
making surgical dressings, muslin bandages and binders, comforts and 
fracture pillows, pillow cases, towels, surgical shirts and other articles 
to be shipped to France. 

One hundred and forty-seven organizations have been enrolled for war 
work, including 17 societies of colored women. A weekly class for the 
making of surgical dressings and a knitting class for colored women have 
been formed. 

A Motor Messenger Service has been formed with 10 members who 
have renderd efficient service particularly in the Food Pledge Campaign. 

Great interest was shown by the women in the Liberty Loan Campaign 
and they were the purchasers of many bonds. 

Wicomico 

At the first meeting of the Council it was resolved to follow the plan 
of organization adopted by the State Commission. Ninety-two religious 
and secular organizations were co-ordinated, thereby mobilizing the 
women for actual work. A survey was made of the fifteen electoral dis- 
tricts into which the County is divided. 

To solve the problem of saving the surplus foodstuffs, the Salisbury 
Community Kitchen League was organized. The "Food Supply Base of 
Wicomico County" was then established and an exhibit of all fruits and 
vegtables conserved for this "Base" was held at the Armory during 
November. Each district of the County was represented in contributions 
for this "Base" for the soldiers and sailors. 

A "Home Economics Shop" was then organized to act as an exchange 
for the sale of home-canned vegetables, preserves and pickles. 

Classes have been formed and free instruction given in stenography, 
typewriting, telegraphy, telephone-switchboard operating, first aid, and 
home nursing. 

The Salisbury Red Cross Chapter has grown in membership from 229 
to 716. Classes working under an instructor turn out more than 3,000 
surgical dressings a month, in addition to other articles embraced in Red 
Cross work. There are eight branches of the Red Cross in Wicomico 
County. 

The Navy League, although a separate organization, co-operates with 
the Red Cross and when the call came for 144 sweaters as Wicomico's 
quota for the boys at Anniston, the garments made by its members were 
turned over to the Red Cross for shipment. 

A Motor Messenger Service has been organized with fifteen members 
who have given valuable service to the Council. 

200 



Contributions to the War Library Fund amounted to $891.27. Four 
hundred and fourteen women subscribed to Liberty Bonds during the 
last campaign, their subscriptions amounting to $59,850. A Liberty Loan 
Bootli was installed in one of the department stores at Salisbury in 
charge of Mrs. Atwood Bennett, Mrs. W. S. Gordy, Mrs. Norman Williams 
and Miss Carrie Adkins. 

Worcester 

In this County difficulties in the way of mobilizing the woman-power 
of the County were at first encountered because of the inability of the 
Chairman named by Governor Harrington to serve. The women individ- 
ually, however, did their full duty in conserving the abundance of food 
that was grown as well-stocked pantries bear witness. 

Red Cross work of all kinds, including the knitting of garments for the 
boys in the camps, has been given much attention by the women and it 
is hoped that reports of their work will soon be available. 

The greatest organized effort of the women of Worcester was made in 
the recent Food Pledge Campaign, with Mrs. Thomas P. Wharton, as 
County Captain. The work of having the Hoover Food Pledges signed 
was undertaken with enthusiasm and after hard work the campaign 
closed with Worcester nearly at the top of the list. 

ELIZABETH T. SHOEMAKER, Chairman. 

Appendix H 

Report of Chairman of Women's Section from 
April io, 19 17, to February 15, 19 19 

To the Honorable Emerson C. Harrington, 
Governor of Maryland. 

We beg to submit the following report of the Women's Section of the 
Maryland Council of Defense from April 10th, 1917, to February 15th, 
1919. 

On April 10th, 1917, four days after Congress declared the entrance of 
the United States into the War which had been waged for nearly three 
years, the Governor of Maryland realizing, sooner than any other 
Governor in the country, the important part which the women of America 
would necessarily take in bringing about the victory for freedom and 
democracy, appointed a Women's Preparedness and Survey Commission 
— the first War Commission of women in the country. The Commission 
was composed of twenty-six women from Baltimore and its vicinity and 
five women from each county of the State. When the Special Session 
of the Legislature, called in June, 1917, created the Maiyland Council of 
Defense, the Women's Preparedness and Survey Commission became the 
Women's Section of that body. It also became the Maryland Division of 
the Woman's Committee of the Council of National Defense. 

The purposes of the Council were : 

201 



1. To consider all problems relating to women and their work which 
arise during the war. 

2. To co-ordinate the work and develop the resources of the women in 
order to secure the highest efficiency for war work. 

3. To ascertain and report the patriotic work being done by women 
and women's organisations. 

4. To furnish a direct and speedy channel between the various depart- 
ments of the Federal and State Governments and the w^omen of Mary- 
land. 

5. To act as Clearing House for all women's organizations and indi- 
viduals throughout the State in order to avoid all duplication of effort. 

Co-operation was the watch-word adopted in the beginning, and to the 
faithful adherence to this principle can be attributed much of the success 
of the women's work. 

A plan was adopted whereby the work was divided into Departments 
and Divisions, the first of which was 

Organization 

The Chairman of the Council appointed an Executive Committee and 
a. State Chairman for each Department of the work. The Department 
Chairman appointed a Committee of not less than five or more than seven 
to organize, promote and develop the work of the Department. The 
County Commissions adopted the same plan, and in addition, the County 
Chairman appointed District Leaders in each election district to carry 
on the work with the aid of a committee appointed by her. There are 
313 District Leaders throughout the counties of Maryland. 

The work of the Council in Baltimore City was organized by a City 
Organizer and four Supervisors. There are 24 Ward Chairmen, 241 Pre- 
cinct Leaders and 503 Community or Block Workers. Tkis organization 
made it possible to carry on any necessary work without delay through- 
out the entire State. 

Finance 

All matters relating to finance were considered by a Finance Committee 
consisting of the officers of the Council and two other members, the latter 
having been appointed Chairman and Vice-Chairman, respectively, of the 
Finance Department. This Committee carefully considered all requests 
for funds before referring same to the Executive Board of the Council 
for action. The total expense of the Women's Section throughout the 
Slate for the 22 months from April 10th, 1917, to February 15th, 1919, 
was $38,046.42. 

Public Information 

Much of the success of the Council's work was due to the untiring 
efiforts and zeal of the corps of Publicity Chairmen in each county and at 
the central headquarters of the Council in Baltimore, through whom 
much valuable educational work was accomplished, and through whom 
the press was kept advised of all requests made by the Government for 

202 



women's services and all activities of the Council. The women in this 
Department were also instrumental in securing the publication of inter- 
esting accounts of the work of Maryland women in bulletins, pamphlets, 
periodicals and magazines, some of which had a nation-wide circulation. 
The Department was commended by the Council of National Defense in 
Washington for the publicity secured by it through various channels and 
for a display of original posters, pamphlets, bulletins and circulars ex- 
hibited at the Washington Conference of the Council of National Defense 
in May, 1918. 

Registration 

The plan of registering women for specific service only as required by 
the Government was adopted, rather than a general registration of 
women, and this method proved highly satisfactory. All registrations 
were taken care of by the Registration Department in co-operation with 
the Department of the Council to which had come the request of the 
Government. The newspapers throughout the State deserve the highest 
commendation for the great assistance which they rendered the Council, 
particularly this Department of its work, for without the publicity wMch 
they so freely gave to all requests coming from the Government, little 
could have been accomplished toward registering women for service. 

A sub-division of the Registration Department was that of Preparation 
for Employment, whose function it was to urge the many untrained 
women who daily applied for employment to fit themselves for specific 
service. To this end, classes were initiated by the Department where, 
either absolutely free of cost or for a very nominal tuition fee, women 
could secure training in such branches as bookkeeping, stenography, 
typewriting, occupational therapy, handicraft, dietetics, home nursing, 
telephone operating, telegraphy, wireless, motor driving, motor mechan- 
ism, household management, farming and languages. 

Co-ordination 

As a first step toward the amalgamation of agencies in order to avoid, 
as far as possible, duplication of effort, and also as a means of reaching 
a vast number of women in the State quickly and with a minimum of 
effort, the Department of Co-Ordination undertook to register all the 
women's organizations, large and small, in the State. Enrollment blanks, 
seeking information concerning the membership, objects for which the 
organizations were created, the character of work done before the war, 
and the war work to which the organizations, as such, were willing to 
devote their energies, were circulated. By this means, 3,300 women's 
organizations were unearthed in Maryland, including church, beneficial 
and fraternal associations, social clubs, historical and patriotic societies, 
educational, literary, musical and recreational organizations, industrial 
leagues, and women's boards of charitable and benevolent institutions. 
Long before the information thus gathered could be obtained, the value 
of this piece of work which had never before been undertaken, so far as 
we know, in this or any other State was recognized, and the lists were 

203 



used and proved of inestimable service in the campaigns undertaken by 
the Food Administration for the signing of Food pledge cards, the 
Women's Liberty Loan campaign, the Red Cross, the Y. W. C. A. and 
similar organizations, as a means of securing volunteer workers as vrell 
as communicating quickly with the membership of the organizations. 

Volunteer Service 

Numerous calls for volunteer workers were received by the Council, 
and efforts were made at all times to comply with such requests either 
by sending where needed the women who had registered at the Council'B 
headquarters, as volunteer workers or by supplying the names of women 
who might be able to help in an emergency. 

Carrier and Errand Service 

More than 20O women were enrolled as members of this Department of 
the Council, exclusive of the Motor Messenger Service of Baltimore and 
the Red Cross Motor Messenger Corps. The women who enrolled in this 
branch of the service gave not only their time, talent and energy in the 
performance of tasks assigned them, but placed at the disposal of the 
Government, absolutely free of cost, their own motor vehicles in order to 
afford rapid transportation to other workers in the employ or service of 
the Government. They conveyed speakers to patriotic gatherings of all 
sorts, distributed literature in the various campaigns, and carried mater- 
ials for the Red Cross and Navy League Units throughout the State. 

Relief of Families of Soldiers and Sailors 

The actual work in this Department was carried on through the Home 
Service Department of the Red Cross, the Council merely acting as a 
connecting link, when necessary, between the family needing assistance 
and the Red Cross Home Service Department. Reports for record were 
sent to the Council from the Baltimore City Chapter of the Red Cross, 
which also assumed charge of the relief work in certain sections of 
Anne Arundel, Baltimore and Howard Counties. In the other counties of 
the State, the relief work was carried on either by a Home Service De- 
partment of the Red Cross, where one had been established in co-opera- 
tion with the Council, or through relief agencies and individuals. 

Comfort for Soldiers and Sailors 

To this Department was assigned the task of urging the women of 
Maryland to supply the men in the service with comforts, such as knitted 
garments, delicacies, luxuries, etc. Calls came frequently for sweaters, 
wristlets, helmets and other comforts for the men, and all requests were 
compiled with as quickly as the needed articles could be gathered together 
by the various agencies doing relief work, such as the Red Cross, the 
Navy League and similar organizations. An example of the dispatch 
with which the needs of the men were filled is illustrated by the fact 
that on October 10th, 1917, a call came from Camp at Annitson for 

204 



1,325 sweaters for the Maryland boys. Wide publicity was given to the 
request through the Council's Publicity Department, and in a little over 
one month not only had the required number of hand-made sweaters been 
shipped to Anniston, but hundreds of men in nearby camps had been 
supplied by the busy knitters of Maryland, to whom, in most instances, 
wool for the garments was furnished free or at a very low price. 

Garments, Surgical Dressings and Hospital Supplies 

It was an easy matter to get the women of Maryland to work in this 
branch of service. Long before the war began for America, the Red Cross 
and similar organizations had gathered together a large corps of women 
workers in behalf of the stricken countries of Europe, who were daily 
engaged in making surgical dressings, garments and hospital supplies. 
However, as soon as America entered the conflict this work was speeded 
up and busy fingers were kept going night and day. This Department 
of the Council was instrumental in creating Red Cross Auxiliaries in out- 
of-the-way places, and thus utilizing the efforts of vast numbers of 
women who otherwise would not have given their time to this important 
work. 

Food Production 

The truth of the slogan "Food Will Win the War" was early realized 
by the Council, and an active campaign in the interest of greater food 
production was begun as soon as the Committee was appointed. This 
Committee consisted of women who for many years had been interested 
in gardening, and had made a scientific study of the question. The co- 
operation of all organized agencies and individuals interested in garden- 
ing was sought. Plans were formulated for the cultivation of every 
available piece of land, both in rural communities and in Baltimore City, 
including back-yard gardens, city parks, vacant lots, school-yards and 
institutional gardens. Through educational propaganda carried on by 
means of speeches in motion-picture parlors, small gatherings and large 
patriotic meetings, through motion-picture films and friendly contests 
inaugurated by the newspapers much enthusiasm was aroused. The 
great interest shown in gardening is well illustrated by the little colored 
girl in Baltimore who walked eight miles to work in her "War Garden" 
in Druid Hill Park for the "Daddy" who was in France. Demonstration 
gardens were established in various parts of Baltimore City where proper 
gardening was taught so that the best results might be obtained by the 
amateur gardeners. It is impossible to estimate correctly the value of 
this work, but statistics were gathered which prove that the efforts of 
this Department of the Council, which co-operated with the Food Admin- 
istration and the Maryland Agricultural College in their efforts to have 
farmers of Maryland grow larger crops, added greatly to the relief of the 
food situation which played such an important part in the winning of the 
war. 

An interesting feature of this Department was the establishment of 
two units of the Woman's Land Army, in an effort to relieve the farm 

205 



labor situation. One hundred and fifty-eight women volunteered to go 
from Baltimore City to Baltimore County or Harford County and work 
on the farms where they were needed. Be<:'ause of the lack of proper 
housing facilities, only sixty women could be sent to the camps at one 
time. Though loath, at first, to employ women for farm work, the farm- 
ers after being persuaded to give these women a trial, expressed them- 
selves as perfectly satisfied with their work and wliling to continue em- 
ploying them when needed. The requests from the farmers for women 
labor became greater than could be complied with because of the limited 
housing facilities for tJie women. 

Food Conservation and Home Economics 

The first piece of work undertaken by this Department of the Council 
was the signing of the Hoover Pledge Cards by the housewives of Mary- 
land. In the second campaign undertaken for this purpose by the Food 
Administration, the Council's organization was again used. The cam- 
paign for the preservation of food by the women of Maryland was begun 
as soon as the Council came into existence, and reports submitted at the 
end of the canning and preserving season of 1917 placed Maryland women 
in the front rank in the amount of home products conserved by means of 
canning, drying and preserving. This success was due to the splendid 
response of the women of the State and the co-operation of the Exten- 
sion Service of the Maryland College of Agriculture. During the winter 
of 1917 and 1918, an educational campaign was conducted in which the 
women of the State, by means of meetings and lectures, cooking demon- 
strations, and the distribution of literature, were taught the intelligent 
application of the principles of substitution as requested by the Govern- 
ment. In the counties the campaign was conducted in co-operation with 
County Agents supplied by the Extension Service of the State College of 
Agriculture. In Baltimore City the lectures and demonstrations were 
centered in the "War Food Bureau, established jointly by the Food Ad- 
ministration, the Women's Civic League and the State College of Agricul- 
ture. Two Community Kitchens were establishe<l by the Council, one 
at Locust Point and the other at Fell's Point, and daily demonstrations 
were given for the benefit of the women who were unable by reason of 
household duties to attend the lectures at the War Food Bureau. Lec- 
tures and demonstrations were also given at other community centers in 
the city. 

In 1918, as soon as the canning season was imminent, efforts were 
made to establLsh canning and drying centers in every county of the 
State, and everything possible was done to stimulate interest in the 
movement to save the products of fields and gardens. Community 
KitcJiens were established in many counties and canners and dryers were 
installed, the quarters and equipment being largely donated by pubUc- 
spirited citizens or paid for partly by Council funds, funds supplied by 
the State Food Administration or the proceeds from entertainments. 
Daily demonstrations were conducted in many kitchens and women 

206 



brought their own vegetables and fruits and canned or dried them under 
the direction of an Expert Demonstration Agent supplied by the Mary- 
land College of Agriculture. 

New impetus was given the conservation work in Baltimore City by the 
consent of the School Board to open twelve schools (nine for white 
women and three for colored women) for demonstration purposes. A 
skilled Demonstrator was placed in charge of each center with trained 
volunteers to act as helpers. The Food Administration donated the 
driers, the Women's Civic League of Baltimore helped finance the project, 
and the Maryland College of Agriculture supplied the Expert Demon- 
strators. The educational work of this Department of the Council has 
resulted in awakening the interest of the housewives as to the best 
methods for conserving home products, and to use substitutes for many 
articles formerly believed indispensable. 

Educational Propaganda 

Too much cannot be said in praise of the work accomplished by this 
Department. Working in close co-operation with the Men's Section of 
Che Council, and its work being so closely allied with that of all other 
Departments of the Women's Section it is difficult to estimate the value 
or even realize how much work was accomplished by the active, energetic 
and resourceful women who helped spread the gospel of true patriotism 
to all classes of people. Realizing that the spoken word is the strongest 
factor in awakening interest and spreading the truth, this Department 
initiated classes in public speaking, with trained instructors, and through 
its Speakers' Bureau, in which were listed 102 women speakers, of no 
mean ability, very effective work was accomplished in Americanization 
and patriotic education, and able assistance rendered In all campaigns 
inaugurated or carry on the various governmental agencies. 

This Department also compiled short, pithy, "Win-the-War Leaflets" 
which it caused to be disseminated at public gatherings and in the pay 
envelopes of thousand of workers. It took an active part in initiating 
patriotic gatherings throughout the State and actively co-operated in all 
plans for patriotic meetings, community sings and campaigns. Every 
means which an intelligent and earnest group of women could devise for 
spreading patriotic propaganda were employed and it may be said with- 
out fear of contradiction that "American Propaganda" was the am- 
munition that killed militarism, and the women of Maryland played a 
most important part in the engagement. 

Women in Industry 

The primary function of this Department was to secure and maintain 
the highest industrial standards as formulated by the Federal Govern- 
ment for women and girl workers — not solely in their usual occupations, 
but more especially in the positions where the exigencies of war led them 
to take men's places. To accomplish this end the Department first sought 
knowledge concerning conditions under which Maryland girls and women 

207 



are working : familiarity with all the protection afforded them by 
Federal, State and Municipal agencies; and action in their behalf when- 
ever the need arose. The methods utilized were investigation, education 
of the public, co-operation with emploj-er and employee, and any con- 
structive action which seemed necessary from the investigation and 
studies made. Among the accomplishments of the Department were: 

1. A campaign to arouse the women of Maryland to the necessity 
of entering the canneries, which resulted in the return to this line of 
work many trained women who had married and no longer needed 
emplojTnent. 

""2, A survey of fifty industrial plants in Baltimore and seventy-five in 
the counties of the State, to determine the conditions under which 
women were working. 

3. Special study of messenger and elevator girls in Baltimore. 

4. Preparation of outlines for county work and personal visits to the 
counties by a representative of the State Committee to assist in fulfilling 
its provisions. 

5. The compilation of a "voiceless speech" setting forth the industrial 
standards advocated by the Department which was deemed worthy of 
nation-wide dissemination by the Department of Public Information in 
Washington. A suggested bibliography on Women in Industry and a 
digest of Maryland's labor laws referring to women and children were 
also compiled and disseminated. 

6. A survey of typical stores, banks and trust companies in Baltimore 
to determine the need of registration of leisure-class women. 

7. Collection of data concerning women conductors in other cities. 
(A conference was held with an oflacial of the United Railways Com- 
pany, on the basis of this study, and assurance was given that women so 
employed in Baltimore will be surrounded with all reasonable safe- 
guards.) 

8. A survey undertaken at the request of the Federal Employment 
Service to secure a government report from every producing plant In 
Harford, How^ard, Montgomery, Prince George's and St. Mary's Coun- 
ties. As the list of producing plants furnished the Council for its survey 
was out-of-date and very incomplete, to make the survey entailed the 
compilation by this Department of the Council of a correct list of pro- 
ducing plants, written instructions to those who volunteered to make 
the personal visits to the plants in order to secure the information de- 
sired, written instructions to the County Chairmen of the Council in the 
given districts, and the securing of a sufficient number of volunteers to 
visit approximately 1,800 manufacturing plants in Baltimore City alone 
within a period of less than a week. 

The work of the Women in Industry Department of the Council met 
with co-operation on the part of employers, existing social agencies and 
others. The constant endeavor of the Department was to urge that 
conditions of work and work-places be such that no self-respecting 
woman, be her motive economic or patriotic, need hesitate to enter any 

208 



industry on account of low wages, long hours, unseemly treatment, inade- 
quate sanitary provisions, undue exposure to industrial fatigue and acci- 
dent, or any other baneful condition which will react upon her efficiency 
and thus indirectly detract from the nation's industrial welfare. 

Child Welfare 

This Department took an active part in helping defeat various bills 
introduced in the State Legislature which aimed to change and weaken 
the compulsory education and child labor laws of Maryland. During 
March and April, of 1918, a program was outlined to carry out the 
plans of the Children's Bureau of the United States Department of 
Labor to save 100,000 babies under six years of age. Maryland's quota 
to be saved between April 1st, 1918, and April 1st, 1919, is 1,295. A 
weighing and measuring campaign was begun in Maryland on May 27th, 
1918, and nearly 20,000 children under six years of age weighed and 
measured, and statistics concerning them tabulated in the Baltimore 
headquarters of the Council where the information was kept on file and 
copies sent to the Children's Bureau in Washington. Before inaugurat> 
fng the campaign, a questionnaire was sent to all County Chairmen to 
ascertain the number of Public Health Nurses, Hospital Facilities, Pre- 
Natal Clinics, Milk regulations and whether or not the Home Service 
Department of tEe Red Cross or other Relief Agencies could reach the 
families of drafted and enlisted men. The replies in some cases were 
satisfactory, but in most instances showed a field untouched by any 
adequate agency. 

Much interest was aroused during the weighing and measuring cam- 
paign, and through newspaper publicity, house-to-house visits, the estab- 
lishment of public weighing stations in various places both in the coun- 
ties and in Baltimore City, and splendid co-operation from the Baltimore 
School Board, the school-teachers, the Public Health Nurses, the Jewish 
Children's bureau, the Babies' Milk Fund Association, the Instructive 
Visiting Nurses, the Children's Playground Association, the Infant Mor- 
tality Society, and the Ward Organization of the Council of Defense, 
astonishing results were accomplished in the campaigns and educational 
work of great value to every community was done by the distribution 
of effective posters and quantities of literature dealing with the care of 
cfiildren. 

In October, 1918, a "Back-to-the-School Drive" was begun. Permis- 
sion was obtained from the Board of School Commissioners for Balti- 
more City to request the co-operation of the School Attendance Depart- 
ment in obtaining the necessity lists of children who failed to return 
after the summer vacation. This co-operation was readily secured and 
official cards, supplied by the Children's Bureau in Washington, were 
filled out by the Attendance Officers, giving full information concerning 
children above the fifth grade who failed to return, and special efforts 
were made to have those in the lower grades return to their studies. 
The epidemic of influenza seriously handicapped the campaign, and the 

209 



signing of tlie armistice further curtailed the Council's activities in 
this direction. 

The Oouncil was also instrumental in promoting a course on "Problems 
of Motherhood" wMch has been made a part of the curriculum of the 
New School of Hygiene and Public Health of the Johns Hopkins 
University. 

Health and Recreation 

This Department of the Council used its efforts in stimulating interest, 
co-ordinating the work and preventing duplication of effort in providing 
healthful recreation and comfort for the men in the service. The parade 
in Baltimore on Saturday, October 8th, 1918, showed very plainly how 
the seven national welfare organizations authorized by the United States 
Government were providing for the health and recreation of the men in 
the service both within and outside of the camps, in this country ana 
abroad. It also showed what was done along the same line for relatives 
and friends of soldiers, for the women in war industries, and for the 
women who took men's places during the war. Throughout the counties 
and in Baltimore City, Maryland has given to this important work 
hearty co-operation, and the many women's organizations, as well as 
individuals, have vied with one another to make the men comfortable 
both day and night and to furnish them with healthful recreation and 
pleasure. 

Liberty Loan and War Savings Stamps 

In all the Liberty Loan Campaigns carried on, the women of Maryland 
evidenced the greatest desire to serve their country loyally and without 
stint to themselves or their resources. While tlie Chairman of the 
Woman's Liberty Loan Committee received her appointment from the 
National Committee in Washington, Maryland was fortunate in that the 
Liberty Loan Chairman was also a member of the Women's Section 
of the Maryland Council of Defense and the organization of the Council 
and its workers were placed at her disposal in all campaigns, thus 
eliminating duplication of machinery and effort. All campaigns were 
conducted systematically, proper sub-committees being appointed and the 
Baltimore City organization of the Council undertook the house-to-house 
canvasses which were productive of much good. The canvassers also 
distributed the window cards which were a feature of all campaigns. 
The activities of the women were also evidenced in continuous attendance 
at the Liberty Loan Booths placed in large department stores, office 
buildings, hotels and other public places. The Publicity Committee had 
flying squadrons on the streets day and night distributing handbills and 
song-sheets, and the Speakers' Bureau of the Council provided competent 
speakers for scores of meetings. The amount of sales for which the 
women of Maryland have been given credit, namely $14,508,406.00. the 
number of subscriptions reported being 26,208, is an evidence that the 
energy, enthusiasm and hard work of the women of Marjiand were 
productive of tangible and substantial results. In addition to the finan- 
cial returns, much may be said of the intangible results of the Liberty 

210 



Loan Campaigns conducted by the women. Those who made the house- 
to-house canvasses undoubtedly did valuable propaganda work, and the 
Introduction of women to the fact that bank accounts, bonds and the 
check-books are as legitimately theirs as they are the property of our 
men is an asset which will redound to the credit of the country. Since 
so large a portion of the money of America's families passes through 
the hands of the women, the intelligent handling of this money will be a 
factor in breaking down the lavish expenditure for which the American 
nation has been for so long deservedly censured by its more conserva- 
tive European relations. 

Organization for the War Savings and Thrift Stamps Campaign, in 
which women are credited with sales amounting to $628,521.89, this 
amount being in full for the counties but covering only a period of six 
months in Baltimore City, consisted of work with the thousands of 
women's organizations in Baltimore City, work through the Baltimore 
City Organization of the Council and work in the counties. Booths for 
the sale of stamps were established wherever possible, public meetings 
were arranged to arouse the people, and every means adopted to further 
the sale of stamps in Baltimore City and the rural districts. 

Nursing Service 

The efforts of this Department in the early days of tie war were 
directed toward arousing the women to the necessity of learning at least 
the rudiments of nursing. A survey was made by the Maryland State 
League of Nursing Service and the Maryland Association of Graduate 
Nurses, to ascertain the number of available nurses, and soon after thi.s 
survey was completed, the Committee on Nursing Service made a state- 
wide appeal for women to fit themselves to become Nurses' Aides, help- 
ers in their communities or of service in their own homes, with the idea 
of releasing as many trained nurses as possible for war work, as well as 
with the object In view of raising the standard of health in all com- 
munities. 

In July, 1918, a request having come from the office of Surgeon- 
General Gorgas for women to register as student nurses in the United 
States Nurses Reserve, such registrants to be trained as nurses in Army 
Hospitals or Cantonments, this Committee was given the task of enroll- 
ing Maryland's quota of 510 of the 25,000 student nurses called for by 
the Government. A campaign of publicity was conducted, which included 
public meetings, newspaper articles, moving-picture films, huge posters 
placed in conspicuous places and the distribution of literature. The 
required number of student nurses was not secured during the two 
weeks' campaign, but no definite conclusions could be drawn from Mary- 
land's failure to secure her quota in the alloted time, as so many factors 
entered into the enrollment of these women. Among the factors that 
contributed to this failure may safely be enumerated the stringent 
educational qualifications which prevented the enrollment of girls from 
the counties where there are no high schools, the drawing of so many 
women into government work in Washington prior to the campaign. 

211 



the entrance of quite a number of girls into institutions like the Johns 
Hopkins University prior to the campaign, and lack of funds to pay the 
necessary expenses of the girls who were willing to enroll but who were 
unable personally to pay transportation and other expenses to the camps 
outside of the State to which they might have been ordered. 

The aforegoing report is necessarily a very brief resume of only a 
portion of the activities and accomplishments of the Women's Section 
of the Maryland Council of Defense. Of the singleness of purpose, un- 
tiring energy and the continuity of effort of the women, often when their 
hearts were heavy with anxiety for those across the seas, too much can- 
not be said in praise. We believe that we have followed the counsel 
of the President and shown ourselves Americans, by not going off into 
separate groups and camps by ourselves, but by co-operating with all 
other classes and all other groups in the common enterprise which has 
released the spirits of the world from bondage. We believe that in the 
mobilization of women for the service of the country, for the first time in 
our history, we have placed the State of Maryland in her rightful place 
in the first ranks and have established a state-wide league for co-opera- 
tion and understanding between the women which will be of lasting 
value. We believe that we have, to the best of our ability, carried out 
each and every command of the State and Federal Government. It has 
required the united effort, united service and united sacrifice on the part 
of all the women to accomplish these ends, but in the years to come we 
will look back upon these strenuous days with an overwhelming sense of 
thankfulness that it has been our great privilege to have been of service 
to our State and Country. 

May we not take this opportunity to express to the Governor of 
Maryland our very great appreciation of his interest in, and unfailing 
support of, our work. He has always been ever ready to give us his 
advice and council, and has encouraged us to put our shoulders to the 
wheel and meet each new responsibility. And to the Chairman of the 
Council, who, when assuming the Chairmanship expressed his willing- 
ness and very earnest desire to co-operate with us in every way possible, 
and who so effectively made his desire a reality, we extend our heartfelt 
thanks. We soon recognized his true and just discernment, and at all 
times relied upon his judgment, and we are more than grateful to him 
for his loyal support of the Women's Section of the Maryland Council 
of Defense. ELIZABETH T. SHOEMAKER, Chairman. 

Governor Harrington's Letter to Mrs. Shoemaker 

EXECUTIVE DEPARTMENT 

Annapolis, Md., January 13th, 1920. 
Mrs. Edward Shoemaker, 

Baltimore, Maryland. 
My dear Mrs. Shoemaker: 

I cannot retire from the Governorship without saying a parting word 
to you. I want you to know how greatly I value the services to the 

212 



state and Country rendered by you as Chairman of the Women's Section 
of the State Council of Defense. You have made a record of which the 
State is proud. 

Without the Women's Section Maryland could not have made the 
fine record which it did. These have been wonderful days of oppor- 
tunity, and will ever be held in sacred memory. Personally and. on 
beJialf of the State, I thank you. 

With my very best wishes, I am, 

Very truly yours, 

EMERSON C. HARRINGTON. 



Appendix I 

Officers Second Infantry Maryland State Guard 

Field and Staff 



NAMB. 



Clinton L. Riggs. . . 

Irving Adams 

David W. Jenkins. . 

Jesse Slingluflf 

Thomas S. Janney.. 
Charles K. Duce. . . . 

Chas. R. Waldecker. 

Chauncey D. Hopper 

James W. Scott. 
Harry T. Fallon. 

Harry M. Webb. 

Arthur E>by 

William Page Dame. 



ENLISTED. 


BANK. 


COMMISSION'D 


DISPOSITION. 




Colonel 


10/23/17 






Lleut.-Col. 


10/23/17 






Major 


10/21/17 


Unasslgned list 




Major 


10/22/17 






Major 


10/23/17 






Captain 


11/ 2/17 






Major 


7/30/18 




10/3/17 


1st Lieut. 


1]/ 3/17 


(Reg. Adjutant) 




Captain 


3/14/18 




10/.5/17 


2nd Lieut. 


11/ 8/17 


(Reg. Supply Officer) 




Captain 


3/14/18 


Died 




Captain 


12/ 5/18 


(Rog. Supply Officer) 


10/5/17 


2nd Lieut. 


11/ 3/17 






1st Lieut. 


12/29/17 


(Battarn Adjutant; 


10/5/17 


2nd Lieut. 


11/ 3/17 


' ,i?«'«- ■ 




1st Lieut. 


3/14/18 


(Battal'n Adjutant) 


10/5/17 


2nd Lieut. 


12/29/17 






1st Lieut. 


3/14/18 


(Battal'n Adjutant) 




Captain 


12/29/17 


(Chaplain) 



Medical Corps 



NAME. 


BANK. 


ASSIGNED. 


DISPOSITION. 


8. Griffith Davis 


Major, M. N. G. 


1/5/18 


Returned to Retired 
List 6/18/19 


M. J. S. Cromwell. . 


Major 


6/18/19 






1st Lieutenant 


1/ 4/19 




Robt B. Johnstone. 


1st Lieutenant 


11/ 8/17 




L. K. Hirshberg 


1st Lieutenant 


4/ 8/18 





213 



Captains 



NA.ME. 


ENLISTED. 


R.\NK. 


CO.MMISSIIIN'D 


DISPOSITION. 


Eugene V. Hoffman. 




Captain 


11/ 3/17 


Resigned 


Joshua M. Matthews 


10/ 5/17 


Captain 


11/ 3/17 


Resigned U. S. A. 


Grain \V. Smoot 


10/24/17 


1st Lieut. 


11/ 3/17 








Captain 


12/29/17 


Resigned 


Lee W. Tipton 


10/ 3/17 


1st Lieut. 


11/ S/17 


Relieved of duty 






Captain 


12/29/17 


with the Regiment 
12/18/18 


Max Gras 


10/ 8/17 


1st Lieut. 


11/ 3/17 








Captain 


3/14/18 


Resigned 6/25/18 


Albert S. E. Barnett 


10/ 3/17 


1st Lieut. 
Captain 


11/ 3/17 

6/20/18 




C. W. L. McDermott 


11/ 9/17 


Captain 


11/21/17 


Died 8/25/19 


George C. Slagle. ... 


11/14/17 


Captain 


12/29/17 




John F. King 




Captain 


12/29/17 




Frank W. VVelleln . . 


10/ 8/17 


1st Lieut. 
Captain 


12/29/17 
6/ 1/18 




Herschel 0. Halbert. 


10/ 5/17 


2nd Lieut. 
1st Lieut. 
Captain 


12/29/17 
6/20/18 

12/17/18 




M. Marshall Jones. 


11/15/17 


1st Lieut. 
Captain 


3/14/18 
6/18/19 




John B. Rlppere. . . . 


12/17/17 


1st Lieut. 
Captain 


3/14/18 
6/20/18 




John E. Hogg 


3/ 1/18 


1st Lieut. 
Captain 


6/ 1/18 
11/27/18 




Alford Colona 




Captain 


7/ 5/18 





First Lieutenants 



NAME. 


ENLISTED. 


BANK. 


COMMISSTON'D 


DISPOSITION. 


Howard S Thompson 




2nd Lieut. 
1st Lieut. 


11/ 3/17 
12/29/17 




Paul J. Trinlte 


10/ 3/17 


2nd Lieut. 
1st Lieut. 


11/ 3/17 

12/29/17 




Franlj L. Bentz. . . . 


11/ 9/17 


1st Lieut. 


11/21/17 




Arnold V Hamer. . . 


11/14/17 


1st Lieut. 


12/29/17 


Resigned 7/9/19 


Robert Garrett 




1st Lieut. 


12/29/17 




Martin Weisraann. . 


10/ 5/17 


I'nd Lieut. 
1st Lieut. 


12/29/17 
1/22/19 




Victor A. Pyles. . . . 


10/22/17 


2nd Lieut. 
1st Lieut. 


3/14/18 
6/20/18 




C>rlando Ridout 


12/17/17 


2nd Lieut. 
1st Lieut. 


3/14/18 
6/20/18 




William E. Jones. . 


3/ 1/18 


2nd Lieut. 
1st Lieut. 


6/ 1/18 
12/17/18 




Charles R. Buckley. 




1st Lieut. 


6/20/18 


Resigned 6/21/19 


William Smith 




1st Lieut. 
2nd Liout. 


6/20/18 
1/22/19 




Clyde L. Hauver. . . 


11/14/17 


2nd Lieut. 


6/20/18 






10/ 5/17 


1st Lieut. 


7/ 7/19 




Samuel R. Douglass. 


6/26/18 


1st Lieut. 


7/ 5/18 


Resigned 6/21/19 


Samuel S. Feldman. 




2nd Lieut. 
1st Lieut. 


12/17/18 
7/ 7/19 





2U 



Second Lieutenants 



NAMB. 


ENLISTED. 


RANK. 


COMMISSION'D 


DISPOSITION. 


Henry G. A. Ludtke 


10/ 3/17 


2nd Lieut. 


12/29/17 


Resigned 6/17/18 


Linden L. Sanders . . 


11/ 5/17 


2nd Lieut. 


12/29/17 


Resigned 7/10/18 


John L. Clark 


12/ 7/17 


2nd Lieut. 


3/14/18 


Resigned 


Albert F. Tawney. . . 


11/ 9/17 


2nd Lieut 


3/15/18 




Walter F. Pohl 


10/ 5/17 


2nd Lieut. 


6/20/18 




Walter R. Swift. . . 


11/15/17 


2nd Lieut. 


6/20/18 




C. F. W. Dammeyer. 


12/17/17 


2nd Lieut 


6/20/18 


Resigned 6/21/19 


Carroll Gorman 


10/ 8/17 


2nd Lieut. 


6/20/18 




Thos. McK. Meiere.. 


10/ 5/17 


?nd Lieut. 


6/20/18 




Charles E. King 


11/19/17 


2nd Lient. 


6/20/18 


Commission vacated 
7/9/19 


J. Burkloe Brown. .. 


7/16/18 


ind Lieut. 


1/22/19 




Robert H. McCaulcy 


11/ 9/17 


2nd Lieut. 


1/22/19 




Leo H. Badart 


3/11/18 


2nd Lieut. 


6/18/19 




Vaughn D. Russell. 


12/17/17 


2nd Lieut. 


6/23/19 




Geo. R. Shipley 


11/14/17 


•Yid Lieut. 


7/17/19 




Andrew Crisp 


6/26/18 


2nd Lieut. 


7/17/19 





Appendix J 

Military Enrollment of Maryland 

Aliens. Enrollments. Total. 

Baltimore City 16,269 195.279 211,548 

•Allegany County No report 

Anne Arundel County 31 2,057 2,088 

Baltimore County 982 34,017 34,999 

Calvert County 4 2,670 2,674 

Carolhie County 18 4,785 4,803 

Carroll County 74 10,584 10,658 

Cecil County No report 

Charles County 3 4,229 4,232 

Dorchester County 39 7,893 7,932 

Frederick County 66 16,869 16,935 

Garrett County 5 1,454 1,459 

Harford County 82 6,997 7,079 

Howard County 26 4,390 4,416 

Kent County 17 2,172 2,189 

Prince George's County 80 8,589 8,669 

Queen Anne's County 9 4,665 4,674 

Talbot County 30 5,019 5,04& 

Washington County 116 16,839 16,955 

Wicomico County 7 4,346 4,353 

Worcester County 1,039 1,039 

Montgomery County No report 

Somerset County No report 

St. Mary's County No report 

* Allegany County census was made and returns were sent in, but were mis- 
laid, and the enrollments have not been tabulated. 



215 



Census Enrollment for Baltimore City 

Foreign bom not citizens 16,269 

Citizens — American bom 159,64 7 

Foreign born (enemy countries) 7,980 

Foreign bom (allied neutral) 11,383 

Total Enrollment 195,279 

CONJUGAL CONDITION 

Married. Single. 

White 90,354 White 58,7!>5 

Colored 18,816 Colored 12,155. 

NUMBER OF DEPENDENTS 

1 2 13 4 5 6 and over 

45,965 55,948 33,023 20.279 11,451 6,999 5,797 

Previous Military Service. Previous Naval Service. 

Officers. Privates. Officers 46 

Infantry 423 8,583 Enlisted men 2,;i52 

Cavalry 31 795 

Artilery 39 833 

Engineers 10 92 

Medical 36 330 

Ride horse 80,189 Steam engine 13,779 

Handle team 98,816 Electrical machinery 8,616 

Drive auto 24,098 Handle boat 17,718 

Ride motorcycle 9,308 Coastwise navigation 2,774 

Telegraphy 2,124 Gas engine 3,706 

Wireless 775 Swim 54,517 

Date of enrollment, April 14th, 1917. 

Appendix K 

The Educational Committee and a Brief 
Summary of Its Work 

The Educational Committee was created August 2Sth, 1017, by the 
Executive Committee of the Maryland Council of Defense. The following 
persons were appointed from time to time, as members of the Committee : 
Dr. John. H. Latane, Chairman, Dr. George L. Jones, Prof. A. O. Lovejoy, 
H. W. Williams, W. H. DeC. Wright, C. W Egan, Miss Sarah Carter, 
Rev. E. T. Read, Dr. G. W. Haddaway. 

Dr. George L. Jones was elected secretary. Later he relinquished this 
position to enter the service of the Government and Mr. Wright was 
appointed secretary. Dr. Love.1oy was appointed Field Director and Mr. 
Isidor Blum, Assistant Field Director. 

Dr. Ix)vejoy later resigned to make a trip to Europe. Dr. Haddaway 
was appointed Chief Field Director, with Rev. E. T. Read and Mr. Isidor 
Blum as Assistant Field Director. 

216 



The purpose of the Educational Committee, as its name indicates, has 
been purely in the interest of war educational propaganda. To enlighten 
the people, and all of the people of the State of Maryland, in all matters 
pertaining to the War, as far as possible, and to tell them what was ex- 
pected of them in war activities and urge the fullest support of the same. 
This work has been carried on very extensively by the distribution of 
posters, written letters, circulation of literature as written by the Com- 
mittee itself and published by the United States Government; also by 
public addresses, stereoptican lectures through the Departments of Four 
Minute Men, Vocational Training and Americanization work — through 
all of these, with the splendid result that the entire State has become 
thoroughly aroused in all war activities, claiming the attention of the 
same, as the generous responses to the Liberty Loans, Red Cross, War 
Work Campaign, etc., will attest. 

Local or Community Councils, or their equivalents, were organized in 
all of the counties of the State and some counties were thoroughly or- 
ganized in every section of the same. Of these organizations one hundred 
and fifty were strictly Community Councils. These Councils were active 
and useful in all war interests touching in every way the local situation^ 
as well as in matters affecting the general public. 

No war work in this State has been quite so fundamental as 
that of the Educational Committee. The people had to be informed first 
and then they were ready to respond most liberally to all demands made 
upon them and lend their co-operation in every possible way. This 
information was imparted by the Educational Committee even in the 
most minute details. 

The entire expense incurred by the Committee in its many activities 
did not exceed $5,000. The good accomplished by the work of the Educa- 
tional Committee cannot be estimated in dollars and cents. 

The work of the said Committee has been cheerfully and efficiently done 
by all parties concerned, and now that the Maryland Council of Defense 
— being a war-time organization — created by the State Legislature to be 
discontinued at the conclusion of the war or within a brief period 
thereafter ; and the Educatinoal Committee, being a branch of the State 
Council of Defense, may be called upon to dissolve in the not distant 
future, the Educational Committee will be remembered for the much 
good it has accomplished. With this wholesome thought in our minds, 
we willingly abide the action of the Executive Committee of the Mary- 
land Council of Defense. 

Respectfully submitted, 

GEORGE W. HADDAWAY, 

Chief Field Director. 



217 



The Chairman : Resolution Adopted by the 
Educational Committee 

Whereas, The Educational Committee of the Maryland Ct)uncil of 
Defense before adjourning desires to express its appreciation of the 
services rendered to the people of the State of Maryland, as well as to the 
Nation at large, by General Francis E. Waters, Chairman of the Mary- 
land Council of Defense; 

Note, Therefore, Be It Resolved, That it is proper for the members of 
this Committee who have worked under and who have been associated 
with General Francis E. Waters, Chairman of the Maryland Council of 
Defense, to bring to the notice of the people of Maryland more emphatic- 
ally than has yet been done the faithful and efficient service which 
General Waters has rendered. He has given his time without stint, never 
failing to attend promptly to the innumerable matters which have been 
presented to him, and has brought rare judgment to bear on the various 
questions and problems which it was the function of the Maryland Coun- 
cil of Defense to deal with and to solve. He has served entirely without 
ostentation, never desiring prominence for himself, seeliing no credit, 
and having no wish except to accomplish good results. At all times he 
has contributed in full measure of his great ability to the success of the 
cause for which the Maryland Council of Defense was organized. Many 
of the people of the State have not the slightest conception of the onerous 
duties which have fallen upon General Waters, and of the heavy drafts 
on his time as well as on his private means. The latter he has never 
hesitated to expend or to pledge where doubt exsited as to the authority 
to expend the public money. Comparatively few people realize the high 
degree of business intelligence which he has brought to bear on the 
problems coming before him in his capacity as chairman. 

This resolution is offered not only as a proper token of appreciation by 
the Educational Committee to General Waters himself, but because the 
Committee believes that the public at large should have their attention 
drawn to one who has served them so modestly and with such efficiency. 
He is the type of man who avoids exploiting and advertising his own 
accomplishments and is all the more valuable as a citizen for this reason. 
The people of Maryland owe a debt of gratitude to this man who has 
served them without thought of gain or personal advantage and who has 
served them to his utmost, because of his love for the Nation and for 
his native State. 

Be It Further Resolved, That in recognition of General Waters' services 
the press be asked to give due prominence to this resolution. 

Signe<] : John H. Latane, Chairman ; W. H. DeC. Wright, Secretary ; 
G. W. Haddaway, Chief Field Dierctor; Edgar T. Read, Associate Field 
Director; Henry W. Williams, Clarence W. Egan, vSarah R. Carter. 

218 



Vocational Education 

State of Maryland 
DEPARTMENT OF EDUCATION 

May 27, 1918. 
Maryland Council of Defense, 

Baltimore, Md. 
Gentlemen : 

Because of the failure of the selective draft to furnish enough specially 
trained mechanics for the needs of the army, the War Department has 
called on the Federal Board for Vocational Education to assist in meeting 
this demand. This Federal Board was created by Congress to administer 
the Federal appropriation pi-ovided under the Smith-Hughes Law for the 
promotion of industrial education throughout the United States. It 
operates through State Boards for Vocational Education, being repre- 
sented in Maryland by the State Board of Education, of which Dr. M. 
Bates Stephens is the executive officer. 

The call from the War Department asking the schools of the country 
to aid in providing the industrial training under the direction of the 
Federal Board has been passed on to the States, and the response ra 
general has been very good. The attached exhibit shows some of the 
work that has already been accomplished. The plan of training used 
in most of the states has been evening classes open to men of Classes I 
and II of the Selective Draft. These classes have been organized in the 
schools and the shops of the country under the drection of the several 
state boards for vocational education. In some few eases the classes 
have been financed locally. In most of the states these classes have been 
made possible through a grant of money from the State Council of 
Defense. 

A recent ruling of the Federal Board for Vocational Education has 
made possible the use of Smith-Hughes funds for classes of this sort. 
The conditions under which these funds may be used are specifically 
stated in the law, a copy of which is attached. One of the provisions 
requires that every dollar of Federal money must be matched with a 
dollar of state or local money. The State Board for Vocational Edu- 
cation is vi-illing to use a iwrtion of its available funds for this training 
and desires if possible to secure state funds to be used with the Federal 
money in this important work. 

The State of Maryland has done its bit and more than that at times 
throughout the history of this nation. We should not like to see it fall 
down at this time, when the army is in need of so many trained men. 
We should not like to have the Maryland boy think that his State had 
not been fair to him when it did not give him the chance to prepare for 
army service and win his position as a noncommissioned officer, when the 
boy from Pennsylvania, or West Virginia, or Delaware, or other states, 
did have the privilege. We believe that Maryland will give its young 
men the same chance that the other fellow gets. 

219 



The Maryland State Board of Education would like to establish truin- 
ing classes for conscripted men in every community in the State where 
men can be brought into the classes. The organizing and supervision 
of these classes will be taken care of by the State Supervisor of Indus- 
trial Education, whose salary and expenses are already provided for. To 
operate these classes successfully will require funds for the payment of 
teachers and the securing of necessary equipment. We believe that the 
local communities will furnish the equipment and the rooms necessary, 
if funds can be secured to pay for the teachers. 

We therefore request the Maryland Council of Defense to appropriate 
for this training the sum of one thousand dollars, this amount to be 
matched by an equal amount of Federal money available under the 
Smith-Hughes Law% the total to be utilized for the preparation of Mary- 
land men for better service in the National Army. 
Very truly yours, 

M. BATES STEPHENS, 
State Director of Vocational Eduoation. 

MARYLAND COUNCIL OF DEFENSE 
Baltimore 
Dr. M. Bates Stephens, 
State Superintendent of Education, 
Baltimore, Md. 
My Dear Dr. Stephens : 

The Executive Committee of the Maryland Council of Defense voted 
the sum of $1,000.00, this amount to be matched by an equal amount of 
Federal money available under the Smith-Hughes Law, the total to be 
utilized for the preparation of Maryland men for better service in the 
National Army. Payment of this money will be made on bills or vouchers 
approved by you. 

Very truly yours, 

LYNN R. MEEKINS, 

Secretary. 
State of Maryland 
DEPARTMENT OF EDUCATION 

June 28, 1918. 
Mr. L. R. Meekins, Secretary, 
Maryland Council of Defense, 
703 Union Trust Building, Baltimore, Md. 
My dear Mr. Meekins : 

I appreciate very much the good news contained in your letter just 
read to the effect that the executive committee of the Maryland Council 
of Defense has voted the sum of $1,000 for the preparation of Maryland 
men for more efficient service in the National Army. This money will be 
matched dollar for dollar with Federal money under the provisions of 
the Smith-Hughes act. 

Very truly yours, 

M. BATES STEPHENS, 

State Superintendent. 
220 



State of Maryland 
DEPARTMENT OF EDUCATION 

August 12, 1918. 

Complying with your request for a brief summary of what has been 
done in the War Training Classes for selected men awaiting call, I am 
pleased to report that the work is under way iu five centers in the State. 

Cumberland was the first to get started in training men for special 
army service. After a brief survey of the city it seemed that Radio 
Operating and Auto Repairing offered the best possibilities and arrange- 
ments were made for classes in each subject. The auto work is given in 
Glisan's garage with Mr. Wilson and Mr. Hendrickson, two of the shop 
mechanics, as instructors. The shop owners are co-operating in every 
way and some effective teaching is being done. The enrollment at 
present is 25 men. Mr. Perry Nicklin, manager of the Western Union at 
Cumberland has charge of the class in Radio Operating. The class meets 
in the High School and is going iu good shape. The students are mak- 
ing rapid progress and several of them can now pass the requirements 
of the Signal Corps. The enrollment in this class is 12 men. 

Hagerstown has classes in Auto Repairing aud iu Radio Operating. 
The auto work is given iu the Central Garage under the direction of Mr. 
John Beard, foreman of the garage, with fifteen men enrolled. The 
radio work is given in the Negley building under the direction of Philip 
Coblentz. Eight men are at present enrolled but it is expected that this 
number will be increased very soon. 

Frederick has a class in Auto Repairing under the direction of the 
foreman of the Ideal Garage with 15 men enrolled. The shop equipment 
is particularly good as this garage is one of the largest and best in the 
State. 

Salisbury has a class in Auto Repairing with Mr. O. H. Grier as in- 
structor. The class meets in the East Main Street Garage. The initial 
enrollment was 10 men. This number will be increased soon. 

Baltimore City has been rather slow in taking up the work. The 
matter was laid over from one meeting of the School Board to another 
and then referred to the Rules Committee which recently decided to 
proceed with Auto Repairing and Radio Operating, and authorized the 
use of the Polytechnic Institute for other lines of work as soon as 
school opens next month. In the absence of Superintendent Koch, 
Mr. George R. Gaither, Supervisor of Manual Training, has been placed 
in charge of the War Training classes in the City and it is expected that 
the work will soon be well under way. 

We believe the small appropriation allowed for the War Training 
classes by the State Council of Defense is money well spent. A few men 
have already entered some special line of army service from these 
classes and it is hoped that most of them will be ready by the time of 
the next draft call. 

Very truly yours, 

M. BATES STEPHENS, 

State Superintendent. 
221 



Summary of Work Done in War Training 

Cuinberland — Auto Work, 2 classes ; Radio Work, 1 class. 
Frederick — Auto Work, 1 class. 

Hagerstown — Auto Work, 1 class ; Radio Work, 1 class. 
Salisbury — Auto Work, 1 class ; Radio Work, 1 class. 
Baltimore — Auto Work, 4 classes; Radio Work, 2 classes. 
Three others are being started in Baltimore and a class in Radio and 
another in Auto Repairing will soon be organized in Cambridge. 

State of Maryland 
DEPARTMENT OF EDUCATION 

September 21, 1918. 

Since the above report was made, four classes in Auto Repairing and 
two in Radio Operating have been organized in Baltimore City, and 
three other classes will be organized in the near future with men who 
have already signed up for the work. Classes will soon be organized 
in both Auto Repairing and Radio Operating in Cambridge. 

The interest and attendance in all of these classes has been excellent. 
In Salisbury a waiting list of men is kept by the instructor and a new 
student added to the class as fast as another becomes proficient enough 
to drop out or is called to service. The classes average about twelve 
men each and have a total attendance of one hundred and seventy. 
Very truly yours, 

M. BATES STEPHENS, 

State Superintendent. 

Appendix L 

Report of the Agricultural Work Conducted 

Under the Auspices of the Maryland 

Council of Defense 

Introduction 

This report will record a summary of the initial movements, develop- 
ments and results of emergency agricultural work conducted during the 
war period by the Maryland Council of Defense in co-operation with 
State and Federal agencies. 

It was not until early in the year 1917 that the general public or even 
many State and Government agencies realized to the fullest extent the 
demands that would be made upon this country for food products. War 
among the nations of Europe had continued since July, 1914. A constant 
drain upon the food resources of the world had not only exhausted all 
surplus, but finances and facilities for production in many European 

222 



countries had been greatly depleted. The demands of European peoples 
during the winter of 1916-1917 had so reduced the supply of food products 
in this country that with the approach of the 1917 season, a panicky 
feeling existed, so great was the demand for all seeds and that all avail- 
able land be devoted to the production of food products. By this time, 
it had become inevitable that this Nation would become affiliated with 
the Allies against the common enemy in the defense of justice, humanity 
and civilization. Immediate steps were talien by the State College and 
tJ. S. Dept. of Agriculture to make hurried surveys of available seed 
supplies. In fact, prior to this period, these agencies had been making 
every effort towards increasing production and the conservation of food. 
With the declaration of a state of war between the United States and 
the Central Empires, April 6, 1917, our people recognized more fully than 
ever before, the absolute deiJendence of this Nation and those connected 
with us in the prosecution of the war upon an adequate supply of food 
products. At this juncture, the special State and Federal agencies were 
created to augment the regular agencies in the stimulation of production 
and conservation of food. 

Maryland Preparedness and Survey Commission 

Prior to this period, the State had recognized the seriousness of the 
situation and the necessity of providing a semi-official body of public 
spirited citizens to look into various means of adequate preparedness 
for any eventuality. The Maryland Preparedness Commission was ap- 
pointed in the fall of 1916 by Governor Harrington. This Commission 
was headed by Gen. Carl R. Gray who was also a member of the State 
Board of Agriculture. Shortly after the declaration of war, a joint 
conference of the members of the Executive Committee of the State 
Commission and tJie members of the State Board of Agriculture was 
called, April 12th, 1917, to consider the agricultural situation. The 
result of the labor and seed surveys conducted by the Extension Service 
of the State College was presented to the conference by the President 
and Director. A private fund was established with the aid of the 
Governor, State Treasurer and the State Board of Agriculture, to which 
public-spirited citizens subscribed for the purpose of securing agricultural 
seeds in large quantities to be distributed to farmers at cost, upon a 
nine months credit. The Director of the Extension Service of the State 
College was authorized to secure contributions to the fund and charged 
with details of purchasing and distributing the various kinds of seeds. 
Shortly after the inauguration of the work, plans were made to secure the 
co-operation of all the farmers of the State. 

Governor Tours State 

Realizing the necessity of educating the people of the State to a 
thorough realization of the State's responsibility and the need for in- 
creased production of farm crops, with the concurrence of Governor 
Harrington, the Dirertor of the Extension Service of the State College 

223 



through the county agency force arranged for mass meetings of farmers 
In the county seats of all counties which were addressed by Governor 
E. C. Harrington, T. B. Symous, Director of Extension, and Prof. C. S. 
Richardson, representing the College. 

This campaign served a most useful purpose, not only in emphasizing 
the necessity for the utilization of all available land for agricultural 
food crops, but also to arouse a most patriotic effort from the farmers 
to produce increased crops in spite of great scarcity of farm labor which 
had been gradually leaving the rural sections to engage in more remun- 
erative work in the munition factories. 

Every possible preliminary step was taken by the College during this 
period to encourage greater production and more extended cultivation of 
farm crops and the raising of livestock to meet the increasing demands 
of the war. 

An extra session of the Maryland Legislature was called by the 
Governor and the Maryland Council of Defense was created and 
supplied with necessary funds to prosecute such emergency work as was 
deemed necessary. 

With the formal organization of the State Council of Defense, July 11, 
1917, the Agricultural Committee of the Council was formed under the 
chairmanship of Dr. A. F. Woods, President of the State College and 
executive officer of the State Board of Agriculture. Dr. Woods was thus 
in position to correlate all phases of agricultural work so as to prevent 
duplication and secure the greatest unanimity of effort. A complete 
program and budget was presentetl to the Council through this com- 
mittee to supplement the regular agencies already at work. The emer- 
gency funds were available August 1st, 1917. For convenience, it is 
deemed best to give a summary of the work conducted during the seasons 
of 1917 and 1918. 

General Assistance to State College 

The leadership of the State College of Agriculture was at once recog- 
nized to guide the efforts of all forces thrust into the arena for in- 
creasing our agricultural output and the Extension Division was the 
natural agency of the College through which the greater part of this 
effort was carried to the farmers of the State. 

The Extension Service was fortunate in having a good organization 
of workers, with a county man and woman agent, having a working 
organization in every county of the State. It was, therefore, desirable 
to make this organization as efficient as possible by providing ample 
facilities and supplementing the force where necessary. 

On account of the great amount of emergency work that was thrust 
upon the county agents, it was necessary to aid them in defraying ad- 
ditional traveling expenses, to furnish some assistants and to give thera 
clerical help for their offices. An allowance per month was made for 
each for three months, beginning July 15th. This assistance by the 
Ck)uncil of Defense was of inestimable value iu increasing the efficiency 

224 



of the county agent force. The clerical help relieved them of office work, 
facilitated prompt correspondence, etc., and enabled them to devote more 
time to the greater demands made by the work in their counties. The 
financial assistance for traveling expenses afforded increased mileage. 
The auto mileage of agents varied from 1,000 to 1,600 miles per month. 
This assistance in traveling expenses was extended to both men and 
women agents and was continued by the Council of Defense during the 
open or growing months of the war period. 

Seed Distribution 

As previously mentioned, the purchase and distribution of agricultural 
seeds was the first concrete project under emergency work conducted 
early In the year 1917. A private fund of $10,000 was raised for this 
purpose. The following persons very generously and patriotically sub- 
scribed to this fund which was understood to be a loan to the end that 
seed would be furnished to farmers desiring credit on personal notes not 
regular negotiable paper : John M. Dennis, J. Bolgiano t& Co., Mrs. Henry 
B. Jacobs, Mrs. Rufus Gibbs, Newcomer & Co., Eugene Levering, Balti- 
more Chamber of Commerce, Henry M. Warfleld, Robert Garrett, Wm. H. 
Graflin, Van Lear Black, J. H. Wheelwright, City Dairy Co., State 
Council of Defense. 

There was a large demand on the part of farmers for potatoes, cow 
peas, soy beans, etc., which were not available in this State. These 
seeds were purchased in car loads from other sections and distributed 
in small lots throughout the State. Where credit was desired, the 
farmers' personal notes were taken. 

The initial fund was not sufficient to finance the project, as nearly 
$20,000 worth of seed was purchased. The Council of Defense contri- 
buted through the Agricultural committee, $4,00<> and placed this contri- 
bution upon the same basis as that loaned by private contributors. To 
date 75 per cent, of the total amount loaned has been repaid. 

The following amount and kind of seed was purchased and distributed: 

Cowpeas 1958 bushels 

Navy Beans las " 

Soy Beans 2.34 " 

Potatoes 2123 " 

Miscellaneous 15 

Total cost of Seed $19,325.21 

Total number of orders shipped 647 

This entailed a large amount of work by the Extension Service 
Specialists and office force, as well as by the county agents. Mr. S. B. 
Shaw handled many details of the seed distribution. No expenses what- 
ever for extra work were charged against this fund. The supreme object 
at the time of distributing the seed was to have an increased production 
of food crops and as a result, many persons were given seed upon per- 

225 



sonal notes, whose responsibility for one reason or another proved unsafe. 
However, the project was a great success in assisting those needing seed 
to obtain it and the large amount of food produced from the approximate 
$20,000 worth of seed can only be c-onjectured. 

The Farm Labor Problem 

Early in the spring of 1917 the farm labor problem became very acute. 
Farmers hesitated to plant large acreage to crops for fear of an in- 
adequate supply of farm labor at harvesting. The demands of the 
munition factories with greater remuneration and the calls of the Army 
and Navy drew heavily upon rural districts. In many communities it 
was thought that there was not sufficient farmi labor to start the sea- 
son's crops. A campaign of education was necessary in order to explain 
first, the demands of the Government for men ; second, the necessity of 
utilizing all available farm labor in the community to the greatest 
advantage; and third, to show the possibilities of co-operation between 
the local towns and cities and the surrounding rural sections during 
harvest periods. This educational work was conducted by the Extension 
Service of the State College in co-operation with the U. S. Dept. of 
Agriculture. The county agents spents much time throughout the season 
in mobilizing local labor and iu placing labor secured from outside 
sources. 

The Council of Defense was appealed to with a view of establishing a 
State bureau to aid the situation. On May 22, 1917, Mr. Rex E. Willard, 
Farm Help Specialist, was detailed by the U. S. Dept. of Agriculture 
to co-operate with the State authorities to determine ways and means for 
satisfactorily handling the farm labor problem in the State. Later in 
the season, a farm labor bureau was established in Baltimore by the 
Agricultural Committee of the Council. 

Prior to Mr. Willard's arrival the agitation for farm labor caused the 
chairman of the then Maryland Preparedness and Survey Commission, 
Gen. Carl R. Gray, to authorize the formation of two units of the so- 
called Maryland Agricultural Army which were financed from private 
contributions Company A in charge of Captain E. J. O'Brien, located 
at Westminster, Carroll County, and Company B in charge of Lieut. 
G. J. Yockel, located at Galena, Kent County. These two companies 
had an initial enlistment of 100 men, 50 men to each company. 

Great difliculty was experienced in conducting these volunteer units. 
The men had not thoroughly understood working conditions in the 
country. Many were not familiar with farm work and the farmers were 
not prepared to give continuous employment to the men throughout a 
given period. Due to excessive overhead expenses, the camp in Kent 
County was discontinued August 25, 1917. Early in the season the B. F. 
Shriver Co., Westminster, took over the management and resix)nsibility 
of the camp established in Carroll County. This plan for relieving the 
farm labor shortage in any community was considered impractical by 
\irtue of the conditions surrounding its organization. 

226 



Mr. Willard and Mr. Wm. M. Hillegeist of the Extension Service 
spent considerable time in managing the details of conducting these 
camps. 

Farm Labor Bureau 

With availability of State Emergency funds, Dr. A. F. Woods, Chair- 
man of the agricultural committee, established headquarters for the farm 
labor bureau in Baltimore with Mr. Rex E. Willard in charge and Mr. 
W. M. Hillegeist as Assistant. This bureau was established to serve as a 
clearing house for assembling available farm labor in the cities and 
elsewhere and distributing the same to the sections of the State needing 
same. 

Much difficulty was experienced by the officials of the bureau in 
securing labor that was satisfactory to the average farmer. In many 
cases this was due to the inexperience of the labor and in others it was 
due to exactions or lack of consideration of the labor by the farmer. 

The officials of the farm labor bureau received reports from the 
county agents and supplied the demands as far as possible. The work 
of the bureau was a success in that it met the need of the period and 
demonstrated the many difficulties involved in the securing and placing 
of outside labor. Eight hundred and sixty-five men were placed by the 
bureau during the season. In addition, the bureau assisted the Boys' 
Working Reserve and other movements for rendering assistance in the 
emergency. August 22nd, Mr. Willard was recalled by the Etepartment 
of Agriculture to take up another assignment and Mr. Hillegeist suc- 
ceeded him as head of the bureau. 

The work of the bureau continued during the remainder of the 1917 
season co-operating with the county agents in meeting fall needs of the 
farmers. 

While there was a real shortage of farm labor throughout the 1917 
season, yet, through the generous and patriotic response of the farmers 
and their families, a large increased acreage of food products was raised 
and harvested. In no case was there a loss of any crop on account of 
lack of labor for harvesting. 

The special session of the State Legislature passed a compulsory work 
law that was enforced by the Council of Defense through the County 
officials. The moral effect of the law was good and its enforcement in 
many sections served the purpose of preventing idleness on the part of 
anyone. The county agents co-operated in bringing to the attention of 
the proper officials c^ses where men were not working six days per week. 
This law was an important factor in relieving the labor situation in 
several sections of the State. 

Control of Insect Pests 

During the early summer of 1917 some unusual outbreaks of insect 
pests occurred in the State. Through the agricultural committee of the 
Council of Defense funds were provided to enable the Extension forces to 

227 



render assistance in the suppression of these outbreaks and in promoting 
an educational campaign for the prevention and control of insect pests 
generall}'. When it is understood that there is annually a total loss of at 
least ten per cent., due to insect injury of agricultural products, the 
advantage of reducing that injury to the mininunn can be realized. A 
field Entomologist was employe<l who devoted his whole time to this 
important work, supplemented by the regular departmental forces. A 
special bulletin on the "Control of the Hessian Fly" was published from 
emergency funds. In the fall, a special effort was made to reduce to 
a minimum, injury froiU' insects and rodents affecting store<l products. 
An exhibit covering the salient points of this work was displayed at the 
county fairs and community meetings. Every effort was made by all 
forces to carry on through the winter season, educational work for 
reduction of loss by insects and rodents. 

Agricultural Work 

During 1917, the shortage of sugar was impressed upon the Nation by 
the Food Administration. It was therefore advisable to encourage in 
every way, the production of honey in the State. Definite work was 
undertaken in eleven counties. Field meetings, demonstrations in hand- 
ling bees, control of disease, etc., were conducted. Plans were made for 
the establishment of a central wax rendering station at the College. Bee 
keepers could thus send old combs and waste scraps of wax for rendering 
into market wax. A considerable amount of valuable bees wax was thus 
saved. The agricultural committee furnished funds to enable this 
assistance to be rendered to the bee keepers of the State. As a result 
of the campaign, a large increase in the honey crop of the State was 
secured. 

Plant Disease Control 

Every effort was made during 1917 to redme injury from plant 
diseases. Special demonstrations were conducted in Western Maryland 
to prevent and control the blight on the late potato crop, which was so 
important in that section. The previous year, the potato crop in that 
section was reduced one-half due to this disease. A public spraying 
machine was in operation for some time, demonstrating to farmers how 
the blight could be controlled. Similiar work was conducted on the 
Eastern Shore for the control of blight on tomatoes. Two assistants 
were employed to aid the State Pathologist in this work. 

The need for conserving wheat in every way made necessary a campaign 
to prevent stinking smut, a disease that injures this crop in several 
sections of the State. A campaign was conducted in treating seed wheat 
with formaldehyde. 4,000 bushels of seed were treated at demonstra- 
tions in various sections. 

Seed Wheat 

With the view of assisting in the distribution of adaptable and greater 
producing varieties of wheat to many sections of the State, the Extension 
Service through the Council of Defense funds endeavored to supplement 

228 



tbis work which the Experimeut Station had been doing ujwn a small 
scale for several years. Specialists and county agents located as much 
good seed wheat as possible. Farmers were induced to purchase the 
varieties best adapted to their respective localities. Several demonstra- 
tions where only an acre of the improved varieties were grown, were 
started in order to demonstrate the superiority of the variety and 
produce a quantity of seed wheat for another year. 

Public Tractors 

Early in 1917, there was a demand for public tractors in several sec- 
tions of the State. This was due to labor shortage and the desire of the 
people to plant all available land to food crops. Funds were not avail- 
able to give the project a trial, howeA-er, until the fall of the same year. 
The purchasing and operation of public tractors by the State was under- 
taken with a great deal of hesitancy. It was easy to secure the machine, 
but the difficulties of operation, securing continuous work and financing 
the project presented many obstacles. However, the demand was so 
insistent that the Council of Defense through the agricultural committee, 
authorized Dr. A. F. Woods to purchase four tractors and to put them in 
operation as public machines to test the practicability of the plan. Two 
machines commenced work September Cth. Two others were secured 
later. The machines were placed under the control of the county agents 
in Kent, Cecil and Harford counties. During the fall of 1917, the four 
machines did good work, competent operators were secured and each 
section reported favorably on the plan. The tractors served to increase 
the acreage in winter in those counties. 

Milk Cost Survey 

The critical conditions surrounding the production of an adequate 
supply of milk, the difficulties presented in its distribution, the conse- 
quent non-agreement between producer and distributor regarding proper 
remuneration and finally the reluctance of the consumer to pay an in- 
creased price for the product, prompted the State Council of Defense to 
yield to public demands and inaugurate an inquiry into the actual cost 
of the product. 

On November 30th, Mr. Carl R. Gray, Chairman of the Maryland 
Council of Defense, addressed a letter to Dr. A. F. Woods, President, 
Maryland State College of Agriculture as follows : 

Maryland Council of Defense 
Baltimore. 

November 20, 1917. 
Dr. A. F. Woods, 

Maryland State College of Agriculture, 
College Park, Md. 
My dear Sir : — 

Information is reaching this Council from a number of directions 
that a serious condition has arisen in the State as affects the milk indus- 
try, which has already resulted in a shortage in the supply available for 

22a 



Baltimore Oity and which promises ta become more acute as we approach 
the winter season. The prices of milk have been advanced and, without 
definite information from a disinterested public source, this naturally 
results in dissatisfaction among the consumers. 

We have been, as you know, hopeful that the investigation into this 
matter by the U. S. Food Administration would have enabled them to 
have made a public statement of their findings as to the c-ost of pro- 
ducing and distributing milk in Maryland before this time; but the 
magnitude of their task is readily appreciated, and the difficulty as well 
of reaching conclusions as they affect local situations. 

The actual sales of dairy cows throughout the State and the advertise- 
ments offering herds for sale, indicate that the situation here is more 
than usually acute and requires immediate handling. 

The Council has therefore decided to initiate an investigation with a 
view of determiung — 

First — The cost of producing milk in Maryland, generally. 
Secand — The cost of bottling and distributing milk in Baltimore City 
and the larger milk markets in Maryland, specifically, with the in- 
tention of publishing these findings at the earliest possible date. 
The Council is especially desirous that you undertake the direction of 
this investigation and rendition of a report. It is, of course, extremely 
desirable that you secure the sympathetic co-operation of the U. S. Food 
Administration, and of the Dept. of Agriculture, which we feel sure will 
be forthcoming, and, so far as practicable, we would like to use such 
State aglencies as are available. 

We have the assurance of the Maryland State Dairymen's Association 
and the Milk Bottlers' Exchange of Baltimore Oity that they will wel- 
come this investigation, and that they will co-operate in every way to 
assist your committee in determining the facts. 

The expense of the investigation and reiwrt will be borne by this 
Council. 

Very truly yours, 

(Signed) C. R. GRAY. Chuirman. 

Immediately upon receipt of the foregoing letter, Dr. Woods conferred 
with all of the agencies, both State and Federal, having jurisdiction over 
the matters involved in the proposed investigation. As a result of several 
conferences it was finally decided that plans for the survey should be 
prepared by the Public Service Commission in co-operation with the 
Extension Service of the State College of Agriculture. 

On November 22nd the proposed plans were endorsed by the Chairman 
of the Council of Defense, and immediate steps were taken to begin 
the investigation on Monday, November 26tb. 

The plan of this Cost Survey contemplated three main inquiries; (1) 
cost of production, which caiTies the cost to the point at which the milk 
is delivered to the carrier; (2) cost of transportation, which carries the 

230 



cost to the point at which the milk is delivered to the distributors; (3) 
cost of distribution, which carred the cost to the point at which the milk 
is delivered to the consumer. 

Separate forms were prepared for recording the data secured from 
each of the above inquiries. 

Cost of Production 

In each of ten counties of the State, ten typical herds were selected 
and accurate records of each herd were kept by the owner and respec- 
tive county agents for one week, beginning Monday, December 26th, 
and ending Sunday, January 2nd. The county agents were to visit 
each farm daily, if possible, and personally verify the cost records in 
connection with each herd. Daily records were forwarded to the 
Extension Division of the State College of Agriculture for tabulation. 
The Specialists on the staff of the State College of Agriculture exer- 
cised general supervision over the work of the county agents in order 
to secure accuracy and uniformity. This branch of the inquiry covered 
Allegany, Washington, Frederick, Baltimore, Carroll, Harford, Mont- 
gomery, Cecil, Kent and Queen Anne's Counties. 

Cost of Transportation 

Blanks were provided for recording data concerning the cost of 
transportation, exclusive of production and distribution. When the 
producer was also the distributor, provision was made to apportion the 
cost involved in each of the three major branches of the operation ; 
i. e., production, transportation and distribution, and separate records 
were kept covering each operation. 

Distribution in Baltimore City 

The cost of distribution was ascertained from ten representative 
plants in Baltimore City under the supervision of the Public Service 
xJommission, in co-operation with Dairy Specialists on the staff of the 
State College of Agriculture. Blanks were provided covering each item 
of cost entering into the process of handling the milk from the time 
it reached the city until it was finally placed in the hands of the con- 
sumer. 

Distribution in Smaller Cities 

In order that a comparison might be made between the cost of distri- 
bution in Baltimore City and in the smaller cities of the State, separate 
inquiries were carried on to ascertain the actual cost of distribution 
in the following markets : C\imberland, Hagerstown and Frederick. 
Special blanks were provided for recording data covering this branch 
of the inquiry. 

231 



Record of Results 

Owing to the ready eo-operation of all agencies and individuals in- 
volved in the inquiry, the Cost Survey began on schedule time and was 
carried through without interruption. Tw^o extended conferences were 
held with officials representing producers, distributors, consumers and 
various State and Federal agencies for the purpose of discussing the 
basis of the investigation and the many important phases of the milk 
problem. 

A full report containing a record of results was published. The 
average cost of production of milk per gallon in ten counties was found 
to be 4.26, average cost of transportation 2.12 per gallon and the aver- 
age cost of distribution 20.65. It was fully understood that this survey 
was conducted at an abnormal period of the year for the ascertainment 
of the cost of milk and therefore, these figures could not safely he 
applied to any other season. The purpose of the survey was to ascer- 
tain the cost of milk at this particular time. 

The report issued as a result of this survey discussed all phases of the 
milk problem in a comprehensive manner. The I'eport presented several 
suggestions and recommendations. 

No. 1 was as follows: An adequate supply of milk must be maintained 
at any cost. 

The necessity for providing meats and cereals to feed onr allies in 
order to win the war and make the world safe for democracy is no 
greater than the obligation which rests upon the State to insure an ade- 
quate supply of pure milk to nourish the rising generation, upon whose 
lives the perpetuation of democracy itself rests. Any consideration of 
an adequate price for milk must include not only the actual cost of 
production and distribution, plus a reasonable profit for those engaged in 
the business, but it must include, also, such guarantees to the producer 
as will, under a situation that is growing constantly more diflicult, 
justify his remaining in the business of producing milk. It must be 
remembered that the dairyman who produces milk is servin<j: the public 
even more effectively than is the grower of beef. "Evei'y dairy cow 
in her life supplies in milk an amount of human food equal to that 
provided by seventeen steers." Bulletin, U. S. Dept. of Agricultui'e. 

It was also pointed out that the limitations placed upon the present 
investigation only serve to indicate the need of a more searching inquiry 
into the dairy business, as conducted in the State. The results of 
the present survey are valuable as pointing out the several phases of the 
subject requiring illumination. There is a plentiful lack of information 
concerning salient features of the business. Moreover, fairness to 
farmer, producer, distributor, and the consuming public demands that 
the various items of cost of producing and distributing milk be ascertain- 
ed for an entire year. Results from such a survey would permit the 
formulation of certain standards of formulae from which the variations 
due to seasonal changes, price of labor, materials, etc. could be accurate- 
ly determined. 

232 



The conluctiiig of this survey served a most useful purpose iu demon- 
strating to the general public the conditions under which the dairymen 
of the State were laboring. It furnished a means for conciliating all 
parties involved in the conflict over this problem. 

Woman's Work 

A summary of the emergency agricultural activities during 1917 would 
not be complete without a generous reference to the wonderfully effec- 
tive work conducted by the women of the State in the production and 
especially the conservation of food products. 

The women's section of the State Council of Defense was completely 
organized with a central committee and committees in all counties. 
These organizations co-operated fully with representatives of the Exten. 
sion Service in both city and county. Through the Federal Emergency 
funds, a woman agent was placed in each county with several urban 
workers in our cities. Travel and clerical assistance was given the 
agents through State Emergency funds. 

The agents, in conjunction with the Women's Section Council of 
Defense, Public School authorities and all other co-operating agencies, 
aroused the public to the importance of conservation of food, the grow- 
ing of war gardens and the many other problems in home economics 
that aided home makers to meet war conditions. The patriotic response 
on the part of the women of the State in all phases of war work was an 
inspiration to the State and Nation. 

Summary of 1917 Season 

The season of 1917 thus ended with a splendid response on the part of 
the farmers of Maryland in producing a large increase of food products, 
notwithstanding the many difficulties encountered. Early in the fall, 
the National Draft Act became effective and many men were leaving 
the rural districts to join the National Army. The people were becoming 
thoroughly impressed with the magnitude of the task before the Nation. 

Season of 1918 

With the approach of the 1918 crop season, conditions in rural sections 
had grown more acute. The demands of the Government for men and 
food became more urgent. Every agency, both State and Federal, 
redoubled its effort to endeavor to meet the situation. It was a time in 
the history of our participation in the war that conditions were far 
from being bright. It was a time that required deliberation of spirit 
on the part of those charged with responsibility. 

Agricultural Situation 

Notwithstanding the increase of farm crops in 1917 and the success 
attending the farmers' efforts with a general reduction of farm labor, 
as the 1918 season approached, much hysteria existed among the people 
regarding the prospects for 1918. During the winter, a large army had 
been mobilized, drawing heavily upon rural sections and the demand of 

233 



munition factories and other war activities for men, was constantly in- 
creasing. Farmers in many sections were in a state of anxiety and 
apprehension concerning the outlook for an insufficient supply of labor 
to satisfy their need. 

Realizing the necessity of a careful analysis of the situation and the 
presentation of facts to the people, the Extension Service of the State 
College in co-operation with the U. S. Dept. of Agriculture conducted a 
thorough campaign of education through a series of farmers institutes 
in all the counties of the State. In many counties, as many as ten meet- 
ings were held at different community centers. At these meetings 
speakers presented cold facts as to needs of the Government and pointed 
out how even under existing conditions, the farmers could increase their 
production. In all cases, a generous response was given to the con- 
clusions drawn and after the campaign an optimistic feeling existed 
throughout the State with a determination on the part of the farmers 
to do their best even under the most trying circumstances. 

Organization of Communities 

Recognizing the great importance and necessity for co-operative effort 
-among farmers, especially during this period, and the desirability of 
arousing community spirit, not only for patriotic purposes, but to ac- 
complish the best results, through organized effort, the Extension Service 
early in 1917 began to emphasize the need for community organizations 
in all of the counties. The pressure of emergency work upon the county 
agents and specialists prevented pushing the work vigorously although 
each agent had an advisory council of farmers and citizens who gave 
moral support and specific direction to the projects of work in the 
county. Labor committees were formed and in several counties, the 
Grange and other organizations co-operated with the Council of Defense 
•committees in the counties where such had been formed. During the 
winter mouths, the agents placed emphasis upon the organization of 
rural communities and the formation of county farm councils. Later in 
1918, the National Council of Defense urged the formation of county 
councils of Defense and this plan worked nicely into the project already 
in progress in this State. 

As a result of the campaign for organization, several rural communities 
w^ere organized into active associations and at the end of 1918 there 
were more than 500 community organizations in the State. 

Practically all counties had some character of central county body 
made up of delegates from communities or districts. These organizations 
have been a wonderful force, not only in arousing and moulding public 
opinion in the respective sections, but in carrjiug through successfully 
the many war activities. 

Farm Labor Situation During 1918 

As was to be expected, the farm labor situation throughout 1918 was 
acute but not alarming at any period. After the campaign of explanation 
of the Governiment needs, the possibilities of utilizing labor saving 

234 



machinery aad particularly the advantages of co-operation among farm- 
ers and citizens in the small towns and cities, the farmers and business 
men responded splendidly to this call to arms. In several sections of the 
State, men from industry spent considerable time in the field during 
the harvest period. In Hagerstown, more than 200 men were released 
from city industries and turned over to the farmers. This good work 
was accomplished through a spirit of co-operation on the part of all 
good citizens. 

The farm labor situation throughout the year was far better during 
1918 than in 1917. Not that there were more farm laborers available, 
but on account of the more thorough appreciation by the farmers and 
business men that the labor shortage was a community problem and 
should largely be solved by community effort. The more general use of 
farm machinery greatly aided the situation. In no case were reports 
received that crops were sacrificed on account of lack of labor for 
harvesting. A large increase in acreage of the main food crops such as com 
and wheat was secured and as a whole, the year proved to be a won- 
derfully successful one from the standpoint of agriculture. 

Boys' Working Reserve 

During 1917, the organization of the boys' working reserve was started 
with a view of assisting the farm labor problem. In this State little was 
accomplished, through this agency during 1917. With the approach of 
1918, a splendid organization was built up under the direction of Mr. 
Frank B. Cahn, State Federal Director, in co-operation with the State 
Council of Defense. The possibilities of mobilizing the boys of the cities 
who desired to work in the country and also of the country towns for 
effective service in the fields was presented to the citizens of all the 
counties. County directors were appointed to co-operate with the 
county agents. Aside from the large amount of work done by boys in 
their respective communities, more than 1,000 boys were sent out to 
farmers from the Baltimore headquarters to assist in various farm 
operations. The boys' working reserve was an important contributing 
factor towards helping the farm labor problem during 1918. 

The Women's Land Army 

The response of the women of the State in all war activities will ever 
be an inspiration and triumph for the sex. Naturally in their ambition 
to meet the needs of the time, there was a sincere desire to aid in the 
production of food. The serious need for farm laborers prompted a 
national organization with state associations to lend such assistance as 
was possible. Representatives of the women's land army engaged in 
agricultural work in some parts of the State with success. This move- 
ment did not grow to large proportions in this State as there was not 
extreme need for it. 

235 



Seed Corn Testing Week 

On account of the severity of the 1917 winter, much seed corn was 
injured. In order to direct attention to the importance of testing seed 
corn before planting, a special campaign advertised as "Seed Corn 
Testing Week" was inaugurated throughout the State. The Governor 
of the State issued a proclamation urging farmers to test their seed 
com. The county agents conducted demonstrations throughout their 
counties, showing the need and plan of conducting the test. In many 
instances, seed corn showed only a 50 per cent, germination test. Splendid 
results were obtained from the campaign not only by insuring a good 
stand but in saving labor of replanting. 

Economic Survey 

An economic survey of the farms of the State was undertaken at the 
request of the U. S. Dept. of Agriculture, and was conducted by the 
Extension Service in co-operation with the public school authorities. 
This survey was conducted during January, 1918, with a view of ascer- 
taining as far as possible, the needs of the farmers for seed, labor, 
livestock, etc. 

Sheep Campaign 

Owing to the great demand for wool and meat products and the adapt- 
ability of this State to the raising of sheep, a special effort was made 
early in 1918 to largely increase this industry in the State. The passage 
of a law by the State Legislature for the licensing of dogs, was an added 
reason to arouse public opinion to its proper enforcement, as the dog 
nuisance had been a determining factor in reducing this industry. A 
state-wide sheep growers association was formed. In addition to the 
State association, the plan called for the formation of county associa- 
tions afBliated therewith. The Assistant Director, Mr. F. B. Bomberger, 
is serving as Secretary of the State Association and through the efforts 
of the Specialists and agents, ten county associations have been formed. 
Good results have been secured in the enforcement of the State-wide 
dog law. As a result of this work, much interest has been manifested in 
the development of this industry in the State. 

Threshing Machine Inspection 

In order to conserve our wheat, a campaign was inaugurated in co- 
operation with the Food Administration to prevent waste during the 
threshing operation. 640 threshing machines were inspected in the 
State and owners advised concerning the operation of the machines and 
the conservation of grain. It is estimated that as a result of this work, 
at least .50,000 bushels of wheat have been saved for marketing purposes. 

Rat Extermination Campaign 

With the view of reducing injury from rats on the farm, in the 
summer and fall of 1918, an assistant was employed from emergency 
funds to conduct demonstrations in catching these rodents. The work 

236 



was started in Talbot County. On thirteen farms 425 rats were caught. 
The highest catch was 108 rats to a farm. On a basis of even 10 rats 
to a farm, the estimated annual injury to Talbot County was about 
$70,000. Estimated on the basis, rats cause an annual loss to this 
State of about $1,500,000. The campaign for rat extermination was 
carried to other counties. 

Control of Insect Pests 

A special outbreak of plant aphis occurred during the summer of 1918 
on potatoes and tomatoes. The crop of tomatoes in the lower section 
of the Eastern Shore was threatened. Prompt means were taken by 
spraying the plants in the field to prevent lasting injury to the plants. 
Later, natural parasites aided in the control of the pest . 

A strange outbreak of grasshoppers occurred in Baltimore and Fred- 
erick Counties. Control methods were demonstrated to the farmers to 
prevent extended injury. Considerable emergency work was conducted 
in the control of the strawberry weevil which did much injury to this 
crop. The usual Entomological Extension Work was conducted to 
prevent loss from injurious insects. 

Control Plant Diseases 

The emergency spraying for the control of these diseases conducted In 
1917 was continued during the season of 1918. The Council of Defense 
funds greatly assisted in prosecuting spraying demonstration work with 
these crops. 

Fifty-six pounds of wilt resistant tomato seed was distributed to 147 
growers for demonstrations in co-operation with the county agents for 
seed production. A total of about 1,752 pounds of wilt resistant tomato 
seed is available for distribution in 1919. A total of about 1,000 acres 
of tomatoes were planted to wilt resistant seed during 1919. 

Approximately 6,000 bushels of seed wheat were treated for smut, 
which will mean not only more bushels of wheat in 1919, but a better 
quality of wheat. Defense Council funds greatly assisted in expanding 
the work underway for the control of disease by the State College. 

Public Tractors, 1918 

The apparent success of the State tractors in the fall of 1917 with the 
insistent demand of the farmers for more equipment of this kind, led the 
State Council of Defense to purchase five addiitoual machines with full 
equipment. These were placed in Baltimore County (2), Frederck 
County (1), Harford County (1) and St. Mary's County (1). Operators 
were secured and work began wth the nine machines early in the spring. 
Considerable acreage was plowed and disked but within a short time, 
the draft calls were so heavy that many operators joined the army or 
obtained more money elsewhere. At times, it was impossible to get a 
sufficient number of competent operators, consequently, the tractors were 

237 



idle several days. Operators that could be secured were not as efficient 
as desirable. Fortunately conscientious objectors in several instances 
made fairly good operators. 

During the last half of 1918, Mr. F. A. Wirt was appointed Farm 
Machinery Specialist and an assistant, Mr. Herbert Cairnes was added 
to the service for the purpose of keeping all tractors in good running 
condition. 

After the armistice was signed, the State Council of Defense concluded 
to sell the State tractors as the demand for such equipment and services 
no longer existed. All of the machines and equipment were disposed 
of at fair prices. 

Over 1,500 acres were plowed and disked by the nine State tractors. 
This acreage would in all probability have remained fallow had it not 
been for the service rendered by the State-owned machines, consequently, 
the crops raised from this amount of laud were a valuable contribution to 
the efforts of the Maryland Farmers to raise more food stuffs. 

Not only were the crop yields increased in this State by using these 
machine, but the farmers could see that the use of tractors would be 
exceedingly helpful on the farms. This undoubtedly contributed to the 
fact that over 50 per cent, of the tractors in Maryland were purchased in 
1918. Probably the greatest good from the operation of the State tractors 
was the demonstration to the farmers of the practical use of these 
machines for farm operations. 

Home Garden Work 

During 1917 splendid progress was made in the encouragement of war 
gardens in both county and cities. Everyone who possessed a small 
piece of land engaged in the production of vegetables for the home. 

The work was not thoroughly organized, however, until the spring of 
1918. The Food Production Committees of the women's section, Council 
of Defense, rendered valuable assistance in all sections of the State in 
arousing public interest in the garden movement. The imperative need 
for greater food production during the season of 1918 brought into prom- 
inent relief, the potential possibilities of the home garden. 

With the desire to stimulate production, the State Food Administration, 
through Mr. Edwin G. Baetjer, organized a $25,000 Win-The-War- 
Product contest with $12,600 of this amount designated as garden prizes. 

The balance was allotted to corn, wheat and soy beans prizes. This 
project was turned over to the Extension Service during the latter part 
of June and plans were at once devised for carrying it into effect. The 
county prizes were awarded by county committees consisting of the 
county agent, the home demonstration agent, the Food Administrator 
and the Chairman of the women's council of defense. The State-wide 
prizes were judged and awarded by the Specialists of the Service. 

These prizes served as a wonderful stimulant to the promotion of 
war gardens. The average returns per acre from the small gardens was 
$827.64 and for the large gardens $546.92. Calculated on the acre basis, 

238 



the prize winning small garden for the State gave a return of $1,427.80 
and the prize winning large garden for the State gave a return of 
$1,389.40. Mr. E. W. Monday, of Rockville, Montgomery County, and 
Mr. L. B. H. Smith, of Frederick, Frederick County, won the State 
prizes, for home gardens. The estimated number of war gardens con- 
ducted under the auspices of the co-operating organizations in the 
counties and Baltimore City was 170,040. The estimated value of food 
produced from the gardens reached the enormous sum of $6,880,900. 

Second Milk Cost Survey 

In order to ascertain the cost of milk production during the summer 
period especially at the time when pastures are usually dry, a second 
milk cost survey was conducted by the Extension Service for the week 
of August 19th, to 25th, 1918. The same plan of ascertaining cost of 
production was followed as pursued in the first survey. The same ten 
farms in the same counties were selected to secure data. In this survey, 
no attempt was made to study the cost of transportation or distribution. 
The result of this survey showed an average cost of producing milk at 
this period to be .37 per gallon. The same limitations applied to tins 
survey as the first, but this additional data for this period of the year 
was valuable in showing variations due to seasonal changes. 

Women's Work in 1918 

The Home Economics work was especially successful throughout the 
State during the season of 1918. The Food Administration and the 
Women's Section, Council of Defense and all other agencies co-operated 
with the Extension Service representatives in promoting the production 
and conservation of food. More than 40 agents were employed in the 
counties and urban work. Effective organizations were perfected in all 
sections for pushing the canning, drying and preserving of home 
products. 

The war brought many food problems in the home which only the 
trained home demonstration agent could aid in solving. For this reason, 
the Extension agents were called upon to assist in emergencies of all 
kinds which arose in the various adjustments made necessary in the 
home by war conditions. 

No community kitchens were established in 1917, but in 1918 twenty 
su<5li kitchens were established at various places in the State. 
These kitchens were used as centers where canning and drying were done 
under the supervision of the county home demonstration agents. The 
plan and organization of carrying on the work differed in each center, 
owing to local conditions. The State Council of Defense and the State 
Food Administration each contributed suitable equipment for conduct- 
ing the community kitchens. It is impossible to estimate the total 
amount of canned and preserved food that was put up by the Maryland 
women. Certainly never in the history of the State had so much food 
been preserved. A good season had given a bountiful return and very 

239 



little food was wasted. A total of 848,460 containers were packed by the 
women and girls under the auspices of the agents. 41,014 ijounds of 
fruit and vegetables were dried and 26,699 gallons of vegetables brined. 
This, however, is only a small proportion of the total amount that was 
conserved through educational and organization work conducted by the 
Extension Agents in co-operation with other agencies. An everlasting 
tribute can be paid to the home makers of the State for the manner in 
which they responded to the needs of the Nation. 

Boys' and Girls' Club Work 

Three thousand boys and twenty-five hundred girls enrolled in the 
boys' and girls' club work during 1918. Some of the emergency funds 
assisted in expanding this great work. Boys and girls were a mighty 
factor in many war activities and they did their share in the production 
and conservation of food. 

Negro Work 

All phases of work here reported were taken up with our colored 
people. Colored emergency agents were appointed to aid the colored 
farmers and home demonstration agents to assist the women in the 
canning and drying of food products. Splendid co-operation was secured 
from the colored people in all parts of the State. It is felt that much 
permanent good has been done in teaching the colored people to raise 
gardens and to provide for a distant day. Defense funds assisted in 
extending this work which was in progress by the Extension Service. 

Liberty Loan and Savings Stamps, Red Cross and Similar 

Activities 

The members of the Extension force and emergency agents contributed 
largely in service in their respective communities to the success of the 
Liberty Loan Campaigns. 

The War Savings Stamps Drive among the boys and girls in some 
cases, was organized by the agents in co-operation with the public school 
authorities. The home demonstration agents co-operated in Red Cross 
work and in many instances took the lead in organizing the communities 
for various emergency agricultural work, the representatives of the 
College and Council of Defense were ever ready to do their part in other 
war work. 

Maryland State College 

This summarized report deals mainly with the field work in agriculture 
conducted by one division of the Institution, the Extension Service in co- 
operation with the agricultural committee of the State Council of 
Defense. 

It does not even attempt to cover the work of the Extension Service in 
co-operation with the U. S. Dept. of Agriculture during the war period, 
but only to point out the special lines of work undertaken and those 
which were expanded through the financial assistance rendered by the 

240 



state Council of Defense. Aside from what is here reported, the State 
College through its resident instruction and research divisions, contri- 
buted largely to the success of Maryland's participation in the war. 

A large number of Maryland's stalwart sons as students at the College 
immediately after the declaration of war enlisted in the service. By 
virtue of their military training at the College, the State men distin- 
guished themselves in the Service. A special Officers' Training Camp for 
Radio Work was established at the College during the summer of 1917. 
These men were trained at this Institution to direct the Radio Work at 
other training camps. Later the Institution provided for the student 
army training corps with more than 600 members. Aside from the 
training of these men, the members of the faculty contributed as much 
service as possible to Extension Work and especially to educational work 
in connection with the various war activities. 

The Experiment Station also contributed largely to the success of the 
general work of the Institution. Changes in agricultural practice made 
necessary by war conditions, were investigated and advocated by the 
Station Specialists. All divisions and departments of the College adapted 
themselves to the new conditions and rendered such service as was 
possible. 

The Maryland Agricultural Society 

The Maryland Agricultural Society, with its affiliated associations, 
including the Maryland Horticultural Society, Maryland Crop Improve- 
ment Association, Maryland Dairymen's Association, Maryland Bee- 
keepers' Association, Maryland Sheep Growers' Association, Maryland 
Vegetable Growers' Association, co-operated to the fullest extent with 
all State agencies for the successful prosecution of the war. As repre- 
senting the organized farmers of the State, the moral supiwrt in putting 
on campaigns for increased production, handling the labor problem, etc., 
was most helpful. 

Prior to this country's engaging in hostilities, the Agricultural Society, 
recognizing the necessity for developing community spirit abandoned 
holding its annual Maryland Week exhibition in Baltimore and appro- 
priated its funds for the encouragement of community agricultural ex- 
hibits. This policy was very successful as, during 1916, sixty local 
agricultural exhibits were held in the State, extending over 89 days, 
with more than 5,000 exhibitors and with an attendance conservatively 
stated, of at least 30,000 farmers and home makers. By this means, the 
Society reached a large number of farmers who would not have come to 
Baltimore. These community exhibits contributed largely to arousing 
more interest in rural sections to improved varieties, yields per acre, 
etc. These exhibits were conducted in co-operation with the State 
College. 

The Executive Council of the Society advised with the State officers 
in charge of agricultural work and assisted so far as possible in carry- 
ing out the agricultural war program. 

241 



The State Grange 

Splendid co-operation was received from this farmers' organization in 
the State. The local granges contributed largely towards developing 
community spirit and in holding agricultural exhibits. The meetings of 
the Grange in various sections furnished an opportunity to present to 
tlie members definite projects for carrying out the war program. 

Conclusion 

The oustanding feature in the prosecution of Maryland's Agricultural 
War Program was the generous and patriotic response of the farmers 
and home makers of the State. While at times presented with almost 
unsurmountable difficulties, the farmers always met the issue and re- 
sponded with an increased production of food crops. The sacrifice and 
willingness to do their utmost under the trying circumstances will ever 
redound to the credit of the Maryland farmers in company with the 
farmers of the Nation during the war period. The same must be said 
6t the farm women, not only in the pursuit of their usual vocation in 
the home, but also in the assistance they rendered in the fields. For- 
tunately for this State, the warmest co-operation existed throughout the 
war period among all official agencies having relations with the agricul- 
tural work. The appointment of Dr. A. F. Woods, President of the 
State College and Executive Officer of the State Board of Agriculture, 
as Chairman of the Agricultural Committee of the Council of Defense, 
provided for unified direction of all fields of effort in the production 
program. Through the able direction of Dr. Woods, not the slightest 
duplication of effort or conflict of plans was experienced throughout the 
whole strenuous period. 

Maryland's agricultural status comes out of the war in a much 
stronger position than before that period. The farmers have learned 
many lessons in more efficient farming. Our livestock has increased, 
especially hogs and sheep, and while our food crops were increased, our 
rotations have not been seriously interferred with. Our increases have 
been regular. Emphasis has been placed upon yields per acre, rather 
than acreage alone and as a result, our farmers are in a better position 
to face the future, whatever there may be in store for agriculture. The 
representatives of the Extension Service of the State College are deeply 
grateful to the people of the State for the earnest co-operation given 
at all times, for responding generously to our suggestions and for per- 
mitting the extension and emergency forces to render a greater service 
to them than ever before. 

We are especially grateful to the State Council of Defense for the 
cordial support and financial assistance rendered through President 
Woods, which permitted the successful prosecution of the work outlined 
in this report. 

Respectfully submitted, 

THOMAS B. SYMONS, 

Director. 
Dr. A. F. Woods, 
Chairman Agricultural Committee, 

State Council of Defense. April 23, 1919. 

242 



Appendix M 

Furloughs for Farmers 

Letter of General Waters to General Kuhn 

May 28, 1918. 
Major General Joseph E. Kuhn, 
Camp Meade, Maryland. 
My dear Sir : — 

Maryland has planted larger crops this year than ever before and the 
farmers have done this on our assurance that they would be assisted in 
the harvesting. We are trying in every manner possible to find men for 
the work. The matter is under continued discussion in the meetings of 
the Executive Committee. It is our understanding that the army is dis- 
posed to furlough those men under training who have had farm experi- 
ence, allowing them to go to the farms for the harvest period. 

Acting under instruction of the Executive Committee of the Maryland 
Council of Defense, I beg to request that you will furlough Maryland 
men under training who have had farm experience for work in Maryland 
during the harvest period, or for such length of time as you may decide. 
You understand, of course, that we do not desire to interfere with the 
army work in the slightest way, but we do think that the gathering of 
this food, which means not only the sustenance of the people of Mary- 
land, but a very large surplus for the use of our forces on land and sea, 
is of great military importance. 

As we are not wholly informed as to the proper course of action In 
this matter, we should be very glad if you would give us the benefit of 
your advice. 

With great respect, I beg to remain. 

Yours faithfully, 

FRANCIS E. WATERS, 

Chairman. 

HEADQUARTERS 79th DIVISION NATIONAL ARMY 
Camp Meade, Maryland 
Gen. F. B. Waters, 

Maryland Council of Defense, 
Baltimore, Md. 
Dear Sir: — 

Your letter of the 28th inst. with reference to the granting of agricul- 
tural furloughs has been handed to me for action. 

General Order No. 31, War Department 1918, gives authority for 
granting furloughs on agricultural grounds, and you may rest assured 
that where the granting of such furloughs does not interfere with the 
preparation or training of the soldier or of his organization such appli- 
caition will be given favorable consideration. 

Very truly yours, 

WM. W. HULIN, 

Capt. N. A. 
Asst. to Div. Adjutant. 
243 



Appendix N 

The Call for Labor. Advertisement of the 
Executive Committee 

Maryland Council of Defense 
To Labor and Employers of Labor 

Every efifort is beiug made to stabilize labor in Maryland and to 
make full use of local resources. To that end the co-operation of Labor 
and Employers of Labor is vitally needed. The Maryland Council of 
Defense, therefore, asks Labor and Employers needing labor or having 
labor problems to work through and with the United States Employ- 
ment Service which has offices for both men and women in Baltimore and 
branch offices in Cumberland, Hagerstown and Salisbury. 

The Marjiand Council of Defense is contributing to this cause and 
it earnestly urges Labor and all seeking labor to consult first the 
United States Employment Service. Co-operation means less loss, less 
waste, less turnover, better wages and steadier employment. 

By order of the Execjutive Committee. 

FRANCIS E. WATERS, Chairman. 
John K. Shaw, 
Federal State Director, 
26 Commerce St., 
Baltimore, Md. 

We are particularly pleased with the advertisements paid for by the 
Maryland Council of Defense, which you inclosed in your letter of July 
26th. This is just what we want. Congratulations upon it. 

(Signed) N. A. SMYTH, 

Acting Asst. Director General, 

V. S. Employment Service. 

Telegram 

1918 Aug. 19 PM 9 28 
Washington, D. C. 

State Council of Defense 

Union Trust Bldg., Baltimore, Md. 
The nation is faced with a shortage of one million unskilled laborers 
in war industries. The new army draft expansion will increase this 
shortage as the need grows for supplies. Acute shortages are apparent 
in skilled labor. The supplying of these men is imperative to war 
production and it has been put up to the State. Will you, your county 
and community councils aid the U. S. Employment Service Director in 
filling bis state quota. Men cannot however be drawn from railroads, 
mines, farms or other essentisl indn.stries; they will have to come from 
non-essential industries. Please lend every aid possible. Your State 
quota is 14,340. 

ARTHUR H. FLEMING. 
244 



August 26, 1918. 
Telegram sent to County Chairmen — 21 Chairmen. 

Please give immediate and unremitting attention and support to the 
work and requests of John K. Shaw, Director of Maryland of the Federal 
Employment Service. You have received letters from him. This work 
is absolutely necessary. Maryland's quota of 14,S40 must be filled. Make 
special appeal to non-essentials to get into essential work. Write Mr. 
Shaw, 26 Commerce Street, Baltimore, telling him what your county 
is doing in this employment matter. Your co-operation most earnestly 
desired. 

FRANCIS E. WATERS, Chairman, 

Maryland Cotmoil of Defense. 

Sent by the Executive Committee to all Members and 
Newspapers 

The Maryland Council of Defense and the Federal State OflSces of 
Labor and Employment have combined in a drive to secure every avail- 
able man for farm work In Maryland. 

To that end they are calling upon men of farm experience, who are 
now employed in other occupations, and appealing to them on the 
ground of patriotism to devote their summer time to cultivating and 
harvesting the crops. The need is acute and the farmers are sending 
appeals every day to the offices in Baltimore. 

Yesterday, Governor Emerson C. Harrington issued an appeal which 
will be distributed throughout the State. The Governor expressed the 
deepest interest in the movement and stated that he appreciated the 
urgent necessity of it. The harvesting season is almost at hand, and 
unless help goes from the towns and cities to the fields, there will be 
an enormous food loss in Maryland. The appeal of Governor Harrington 
is as follows : 

Appeal from the Governor of Maryland 

I have been requested by the Maryland Council of Defense and by the 
Federal State Director of Labor and Employment, to aid them in the 
important work of supplying to the farmers of Maryland, during the 
crop seasons of the present year, sufficient farm labor for the harvesting 
of their crops. 

Maryland farmers have responded to the world's great need for food, 
by planting larger crops and more extensive acres this year than ever 
before, and the time is rapidly approaching when some of these will be 
ready to be harvested, while the need continuously exists for the 
cultivation of growing crops. 

Farm labor in Maryland this year is at present short 9,000 laborers, 
and this shortage must be made up somehow, if the crops are to be 
successfully harvested. 

To aid in this work is the patriotic duty of all persons who are 
capable of helping, and who can, even at personal inconvenience and 
sacrifice, arrange to do so. 

245 



The urgency and necessity of this work is so great that, in obedience 
to the request of the Maryland Council of Defense and of the Federal 
State Director of Labor and Employment, I address this appeal to the 
I)eople of Maryland, asking and urging all who can assist in this 
important work of crop cultivation and harvesting, to do so, and I 
address this appeal especially to residents of Baltimore and other 
cities of our State who are employed in the cities, and who will take one 
or more weeks' vacation during the summer, which customarily would 
be spent in the country, requesting that these vacation periods be 
devoted on the farms of the State helping in the cultivation and har- 
vesting of crops. 

Proper pay and compensation will be made by the farmers to all 
persons who will so help, and by this means vacation periods can be 
turned to the profit of both the volunteers who help, and to the 
farmers as well. 

Persons are requested to register for this service at as early a date 
as ix)ssible, at the United States Reserve Office, 26 Commerce Street, 
Baltimore, at the Branch offices of the Reserve in Cumberland, Hagers- 
town, Salisbury, and with the Postmasters of all other towns throughout 
the State. 

Our Boys have answered the call to duty, to service and sacrifice. 
They must be fed, as must our Allies, "Over there." 
This appeal is a call to duty to all who can help. 

EMERSON C. HARRINGTON, 

Oovemor of Maryland. 
Dated at Annapolis the 31st day of May, 1918. 

Appendix O 

Report of the Legal Committee 

February 3, 1919. 
Gen. Francics E. Waters, 

Chairman Maryland Council of Defense, 
Union Trust Building, 
Baltimore, Md. 
My dear Sir : — 

On behalf of the Committee appointed by you on March 27th, 191S, 
to aid in organizing the lawyers of Maryland for the purpose of 
advising men drafted for service in the National Army, I beg leave to 
submit the following report. 

The Committee was composed of the Hon. Alfred S. Niles, of Balti- 
more; Hon. Walter I. Dawkins, of Baltimore; Hon. Stevenson A. Wil- 
liams, of Bel Air, Harford County; Hon. Benjamin A. Richmond, of 
Cumberland, Allegany County; Mr. Walter L. Clark, of Baltimore; 
Mr. John B. Gray, of Prince Frederick. Calvert County; and T. Scott 
OCfutt, of Towsou, Baltimore County, Chairman. 

216 



The functions and purposes of tbe Committees of which your Commit- 
tee was a type, as originally contemplated, as set out in Bulletin No. 84, 
of the Council of Defense, appear from the following abstract from the 
"Bulletin" : 

1. That you form a Legal Committee subordinate to your Council to 
perform the foUoicing duties : 

A. To draft and propose war emergency legislation for the State 
Legislatures. 

B. To draw up a booklet of legal rules for the guidance of soldiers 
and sailors entering the services to be used by the Local Legal 
Committee as a hand-book for their work and as an instrument 
for making known to soldiers and sailors the need of legal 
preparation, care being taken to inform Local Committees of 
changes in laws or regulations subsequent to the compilation 
of the booklet. 

C. To supervise the formation and work of the Local Legal 
Committees who«<e organization is provided for below. 

2. That a Legal Committee to advise soldiers and sailors he created 
as a subordinate committee of each county or other local council of 
defense. A few States have created Local Legal Committees of this 
type, and their work has demonstrated the value of such agencies. We 
suggest that in forming Local Legal Committees you adopt as far as 
possible the organization of these existing business aid committees and 
the personnel of the Permanent Legal Advisory Boards created by the 
Provost Marshal General. A list of the names of the members of these 
boards in each state is filed with the Adjutant General of the State. We 
recommend that the first step in forming the Local Legal Committees 
be the procuring of these lists. Such committee should have the fol- 
lowing duties: 

A. To explain the selective service law to drafted men. 

B. To give legal advice as to the benefits of war risk insurance, 
allotment of soldiers' and sailors' pay by the Federal Govern- 
ment, Government family allowance, the Soldiers' and Sailors' 
Civic Rights Act if it becomes law, and other war emergency 
laws relating to men entering the service. Copies of these 
laws will be furnished by the War Department. The Home 
Service Sections of the Red Cross in many communities have 
information service in this regard organized and in oi^eration. 
Co-ordination with their work on this ijolnt should be arranged 
so that their work may not be duplicated unnecessarily. The 
committee should also assist in drawing up the papers necessary 
to be filed to claim the benefits of the foregoing laws. 

C. To draft wills and attend to caring for the property and settling 
the business affairs of men entering the service. 

D. To represent soldiers and sailors in court where necessary and 
obtain for them the benefits of the civil rights act when in force. 

247 



E. To arrange to attend to such Imsiness matters as require and are 
capable of attention in the absence of men in the service. 

F. To report to the Red Cross Home Service Section, cases re- 
quiring relief which come to the attention of the Committee. 

The first meeting of this Committee was held at the otfices of the 
Hon. Alfred S. Niles, on April 10th, 1918. 

At that meeting, the Committee committed the preparation of a 
booklet containing a summary of the law applicable to the rights of 
soldiers and sailors of the United States to a sub-committee composed of 
the Chairman, T. Scott Offutt, and Mr. Walter L. Clark. 

The Committee appointed a Local Committee on Organization consist- 
ing of one member for each of the Counties of Maryland and one for 
each Legislative District of Baltimore City. The funeiton of such 
Committee being the organization of the members of the Bar in their 
respective districts, and their instruction in their duties in reference 
to advising the drafted men. The following genltlemen were appointed 
Local Committees for the several Counties and Legislative districts of 
Baltimore City: 

Cotinty Local Committee 

Garrett Gilmor S. Hammill 

Allegany Judge R. R. Henderson 

Washington Judge Martin L. Keady 

Frederick Judge Glenn H. Worthington 

Montgomery Judge Edward C. Peters 

Carroll Neal Parke 

Howard Judge W. H. Forsythe. Jr. 

Anne Arundel Judge Robert Moss 

St. Mary's Judge B. H. Camalier 

Calvert Judge John B. Gray 

Charles Walter J. Mitchell 

Prince George's Fillmore Beall 

Baltimore Judge Allan McLane 

Harford Judge W. H. Harlan 

Cecil H. M. McCullough 

Kent Judge James A. Pearce 

Queen Anne's P. B. Hopper 

Talbot Judge W. H. Adkins 

Caroline T. A. Goldsborough 

Somerset Judge Robert T. Duer 

Dorchester Judge W. Laird Henry 

Wicomico Judge Jos. L. Bailey 

Worcester Judge W. Staton 

City of Baltimore 

First District Judge John J. Dobler 

Second Di.strict Judge James P. Gorter 

Third District Judge Morris A. Soper 

Fourth District Judge Carroll T. Bond 

248 



In every case the persons so appointed promptly signified their will- 
ingness to accept, and at once entered upon the discharge of their duties, 
and continued during the entire period of their office to administer its 
duties with the utmost willingness and energy, so that, it is believed, 
as a result of their work, the soldiers and sailors from this State re- 
ceived every possible assistance in the way of legal advice or aid that 
they needed or desired. 

The sub-committee composed of the Chairman and Mr. Walter L. 
Clark, with the assistance of Mr. Lynn R. Meekins, prepared a booklet 
entitled "Civil Rights of Soldiers and Sailors." In the preparation of 
this booklet it became desirable to use to some extent the admirable 
condensation of the testamentary law of Maryland prepared by Judge 
Henry Stockbridge, who very generously gave the Committee authority 
to make such use of his work as was necessary. 

The form and substance of this little booklet was commended by the 
Council of National Defense as will appear by reference to a letter 
from Elliott Dunlap Smith, to the State Council of Defense and by Mr. 
Arthur H. Fleming, to the State Council of Defense of California, as 
follows : 

June 7, 1918. 
State Council of Defense, 
Union Trust Building, 
Baltimore, Maryland. 
Gentlemen : — 

Attention of Mr. T. Scott Offutt. 

LEGAL BOOKLET 

Feeling the valuable service which the State Councils of Defense are 
doing to the work of giving aid to soldiers and sailors, and looking upon 
the legal booklet compiled by the Legal Committee appointed by the 
Maryland State Council of Defense as in my opinion the most complete 
and attractive handbook that has been issued in any State thus far, the 
Council of Defense is today sending out to all of the States which have 
not yet completed the work of compiling these handbooks a copy of the 
Maryland booklet. We are sending to you enclosed herewith a copy of 
one of our letters of transmittal. 

Very truly yours, 

(Signed) ARTHUR H. FLEMING, 

Member of Section. 

June 7, 1918. 



249 



state Council of Defense, 
724 Phelan Building, 

San Francisco, California. 
Gentlemen : — 

Attention of Attorney-General U. S. Webb. 

LEGAL BOOKLET 

The Council of National Defense has recommended that every State 
Council of Defense should provide for the publication of a legal booklet 
for the use of State and Local Legal Committees, organized to give 
advice to soldiers and sailors. 

We are sending to you herewith as an excellent example of such a 
legal booklet, the handbook compiled under the direction of the Mary- 
land Council of Defense. ery truly yours, 

(Signed) ELLIOTT DUNLAP SMITH, 

Chief of Section. 
It may be of interest to refer to the organization of the lawyers in 
several counties of the State as illustrating the manner in which the 
Bar of the State undertook its duties. 

In Washington County, the work was under the direction of Judge 
Martin L. Keedy, whose report is as follows : 

T. Scott Offutt, Esq., 

Towson, Md. 
My dear Mr. Offutt:— 

Yours, with copy of the Minutes of the Allegany County Bar Associa- 
tion received. 

I did not have any formal meeting of the members of the Bar of this 
Oounty; but sent for them to come to the Court Room, when I received 
thirty copies of "Civil Rights of Soldiers and Sailors," and then stated 
my appointment as Chairman of the work and stated that every one 
who was willing to assist in the matter would be furnished one of the 
booklets, etc. I am stating what occurred very briefly. The following 
members of this Bar signed a receipt for said booklet, each with the 
imderstanding that his services would be free and that he would render 
such services as contemplated by my delivery of said booklet to him, as 
explained : 

Col. C. A. Little, Albert J. Long, 

Prank G. Wagaman, J. E. S. Pryor, 

Chas. W. Baker, Leon R. Yourtee, 

T. A. Poffenberger, N. B. Scott, Jr., 

Chas. C. Keedy, J. O. Snyder, 

Omer T. Kaylor, Alex. Armstron, Jr., 

J. Cleveland Grice, Robert McCauley, 

Elias B. Hartle, Palmer Tenant, 

E. R. Roulette, H. P. Hartman, 

Henry H. Keedy, Jr., Harry Brindle, 

Daniel W. Doub, Wlliam Wingert, 

Scott W. Wolfinger, Henry Wingert, 

Chas. W. Wolf, Alexander R. Hagner 

O. V. MlddelkauCP, 

250 



The above cover the Members of this Bar in practice. We will en- 
deavor to do our duty in the premises. 

Yours very truly, 

(Signed) M. L. KEEDY. 

In Harford County the procedure outlined by Julge William H. 
Harlan, who had charge of the work there is indicated in the following 
minute : 

Bel Air, Md., April 13, 1918. 

The undersigned members of the Bar of the Circuit Court for Harford 
County, hereby pledge ourselves to render free of charge, any and all 
assistance required by soldiers and sailors of the United States and 
their dependents in regard to War risk insuraof^, family allotments and 
any other matters growing out of the relations of our soldiers and sail- 
ors and their dependents under the United States Statutes, and to con- 
tinue to render such assistance during the continuance of the War ; and 

WB FURTHER PLEDGE ourselves to report promptly to the Ameri- 
can Bar Association, at its office in the City of Washington, D. C, the 
spirit of the War Risk Insurance Act. 

WM. H. HARLAN, 

Chairman Legal Advisorp Board. 

S. A. WILLIAMS, 

Member Legal Advisory Board. 

THOS. H. ROBINSON, 

Member Legal Advisory Board. 

Philip H. Close Bel Air, Md. 

Robert Archer Bel Air, Md. 

Samuel W. Bradford Bel Air, Md. 

John A. Robinson Bel Air, Md. 

J. Royston Stifler Bel Air, Md. 

Walter W. Preston Bel Air, Md. 

E. H. Webster Bel Air, Md. 

J. Edwin Webster Bel Air, Md. 

John D. Worthington Bel Air, Md. 

J. M. Streett Bel Air, Md. 

Richard Dallam Bel Air, Md. 

Noble L. Mitchell Bel Air, Md. 

J. Thos. C. Hopkins Bel Air, Md. 

Charles H. MacNabb Cardifif, Md. 

Septimus Davis Aberdeen, Md. 

Otho S. Lee Bel Air, Md. 

W. Worthington Hopkins Bel Air, Md. 

H. A. Whitaker Bel Air, Md. 

Harry S. Carver Bel Air, Md. 

John S. Young. ..< Bel Air, Md. 

251 



David J. Wilson Bel Air, Md. 

James W. McNabb Whiteford, Md. 

Walter R. McComas Bel Air, Md. 

Walter R. McNabb Street, Md. 

Geo. W. Richardson Bel Air, Md. 

Jacob A. Doxen Bel Air, Md. 

W. Beatty Harlan Bel Air, Md. 

Edwin H. W. Harlan Bel Air, Md. 

James J. Archer Bel Air, Md. 

Stanley S. Spencer Darlington, Md. 

A. Freeborn Brown Havre de Grace, Md. 

John L. G. Lee Bel Air, Md. 

Henry A. Osborn, Jr Havre de Grace, Md. 

Frederick Lee Coburn Havre de Grace, Md. 

M. H. Fahey Havre de Grace, Md. 

The Clerk will file and record this paper among the Minutes of the 
Court. 

May 1, 1918. WM. H. HARLAN. 

In Allegany County, Judge Robert R. Henderson was in charge of the 
work. A very full account of the organization of the Bar of that County 
is contained in a letter of Mr. Benjamin A. Richmond and a minute of 
the meeting of the Bar. 

T. Scott Offutt, Esq., 

Chairman Legal Committee, 
Towson, Maryland. 
My dear Mr. Offutt : — 

Judge Henderson, as local committeeman of your legal committee, in 
the matter of advising soldiers and sailors of their civil rights, on a 
published call for a meeting of the members of the Bar in our Bar Associ- 
ation room, met with the lawyers this morning at ten o'clock. 

I stated to the meeting briefly the action of your Committee which 
met at Judge Niles' office some time ago in Baltimore, and handed each 
lawyer present a copy of the most excellent booklet prepared by you and 
Mr. Clark, which I stated to the attorneys present I believed contained 
everything necessary to prepare them with the law up to date, to enable 
them to pKperly advise draftees and their families of their civil rights. 

Mr. Harry R. Donnelly acted as Secretary and on a call of the roll of 
attorneys present, took down their names, all of whom most gladly and 
cheerfully promised to serve on Judge Henderson's Committee in Alle- 
gany County, to carry out all the objects of this proceeding on the part 
of the Maryland Council of Defense. I enclose you a list of these attor- 
neys as made out by the Secretary. 

All of which I trust will prove satisfactory. 
Yours very truly, 

(Signed) BENJ. A. RICHMOND. 

252 



At a called meeting of the members of the Allegany County Bar, held 
at 10 o'clock, Saturday morning, June 8, 1918, in the Association room at 
the County House, the Honorable Robert R. Henderson, Associate Judge, 
presiding; Honorable Benjamin A. Richmond, explained the purpose of 
the meeting being that of securing the names of the members of the local 
Bar, who will give to the Soldiers, Sailors, Red Cross, Nurses, or their 
dependents, legal advice touching their civil rights, free of charge. A 
booklet containing information most likely to be sought was presented to 
those who signified their willingness to act in this matter. 

The following were present and most willingly consented to serve when- 
ever called upon : 



Walter Capper, 

P. C. Barnes, 

Thos. J. Anderson, 

B. A. Richmond, 

Chief Judge A. Hunter Boyd, 

Lloyd Lowndes, 

J. W. Thomas, 

F. B. Whiting, 

Tasker Lo^Tides, 

Saul Praeger, 

Geo. A. Pearee, 

Carl Mullen, 

W. E. Walsh, 

P. E. Miller, 



Robt. McMichael, 

R. H. McCleve, 

Carl Richards, 

Chas. R. Morris, 

O. H. Bruce, 

Wilbur Wilson, 

Richard S. Bell, 

Judge Robt. R. Henderson, 

George L. Eppler, 

Frank A. Perdew, 

Wm. M. Somerville, 

Harry R. Donnelly, 

F. C. Hendrickson. 



These examples of organization are cited to illustrate the spirit 
which animated the Bar of the entire State in doing whatever they could 
in the interests of the Nation and in aid of those who were making sacri- 
fices for its welfare. 

The lawyers who were devoting their time and service to this work 
were in almost every case called upon to help draftees in the preparation 
of their questionnaires, and the work thus devolved upon them was 
arduous and exacting, but throughout they spared no effort to insure the 
full protection of the rights of draftees and persons in the armed service 
of the nation and as well the rights of the Federal Government, and to 
do this they were called upon to make real and substantial sacrifices 
which they gladly did. 

It occurred to the Chairman of the Committee that the object and 
purpose of the Committees as outlined in Bulletin No. 84 might well be 
extended and the Chairman of the Committee on May 1st, 1918, made 
that suggestion to the Hon. Newton D. Baker in a communication a copy 
of which follows : 



253 



Hon. Newton D. Baker, 
Secretary of War, 
War Department, 

Washington, D. C. 
My dear Sir : — 

Sometime ago I was asked by Glen. Francis B. Waters for the Mary- 
land Council of Defense to act as chairman of a Committee in this State 
for organizing the Bar of the State to give legal advice and assistance 
to men entering the military and naval service of the Nation. In 
my efforts to discharge this duty I came to the conclusion that not 
only was this plan as formulated by the Government an excellent one 
so far as it goes, but it could well be extended so as to provide for giving 
just aid to persons in the military or naval service, whether in the 
cantonments here or abroad. 

So many have gone without this assistance and so many who go now 
will likely at a time when it might be of the utmost importance to them 
need some such service that it occurred to me, its benefits should be 
extended to them, and that an organization for rendering it might be per- 
fected at relatively small costs. 

I make this suggestion because I think that while it may have no value 
at all or may have long ago been thought of and discarded as imprac- 
ticable, yet if there is anything in it, it can only be utilized by those In 
authority and therefore at the risk of adding to the large quantity of 
chaff which they must thresh over for a few kernels of wheat, I am 
submitting it for your consideration. 

Yours respectfully, 

(Signed) T. SCOTT OFFUTT. 

To which the following reply was received : 

State Council of Defense, 
Baltimore, Maryland. 

Attention of Mr. T. Scott Oftutt 

Gentlemen : — 

This will acknowledge your letter of May 1st, addressed to Honorable 
Newton D. Baker, Secretary of War and Chairman of the Council of 
National Defense. It has been referred to me for answer. 

I have read with interest your suggestion that the Legal Committees 
created by the State Council of Defense should be utilized to furnish 
legal advice and assistance to men not only before they enter the service, 
but also after they have entered the service, whether in the cantonments 
here or with the forces abroad. This is percisely the end which we had 
iB mind in arriving at the agreement recently announced between the 
Amercan Red Cross and the Council of National Defense. I am enclosing 
a copy of that agreement. 

254 



As you already know, the Home Service Sections of the American Red 
Cross form a single agency responsible for adimnistering relief to the 
dependents of men in the service. In order better to discharge this 
responsibility the Red Cross is now placing representatives in every can- 
tonment and camp in this country, on the transports and with the forces 
abroad. It will be the duty of these men to do everything in their 'power 
to find out the home difficulties of men in the service and to report these 
difficulties to the Home Service Sections. These Home Service Sections 
may then refer the matters requiring legal advice to the local Legal 
Committees of the State Councils of Defense. 

The ideal scheme toward which the Council of National Etefense, the 
American Red Cross and the American Bar Association are working la 
thus one in which the American Red Cross will be responsible for provid- 
ing financial aid and whatever other forms of assistance may be needed, 
including information and guidance respecting allotments, allowances, 
compensation and insurance under the War Risk Insurance Act, and in 
respect to other matters which make for the welfare of the enlisted men 
and their families ; while the Legal Committees of the State Council of 
Defense will mobilize the lawyers, first, to act upon request as the legal 
advisory agents of the Home Service Sections, and, second, to approach 
every man about to enter service and impress upon him the necessity of 
preparing his affairs for his absence, and then to assist him in making 
this necessary preparation. 

Through this arrangement men in the service will receive all advice 
and assistance that is necessary. This fact should not however deter us 
and you from doing all that is possible to bring these men to arrange 
their affairs before entering the service. You will readily understand 
the necessity for such preparation. 

I wish to thank you for your letter and for the suggestion there 
contained. As you will see, it is a matter which had already engaged 
our careful attention. We believe that the machinery which we are now 
working out in harmony with the direct agency of the State Councils of 
Defense and the State Bar Associations will meet the situation. If you 
have any further suggestions, we should be glad to hear from you. 

Very truly yours, 

(Signed) ARTHUR H. FLEMING, 

Chief of Section. 

With the completion of the draft, the functions of the legal commit- 
tees as originally contemplated would have ceased, but the Adjutant- 
General of the United States Army informed the Council of National 
Defense that these committees could render service of great value to the 
morale of the Army in its demobilization, by continuing in existence, and 
in providing free legal advice to the discharged soldiers, and the commit- 
tees were requested to continue in existence during the period of demo- 
bilization, to provide free legal advice to all men recently discharged 
from military service in need of such assistance. This request was com- 
municated to your committee by Gen. Francis E. Waters, Chairmaa 

255 



of the Maryland Council of Defense, and it was at once submitted by 
your chairman to the Committees on Organization throughout the State. 
These committees representing the lawyers of the entire State promptly 
and cheerfully signified their willingness to undertake these additional 
duties, and they are continuing in existence and will continue to render 
the service requested so long as there is any need for it. 

Because the question may be of interest, reference is made to a request 
from Mr, M. Tilman Johnston, of Easton, Maryland, to the Eexecutive 
Committee of the Maryland Council of Defense for information in regard 
to the status of Wills executed in France. Replying to this letter the 
following letter was addressed to Mr. Johnston. 

Mr. M. Tilghman Johnston, 

Easton, Maryland. 
My dear Sir : — 

The Maryland Council of Defense, has referred to me for reply your 
letter addressed to General Francis E. Waters under date of December 
€th, 1918, in which you suggest that you have the views of members of 
the Executive Committee as to the validity of a will made by a person 
under twenty-one years of age, at a time when he was in the military 
service in France, and which is not executed in formal manner as re- 
quired by Section 323 of Article 83 the Code of Public General Laws of 
Maryland. Replying to that suggestion I beg to submit: 



1. Nuncupative wills, that is, oral wills, are expressly declared to be in- 
valid, except that a sailor or soldier may thus dispose of his "mov- 
ables, wages, and personal estate" as hertofore. 

Code Art. 93 Sec. 333. 

2. Holographic wills, that is, wills wholly in the handwriting of the 
testator and signed by him, would of course be invalid, if made in 
this State, under Section 323. A holographic will therefore can only 
be valid in this State if executed in some Country where the valid- 
ity of such vpills is recognized. 

In France holographic wills are recognized, and are valid if, and 
only if, dated, signed and written in the handwriting of the 
testator. 

Cashard's Translation French Civil Code Section 969. 
Lindsay vs. Wilson 103 Md. 266. 

3. The prohibition against the effectual execution of wills to pass real 
property or incorporaeal hereditaments, in Section 322 Ibid does not 
apparently at all affect the right of a person under age to dispose 
of his personal estate by will. 

Holzman vs. Wager 114 Md. 322. 
Hinkley Testamentary Law Chapter 1. 



256 



Conclusion : As this appears to bs a holographic will, if it is dated, 
signed and written wholly in the handwriting of the testator, there 
ought to be no reason why it should not be probated in Maryland. 

B. 

Inasmuch as cases involving the formalities require for the exe- 
cution of wills under the French Law are unfortunately likely to occur 
with some frequency, it may not be out of place to submit briefly, what 
such formalities are. 

The French Law in addition to Holographic Wills, recognizes (1) 
Public Wills, (2) Secret of Mystic Wills, and (3) Wills of soldiers and 
sailors. 

1. Public Wills. — Must be received by two Notaries, in the presence of 
two witnesses, or by one notary in the presence of four witnesses. 
It is dictated to the Notary, written by him, read to the testator in 
the presence of the witnesses, and signed by the testator, and the 
two witnesses, if there are two notaries, and two of the four wit- 
nesses, if there are not two notaries. Legatees, their relatives, nor 
the Clerks of the Notaries are competent witnesses. If for any 
reason the testator cannot sign, that fact must be stated. 

Cashard Sec. 971-975. 

2. Secret of Mystic Wills. — Testator must sign, inclose and seal the will 
written by him, or by another and signed by him, and present it to a 
Notary in the presence of six witnesses, and in their presence 
declare it to be his will, signed, and sealed by him, and written by 
him, or by another and signed by him. The Notary then draws up 
a superscription on the envelope, which is signed by the testator, 
the Notary and the witnesses, all of which to be done without inter- 
ruption. 

3. Soldiers and Sailors Wills, and the wills of persons employed in the 
armies, may be received by a field officer, in the prseence of two wit- 
nesses, or by two employes of the commissariat, or by officers of the 
commissaryship; or by one of these employes or officers in the 
presence of two witnesses, or, in a separate detachment, by the 
officer commanding, with two witnesses, or if there is no field officer 
with the detachment, by employes of the commissariat or officers of 
the commissaryship. The will of an officer commanding a separate 
detachment may be received by the officer next in rank. Ibid Sec. 
981. A duplicate must be forwarded as soon as communications are 
restored to the Minister of War or the Minister of the Navy as the 
case may be. Such wills are void after six months from the time 
communications are restored. The wills are to be signed by the 
testator, the witnesses, and those receiving it. 

4. Witnesses to wills must be of full age, French citizens in the 
enjoyment of their civil rights. 

Respectfully, 

(Signed) T. SCOTT OFFUTT. 

257 



For the purpose of confirmiug the advice given, the Chairman addressed 
a letter to Mr. Fred. R. Coudert, recognized authority in this country on 
French law, asking his views upon the question involved, a copy of which 
letter in part follows : 

Jan. 6, 1919. 
Frederick R. Coudert, Esq., 

New York, N. Y. 
My dear Mr. Coudert : 

I am connected with the Legal Committee of the Maryland Council of 
Defense which was organized to aid men called from this State to the 
armed service of the Nation under the Service Acts, by giving them, 
when desired, reliable legal advice. Since the armistice and ensuing 
demobilization this committee has been asked to expand its functions to 
include rendering like service to the returning soldiers and sailors and 
the dependents of these who have been lost. 

In this connection one of the questions most frequently presented is 
the status of wills made in France by soldiers or sailors or persons con- 
nected with the Army or Navy, and another question likely to arise will 
be the status of wills made in enemy territory by soldiers of the Army 
of occupation. 

Under our statutes, wills made in a foreign country can be probated 
here if executed in accordance with the formalities prescribed by the 
laws of the country where executed. I want to learn therefore, (1) what 
are the formalities required in France for the execution of a will dispos- 
ing of real and personal property, and (2) whether wills made in enemy 
territory occupied under the armistice should be executed in conformity 
with the laws in force in such territory prior to such occupation, and if 
as a general rule they should, whether such wills made in Alsace Lor- 
raine are an exception to this general rule." 

To this letter Mr. Coudert replied : 

Jan. 11th, 1919. 
T. Scott Offutt, Esq., 
Attorney-at-Law, 
Towson, Maryland. 
Dear Sir: — 

I am in receipt of your letter of January 6th and shall be most happy 
to give you any assistance in my power in the way of information on 
the subject referred to. 

There are two principal methods of making a Will in France. 

First, the holographic will ; the only requirements in regard to this 
are that it must be written throughout, dated and signed in the hand- 
writing of the testator. No witnesses or other attestations are required. 

Second, the authentic or notarial will; this must be dictated to a 
notary in the presence of four witnesses or to two notaries in the 
presence of two witnesses. It must be read to the testator after being 
written by the notary, in the presence of the witnesses, and is to be 

258 



signed by the testator, the witnesses and the notary or notaries. There 
is also another form of will which may be made before a notary and 
six witnesses, only the envelope which contains the testamentary pro- 
visions being attested, so that the latter are not made public, but this 
form is of no interest for the present purpose. 

It appears also that there will be some practical difficulty in most 
cases in the execution of a notarial will, because of the ignorance of the 
French language on the part of most of the men whom you have in view. 

The holographic form is of course of extreme simplicity, calling for 
no forms except that it must be entirely in testator's handwriting and 
signed by him and dated. The only question would be as to the practical 
means of establishing it before the Courts of Maryland, that is to say 
making proof of the French law and of the handwriting of testator. 

Replying to your second question, we would say that in our opinion, 
the occupation of enemy territory under the Armistice does not in any 
way change the civil laws in force in that territory and consequently 
wills made there should be executed in accordance with the law of the 
German state in which that territory belongs. 

We think that the same rule applies to Alsace Lorraine. No action 
has yet been taken, so far as we are aware, looking toward any change 
of the civil law in force there or the establishment of French civil law 
and therefore the preexisting law applies. 

It is our general understanding that holographic wills are not favored 
by German law and that the re^lar form is the execution before a 
notary. 

The laws of New York permit as an alternative form in all cases, exe- 
cution of a will in the form approved in New York, and it was our 
understanding that the law of Maryland contained a similar provision. 
You are of course better informed than we on this point, but if that Is 
the case it permits another alternative which may in many cases be the 
most available. 

Yours very truly, 

(Signed) FREDERICK R. COUDERT. 

In concluding this report I beg to express the gratification of the 
Committee at the uniform courtesy and consideration show^n it by the 
Maryland Council of Defense in the course of their relations. 

Respectfully, 

T. SCOTT OFFUTT, Chairman. 



259 



Appendix P 

School Children and Farm Work 

The following resolutions were adopted by the Executive Committee at 
its meeting on August 14, 1918 : 

WHEREAS, By reason of conditions due to the prevalence of war, 
many of the youth of the State of Maryland have become engaged in agri- 
cultural and other work to help win the war; therefore be it 

RESOLVED: That the school officials of the State of Maryland and 
the City of Baltimore be re«]uested, by and with the permission of the 
parents of the youths engaged in agricultural and other necessary war 
work, to excuse such from attendance at school to a date not later than 
November 1st next, and that such youths so engaged be given school 
credits for their patriotic work, in such manner as will not interfere 
with their school progress. 

RESOLVED: Further, that the school officials of the State of Mary- 
land and the City of Baltimore be and are hereby requested to take such 
steps as will in their wisdom promote the interest of all of the scholars 
to a feeling of personal responsibility upon each and every one of them 
to help win the war, and to add to the curriculum of the schools such 
text books as would in their .iudgment provide the scholars with the best 
fnstruction to the end that they may be by another year even more effici- 
ent to perform agricultural and other patriotic work, and imbued with 
a desire to perform it. 

RESOLVED : That a copy of these resolutions be placed in the hands 
of the school officials of the State of Maryland and the City of Balti- 
more. 

SCHOOL FIGURES 

The figures of the schools for Maryland for 1917 are as follows as 
reported over the telephone by the Department of Education of Maryland : 

Boys in Baltimore City age 10 and upwards in 

public schools 27,455 

Boys in counties age 10 and upwards in public 

schools 39,000 

Boys in private schools, colleges, etc., between 9,000 to 10,000 

This gives a total for the State of about 76,000. These figures include 
white and colored. 



260 



Appendix Q 

United States Boys' Working Reserve 

Report for Summer and Autumn Season of 1918 

The United States Boys' Working Reserve in the State of Maryland 
became an organized entity about May 1st. Its object was the mobiliza- 
tion of boys of the High Schools and Colleges, between the ages of 16 
and 21 years, for farm service. 

While the enrollment week for boys throughout the United States had 
by proclamation of President Wilson been set for a week in March, Mary- 
land did not proceed in this work until the week of May 13th, when by 
public proclamation of Governor Harrington, the boys of the State were 
urged to enlist in the U. S. Boys' Working Reserve and render patriotic 
services to their Country by aiding in the production of food. 

The large sources of supply of boy material were to be found in the 
Baltimore City College, Baltimore Polytechnic Institute, Loyola College. 
and to a lesser degree in the five or six private institutions located in 
Baltimore City or its suburbs. Large public meetings of the boys at the 
respective schools were arranged and were addressed by the Associate 
National Director and the Federal State Director of Maryland. It was 
found that many boys had already been approached by industrial con- 
cerns with offers of large wages, and others had formulated plans for 
the summer vacation, thus rendering enrollment of a large number of 
boys exceedingly difficult. 

The enrollment of the boys could only be secured by persuasion and 
appeals to their patriotism, differing from the mobilization of adults for 
industrial labor where the "work or fight" law carried a covert threat to 
those in deferred draft classification. In addition the boys were called 
upon to make considerable pecuniary sacrifices, the remuneration which 
the farm offered being far inferior to that of industrial employment. 

Many farmers had a deep seated prejudice against the city boy. This 
mental attitude was reflected by the statement made at a public county 
meeting by a well-known farmer that he would rather have a mule blind 
in one eye and a half witted negro than a dozen city school boys. That 
county, it is interesting to note, subsequently employed one hundred and 
fifty boys. It therefore became necessary to conduct a campaign of edu- 
cation among the farmers of the State to eradicate this prejudice and 
acquaint them with the object and purpose of the Reserve, and the type 
of farming assistance which it was prepared to furnish. 

Through the agency of Dr. Woods. President of the Maryland Agricul- 
tural College and Dr. Symons of the Extension Bureau, to both of whom 
the Reserve is deeply indebted for advice and assistance, meetings were 
held with the County Agents on the western shore of Maryland, at Balti- 
more, and with those of the eastern shore at Easton. The entire Reserve 
movement was discussed at these meetings and co-operation by the 

261 



Couaty Agents in the campaign among tlie farmers was secured. Simul- 
taneously, a publicity campaign in the county newspapers, by a series of 
articles dealing with the Reserve and its functions, carried the message 
of its usefulness throughout the State. 

The question of wages was one of great importance. Few of the boys 
who were enrolled were experienced in farm work. The Reserve claimed 
— which actual exi)erience later substantiated — that what the boys lacked 
in experience would be made up by patriotic enthusiasm, adaptability, 
and the habit of mind of receiving instruction. 

After a conference, which was attended by representatives of all the 
Agricultural Associations of the State, it was decided that inexperienced 
boys were to receive $22.50 for the first month of their service and there- 
after $.30.00 a month, but those having experience were to receive as a 
minimum $30.00 a month from the start. In addition, the farmer was 
required to pay transportation charges to and from the farm and furnish 
board and lodging of a standard acceptable to the Reserve. As the Sum- 
mer progressed and the services of the Reserve boys became more valu- 
able, the wages gradually advanced until at present in the orchard work, 
in which many boys are engaged, the minimum received $45.00 a month, 
in addition to transportation, board and lodging, while some of the boys, 
through a bonus system, will have the opportunity of making as high as 
$75.00 a month. 

From the commencement of the work the Reserve had certain ideals 
and standards, which it has continually endeavored to maintain. Its 
motto has been "select boys for select farms." By select boys, the 
Reserve had in mind boys who were physically capable of doing the work, 
and of a moral calibre to be recommended for admission into any family 
where they might be detailed for service. 

By select farms, the Reserve meant farms where the sanitary condi- 
tions met the approbation of competent medical experts, and the housing 
and standard of life were of a character such as would meet with the 
approval of prudent parents. 

The Reserve desires to express its deep appreciation of the excellent 
services rendered by the officials of the Maryland State Board of Health, 
Every boy who was assigned to farm work has been given three inocula- 
tions against T.vphoid Fever. This work, in conjunction with the inspec- 
tion of the physical surroundings and sanitary conditions of every farm 
where Reserve boys were detailed, was undertaken by the officials of the 
Maryland State Board of Health and ably and conscientiously prosecuted. 
As a result of their efficient work there has not been a single case of 
Typhoid Fever among the Reserve members. 

The medical inspectors found it necessary to reject a large number of 
farms where the sanitary conditions did not comply with their require- 
ments. This inspection of farms will eventually result in the diffusion of 
a better knowledge among farmers of necessary hygiene. 

The sanitary inspection of farms by medical authorities and inocula- 
tion of boys are features of Reserve work which have been unique to 

262 



Maryland. The Reserve has felt that no precaution should be omitted 
which would ensure the health and physical well-being of its members. 
The general record of health among city boys assigned to farms has been 
exceptionally good, in many instances the boys have gained in weight and 
their health greatly benefited by outdoor manual labor. 

In order to meet the growing demand upon the Reserve for farm assist- 
ance, It became necessary in June to make arrangements for the establish- 
ment of camps where large numbers of boys could be concentrated. 
These boys were assigned to work for individual farmers in the vicinity, 
or for service with one large farmer or orchardist. In conjunction with 
this work and the other expenses incident to the Reserve, the Maryland 
Council of Defense made an appropriation of $15,000.00. It was neces- 
sary to buy a large number of cots, also bedding, blankets, some tents 
and minor equipment, all of which will be available for use next year. 
Nine of these camps have been established, six of them being in operation 
at this time. They have proven highly successful in relieving the strain 
upon the farm labor market in the localities where they are situated. 
The theory on which these camps were founded was that it was better 
to furnish one large employer of farm labor with all the hands he 
desired, removing his competition from the general market, than to 
scatter the boys in small groups of one to two among a number of 
farmers, although the latter phase of the work has not been neglected. 
The concentration of boys in camps rendered their supervision much 
easier and was more attractive to them, as they are naturally gregarious. 

Each camp was directed by paid Supervisors of the Reserve, the allot- 
ment being one Supervisor for each 25 boys. These Supervisors were 
accsuntable for the health and morals of the boys under their direction, 
and were the mutual representatives of the boys and the employing 
farmers. In addition, the Supervisors made arrangements for recreation 
and supervised the athletic activities of the camps. As an experiment, 
one camp of 25 boys was founded for industrial work at an open air 
cannery. A great percentage of the boys who composed this camp had 
been previously engaged in factory work in the city, many of them being 
recruited from the large manufacturing clothing establishments where 
work was slack during August. This movement was highly successful, 
the work done by these boys being efficient, and the boys themselves 
enjoying the novelty of camp life and the change from indoor to outdoor 
work. It is interesting to note that for ordinary farming operations the 
city school boy is far superior to the city working boy. He is actuated 
by higher ideals, having higher standards and is more anxious to learn 
and less apt to look upon his work as a commercial proposition. 

One of the difficult problems requiring solution is the securing of an 
adequate number of competent supervisors. Practically all the super- 
visors are teachers in schools and with the opening of the autumn term 
their services were no longer obtainable. The Reserve under these cir- 
cumstances was obliged to resort to the expedient of appointing in each 
camp one or two of the older boys of distinctive personalities as Assistant 
Supervisors. 

263 



Immediately from the inception of the work of placing tiie boys, a 
Welfare Director was appointed. It was his duty to see, after the boy 
was assigned to a farm, that a local minister, of the same religious 
denomination as the boy, was notified of the placement, so that the boy's 
religious life might be maintained and opportunities for social relaxation 
be afforded. In addition, every boy who was placed on a farm was per- 
sonally visited at least twice by an inspector from the main office, who 
inquired of the boy, as to his treatment, and of the farmer the character 
of the work and quality of the service which the boy was rendering. 

The boys were encouraged by distribution of free postals to keep in 
frequent communication with the office, and given the assurance, that 
while the Reserve required loyal and conscientious work, it demanded 
that they be treated fairly and justly by the employing farmer. 

The Enoch Pratt Library furnished the Reserve with a number of cir- 
culating libraries which were distributed among their respective camps. 

With the completion of the Summer harvesting the problem presented 
itself of procuring labor for the harvesting of the Autumn crops, especi- 
ally the cutting of corn and the picking of apples. 

The School Commissioners of Baltimore City met this emergency by 
permitting the boys in the second and third year high schools to enroll 
for the Autumn work and extending their vacation by a furlough until 
November 1st. So that these boys would not suffer educationally, pro- 
vision was made to give them separate and intensified instruction after 
their return to school. In the counties, the State Board of Education 
permitted the farmers to retain their sons and engage school boys over 
14 years of age, who were certified by the school principals. These boys 
were furloughed until the middle of October and arrangements were 
made for special home study for which the boys will receive credit in 
the schools. 

The greatest source of complaint from the hoys was the character of 
food which they received, not only at individual farms, but also at the 
camps. In all the camps the employing farmer was obligated to prepare 
and furnish the meals, and although the Camp Director furnished menus, 
the food at times was the cause of dissatisfaction. The complaint was 
neither as to the quantity, nor even the quality of the food, but more as 
to its character, and this applied also where boys boarded in the homes 
of individual farmers. The diet of a city boy is entirely different from 
that of the farmer. Many farmers eat meat three times a day. and the 
only preparation apparently with which he is familiar is that of frying. 
Every dish which could so be prepared was fried. In a short time the 
stomachs of the boys rebelled against this type of food, and refused to 
assimilate the great quantities of grease, in which the meals were pre- 
pared. The city boy is accustomed to a diet of cereals, milk, eggs, fresh 
vegetables and occasionally meat, and yet the very things which he sup- 
posed he would get in abundance in the country were often difficult to 
obtain and were rarely served. 

The Reserve carried on a continuous campaign of education and direc- 
tion for an improved diet, and suggests that this branch of Domestic 

264 



Science holds open a fruitful field for instruction in the rural districts 
of the State. 

In a few instances the Reserve found that farmers attempted to ex- 
ploit the boy, demanding unusual and unreasonable hours of labor, these 
cases were so exceptional that they only demand passing notice. 

On the part of the farmer, one of the chief causes of complaint was 
the inexperience of the boys and the fact that occasionally boys were 
imbued with the idea that they were on a summer's vacation in the 
country, getting free board and lodging with pay in addition. Much of 
the complaint of inexperience can be eradicated by the introduction of 
a preliminary course in farm training at instruction camps, the estab- 
lishment of which is in contemplation for next year, and the introduction 
of farm craft into the regular courses of study in the public schools. In 
many cases where the boys did not give satisfaction, it was due to the 
fact that the farmer did not realize that these boys were not sent out 
as trained farm hands, and had not the strength to compete with adults, 
but were emergency labor. Whenever the farmer approached the boy in 
a spirit of helpfulness and handled him intelligently, almost invariably 
the boy gave satisfaction and did all that could be expected of him. The 
records of the office show that about 70 per cent, of the boys measured 
up to the full expectation of their employers. There was some complaint 
on the part of the farmers, where a boy after five or six days work would 
unceremoniously leave without notice. In some instances this complaint 
was justified. In other instances the boy's departure was due to the 
farmer requiring a full days work before the boy became hardened to the 
unusual hours and labor associated with farm life. 

At the present time the Reserve has no adequate method of penalizing 
the boy who deserts his job, and this is a matter which should receive 
careful consideration. On the other hand, in some instances, farmers 
after using boys for two or three weeks, during the hardest part of the 
harvest, would discharge them in direct violation of their contracts to 
employ them for six weeks, which was the minimum time for which boys 
were furnished. The Reserve found no means of enforcing these agree- 
ments, but the Reserve has kept a record of such cases and in the future 
will refuse to furnish such farmres with help. 

The Reserve has made over 720 assignments for work during the past 
season. While the County Directors report that there were engaged 
agriculturally over 10,000 boys in tlie State of Maryland, only a small 
portion of these enrolled with the Reserve. The Resen'e conceived that 
the raison d'etre was to encourage boys who would not ordinarily engage 
in agricultural occupations to go on farms, rather than enroll an impres- 
sive number, the vast majority of whom would under any circumstances 
have engaged in farm employment. 

A considerable number of seminarians, who were exempt from military 
service, were enrolled and their work on the farms during the summer, 
under the Reserve direction, was extremely efficient and of the best 
calibre. 

265 



Practically every county on the western shore and many of the eastern 
shore counties made requisitions upon the Reserve for assistance. The 
greatest number of boys were assigned to Carroll, Montgomery, Harford, 
Cecil, Kent, Washington and Allegany Counties, where the demand at 
times were insistent, and where the shortage of farm labor was most 
pronounced. 

We believe that the Reserve has been an important factor in solving 
the farm labor situation of the State of Maryland. 

Moving pictures have been taken of many of the Reserve activities and 
have been found an extremely efficient agency for propaganda, not only 
among the boys but among the farmers. 

Much of the success of the Boys' Reserve movement in Maryland may 
be attributed to the support of the newspapers of Baltimore, in giving 
publicity to the work of the Reserve, and appealing to the parents to 
encourage the boys to enroll for patriotic service. The newspapers have 
been unsparing in giving space to news of the Reserve and have also 
contributed many excellent editorials. 

The Reserve exerted an important psychological influence upon the 
farmer and his help. The farmer felt that he could refuse exorbitant 
demands for pay, and the helper understood that he could be replaced if 
Ills demands exceeded reason. 

So far as the boys are concerned, their services on the farm made them 
acquainted with another aspect of life, has interested many of them in 
country life and has familiarized them with the problem which the 
farmer faces in the production of food. 

The Boys' Reserve movement should grow in intensity and usefulness 
during the coming year. It is the initial step in that oft repeated cry 
"back to the farm." 

I want to take this occasion to express my appreciation of the loyal, 
able and conscientious work which was rendered in behalf of the Reserve 
by Mr. Chas. E. Adams, Assistant Director in charge of enrollments and 
placements, Mr. Francis M. Froelicher, Assistant Director in charge of 
camps, and Mr. R. H. Beck, Welfare Director, to whom much of whatever 
success the Reserve has attained in Maryland is due. 

FRANK B. CAHN, 

Federal State Director. 
Baltimore, Md., October 15, 1918. 

SERVICE BARS FOR MARYLAND BOYS 

Honorable Service Bars were presented to Baltimore members of the 
"United States Boys' Working Reserve, Friday night. February 28, 1919. 
The ceremony took place in the assem!)ly room of the City College of 
Baltimore. 

The bars were awarded the Maryland boys in recognition of their work 
on farms and in orchards in the summer of 1918 and were presented by 
■Governor Harrington, of Maryland, in the presence of a large audience 
•composed of relatives and friends of the boys interested in the Reserve. 

260 



National Director William E. Hall, of the U. S. Boys' Working 
Reserve, and Federal State Director Gen. Clinton L. Riggs, of Maryland, 
delivered addresses. Gen. Riggs introduced the speakers, and the 
speeches and presentation were followed by a minstrel i^erformance given 
by the boys of the Maryland division and by motion pictures and dancing. 

In presenting the bars, Governor Harrington congratulated the boys 
upon the fine record made last year, and said : 

"I do know that I was called upon while the war was going on and 
since it ended to perform a more pleasant duty than to give official recog- 
nition to your merit. When the men of Maryland responded to the call 
of their country and enlisted in the Army and Navy we were confronted 
with the problem of feeding these men, the boys stepped forward nobly, 
went on farms, took off their coats, and went to work. You boys of 
Baltimore were quick to realize the need of providing food for the men 
at the front. I want to congratulate you and to compliment you for the 
work which you performed. You are better and healthier boys because 
of your outdoor work. The men who employed you are satisfied with 
your devotion to your tasks. They hope — we all hope — that when they 
issue the call for you to help in the fields and orchards this year you will 
again respond. Indeed, I hardly know how Maryland could have culti- 
vated and harvested without your assistance." 

National Director William E. Hall, who went to Baltimore especially 
to attend the presentation ceremonies, spoke of the increased demand for 
supplying food shipments to Europe and called upon the boys to go out 
again upon the farms, Mr. Hall said : 

"Governor Harrington, Director Riggs, Fellow Members of the U. S. 
Boys' Working Reserve, Ladies, and Gentlemen : — I am indeed proud and 
Bappy to be here as the representative of the Federal Government in the 
presentation of the honorable service bars in recognition of especially 
noteworthy service on the farms, which aided so materially in the winning 
of the war. 

"To Governor Harrington, former Director Kahn, Director Riggs, Gen. 
Waters of the Council of Defense, Mr. Adams, Mr. Beck, and Mr. Froe- 
licher, and the county directors and agents, the Federal Government is 
peculiarly grateful for making this happy occasion possible. 

"To you boys, who gave the best you had to raise the food that our 
allies might live and our soldiers fight, the Federal Government gives to 
you with these service bars its greatest respect, its heartfelt thanks and 
sincere congratulations. When the history of this war shall have been 
written, this generation and future generations will find that the deepest 
pride and satisfaction will come from reading of the splendid, unselfish 
patriotism of American young men. Shortly after the armistice was 
signed I stood in the Argonne Forest and looked at the thick undergrowth 
oT foliage, the ravines, the rocks, the hills, and hundreds of machine-gun 
nests, and I wondered how our boys were able to break through. A 
short time afterwards I stood in front of the Hindenburg line in Belli- 
court and saw before me defenses of hills, quarries, tunneled canals, and 

267 



b'arbed wire that seemed absolutely impregnable. It was here that the 
Americans smashed the Hindenburg line, and I wondered again how 
human beings could go through that impassable barrier. Three days 
later I looked into the faces of 2,000 of our American doughboys in a 
theater behind the lines, and then I understood. You can see from the 
faces of those young Crusaders that nothing could stop them. 

"During last summer I saw Reserve boys working on farms in many 
States. This young army of patriots worked long hours, with only the 
tEiought that they were in the service of their country. Some of them 
lonely and homesick and always with the temptation of shorter hours 
and larger pay held out to them in the cities. Still they stuck to the job 
in hand. Without the excitement and glory that attends the fighting 
soldier these Reserve boys worked silently, patiently, and persistently 
and without complaint. 

"I used to marvel at this also, but when I attended gatherings such 
as this and look into the boys' faces, I always understand. Your faces 
show that nothing can stop you. In the past decade, we adults have 
been so absorbed in the fascinating occupation of gainful production that 
without our realizing it, there has grown up in this Nation, the most 
resourceful, adaptable, idealistic, and patriotic group of young men that 
bas ever been the proud boast of any Nation in the history of mankind. 

"This terrible conflict has revealed many bidden treasures in our 
Nation's resources, but none more prized than the self-sacrificing spirit of 
our American youth. You boys who have worked on the farms and 
have given the best that was in you that your older brothers might fight 
are going to be asked for still greater sacrifices in the interest of national 
welfare. I want you to go out again on the farms and make good. The 
world faces a crisis. The United States is pledged to produce 20,000,000 
tons of food for export as against 11,000,000 tons exported last year. 
Whether or not our victory is to be real and peace lasting depends on 
whether this country can keep faith with a starving world. Bolshevistu 
is nourished b.v empty stomachs. Famine is the mother of anarchy. We 
must produce more food this coming year than we have ever produced 
in our entire history. In order to do this there can not be a shortage of 
labor on tlie farms. Although there is some unemployment at the present 
time still all evidence points to the fate that there will be no surplus of 
agricultural labor. The United States today is short, not counting the 
soldiers in Europe, more than 2,000,000 workers because there has been 
no immigration in the past four years. Even if all former soldiers and 
former munition workers returned to the farms, which is not likely still 
fhere would not be a surplus of labor for the farms. There always has 
been a demand for seasonal labor. We can not allow the farmer this 
year to rel.v wholly on the floating seasonal labor on which he relied 
before the war. This source of labor suppl.v is too uncertain and may 
not be there when the peak of the load comes. As Governor Harrington 
told you so well this evening, Maryland could not have planted and 
harvested her crops without your aid. If this was true last year .you 
will be more badly needetl, in my opinion, this year. 

268 



"Remember that no sacrifice that you make will be in vain, if we can 
show that American youth can, not only win a war, but can also, by co- 
operation, insure to the world the fruits of victory." 

HEALTH OF THE BOYS 

Dr. Hampson Jones, chief of the bureau of communicable diseases of 
the State Department of Health of Maryland, made the following report 
regarding the work of his department in inspecting conditions on farms 
where members of the United States Boys' Working Reserve were em- 
ployed last summer: 

"The co-operation of this department in the work of the United States 
Boys' Working Reserve commenced on May 21, 1918, and continued until 
September 23. 

"At the request of Mr. Frank B. Cahn we injected the boys with anti- 
typhoid vaccine, giving three doses (in a period of two weeks), and made 
provision for the completion of the doses by health officers or private 
physicians whenever a boy had to report for work in the country before 
the third dose had been given. 

"Indeed it sometimes occurred that all three doses had to be provided 
for after the boy had reported for work in the country. Not counting 
those who were wholly injected in the country 372 were thus treated by 
us with no complications and there was no case of typhoid fever 
developed among them during the season. 

"The proposal to send the boys to the farms enabled this department 
to make a special investigation of the sanitary conditions to which the 
boys would be subjected and to order a compliance with the ideas of the 
health officer if the sanitary conditions were not already satisfactory. 
In this way we obtained a betterment of conditions on many farms which 
not only protected the boys during their stay, but also will continue as 
a permanent protection to the people of the farm and of the neighborhood. 

"It is certain, as far as Maryland is concerned, that until we have a 
law that can be enforced, whereby we can require the placing in a sani- 
tary condition all farm homes, whether there be disease present or not, 
it will be a great help to this State Department of Health to have the 
privilege of requiring the establishment of sanitary conditions or the 
denying the farmer the right to hire help. 

"We think it important that it should be established that all employers 
shall give a reasonable protection to all farm help and domestic help 
which they may employ in the different seasons. No one is in greater 
need of maintaining help than those who have to depend upon their daily 
subsistence. 

"The sanitary conditions that we would investigate before allowing 
the boys to go to the farm were the condition of the drinking water, the 
privy wells, which must be fly tight and water-tight, and the sleeping 
quarters." 

269 



AFTER THE ARMISTICE WAS SIGNED 

January 29, 1919. 
General Francis E. Waters, 

Chairman Executive Committee, Maryland Council of Defense, 
703 Union Trust Building, Baltimore, Md. 

My dear General Waters : — 

Subsequent to my last appearance before tbe Executive Committee, 
$2,000.<X) vs^as appropriated to cover the incidental expenses of the Boys' 
Working Reserve during the winter months. At that time I understood 
that your Committee felt there was a necessity for continuing the 
activities of the Reserve, and that they desired me to present my plans 
for tJie coming season. 

The Department of Labor and the national officials of the Boys' 
Working Reserve are very urgent that this work should be started early 
and vigorously continued in the State of Maryland. 

Based upon the results heretofore accomplished, it seems to be most 
important to have a camp of instruction for the Baltimore City boys 
who may enroll in the Reserve for work during the coming summer. 
This plan has met with the approval of the State Board of Education 
and the School Board of Baltimore City ; and Dr. Woods of the Maryland 
State College of Agriculture has offered to give us his entire co-operation. 

The camp as now planned will include two sessions to be held at 
College Park between May 31st and June 20th, the School Board of 
Baltimore City having already passed a resolution to permit boys enrolled 
in the Reserve to leave school, without penalty, in time to attend this 
camp. 

Training can be provided for 400 boys, and Dr. Woods has placed 
at our disposal, without expense to the Reserve, practically all of the 
resources of the College — including the dormitories, the services of his 
teaching staff and their entire equipment of tools, machinery and such 
other accessories as they have and which may be useful. 

There are, however, certain other expenses which will need to be met 
from funds available for this purpose. 

In order to cover the expense of this camp and the other activities of 
the Reserve during the coming season, I have estimated that an appro- 
priation of $1.5,000.00 will be necessary; and I request that such an 
appropriation be made and placed at the disposal of the Director of the 
Boys^ Working Reserve. 

I shall be very glad to appear before your committee if desirable, but 
I respectfully urge that this matter be given prompt consideration ; for if 
fhe camp is to be held, it will be necessary for us to know it promptly 
so that the detailed plans can be completed. 

There will be a meeting on February 2Sth, on which occasion the 
Governor of Maryland will present honor bars to the Reservists who 
earned them last season. It is important that all of our plans should 

270 



be completed in time so that we may be able to make an announcement 
on that occasion as to the plans for the coming season. 
Trusting, therefore, that I may be favored with a prompt reply, I am 

Yours very sincerely, 

CLINTON L. RIGGS, 

Federal State Director. 



The points raised by General Riggs were covered by the following 
letter of the Chairman to Mr. Hall : 

March 31, 1919. 
Hon. William E. Hall, National Director, 

Boys' Working Reserve, U. S. Department of Labor, 
Washington, D. C. 
My dear Mr. Hall : — 

I have your letter of March 28th, and I fully appreciate and sympa- 
thize with the tenor of it. It was with very sincere regret that our 
Executive Committee felt that it could not make further appropriations 
to the Boys' Working Reserve for Maryland. 

Under Mr. Cahn excellent results had been achieved, and a still wider 
field of usefulness and efficiency was promised under the able direction 
of Colonel Riggs, but our Committee took the ground that it could not 
appropriate war funds for this work, and the Committee's decision 
covered the problems of food conservation and production. 

The Act under which we work is definite in stating that ours is a war 
organization, and that the money we spend must be related to some war 
purpose or emergency created by the war. Our Committee decided to 
support the Bureau of Returning Soldiers, Sailors and War Workers and 
to tide over the emergency of the United States Employment Service, 
because this affected re-employment of the soldiers and was thus connec- 
ted directly with the war. The support we have given the Employment 
Service is for three months only, or until the beginning of the Grovern- 
ment's next fiscal year in July. 

I shall place your letter before the Committee at its next meeting. 
Personally we are only too anxious to do everything we can for Colonel 
Riggs, but in this matter our Committee's idea of policy and authority 
has been clear and the votes taken upon the matter have been unanimous. 

You are very kind in your reference to myself. I beg to send you my 
best wishes and my tribute to the manner in which you have guided the 
Boys' Working Reserve. Y^ou have done » fine work for the country and 
we in Maryland appreciate your unselfishness and devotion. 

Very truly yours, 

FRANCIS E. WATERS, Chairman. 

271 



Appendix R 

History of the Bureau for Returning Soldiers 

AND Sailors 

Introduction 

After the signing of the armistice, when our men were returning in 
great numbers to this country, the need was felt, not only to cheer and 
entertain them, as they rightly deserved, but to aid them in finding their 
own, once more, in civil life, through suitable and profitable employment. 
This was quite a problem, as many of the men, through war training, 
had been fitted for new occupations and had lost the desire to return to 
the former ofiice or shop. Others were unfitted for their former employ- 
ment, but these were taken care of through the Federal Board for Voca- 
tional Training. 

Many men, of course, returned to their old positions, which were await- 
ing them, but just as many were entirely without prospects as to employ- 
ment. These men needed assistance, as they had been out of touch with 
the business world and affairs in general. These men were our problem. 
The Government wisely solved this problem through the establishment 
of Bureaus for Returning Soldiers and Sailors throughout the country. 

The Baltimore Bureau 

This Bureau, known as the Bureau for Returning Soldiers, Sailors and 
Marines, was organized on January 2ncl, 1919, through a meeting called 
by Mr. John K. Shaw, Federal Director for the State of Maryland. This 
meeting was attended by the heads of various War Working Organiza- 
tions, and a suggestion was then put before them to organize the above 
named Bureau, by having each War Working Organization send a repre- 
sentative to the Hoen Building, in order that all the employing of soldiers 
and sailors might be done in the one office rather than to have several 
oflBces scattered over the city. Through this organized office force, the 
opportunities for employment came through one source and thus gave 
the soldiers and sailors a better chance to secure positions, eliminating 
some of the difliculties which were arising throughout the country. This 
plan was thought to be a capital one, and was put into operation on 
January 16, 1919. under the direction of Mr. Clarence S. Green, repre- 
senting the U. S. Department of Labor. 

Bureau Personnel 

The first organizations represented at the Bureau were the Red Cross, 
with Mr. Clarke in charge and the War Camp Community Service with 
Mr. I. D. Clawson serving. On January 20, 1919, the Y. M. C. A. was 
represented by Mr. R. J. W. Hamill. and at short intervals after tliis date, 
the following organizations were added : The Jewish Welfare Board, 

272 



with Mr. Samuel Rosen in cliarge, Knights of Columbus, represented by 
Mr. A, J. Ahern, National Catholic War Council, under Mr. W. Victor 
Maconachy, assisted by Mr. Gregory A. Eckholm, and the Salvation Army 
represented by Mr. J. Azarigian. At a later date, it was found that extra 
help was needed, so the Red Cross added to its force, Mr. Fisher, and still 
later, when he was needed at the Home Service Offices, Mr. Wm. C. 
Briscoe was sent to aid in the employment work. The War Camp Com- 
munity Service also added Mr. J. Doll to the office force to assist Mr. 
Clawson, and the Jewish Welfare Board was assited by Mr. Neikrug. 
Miss Mary E. Wells represented the Women's Section of the U. S. Em- 
ployment Service and had charge of the employing of women war work- 
ers, as well as the stenographic and clerical work of the office. The work 
increased so rapidly, that there was felt the need of an assistant. The 
Maryland Council of Defense was called upon for a voluntary worker, 
and Miss Mary Gould kindly volunteered to assist and gave her services 
to the office entirely free of charge for three half days a week. From 
time to time, various office asistants were employed until July 1, 1919, 
when Miss Virginia Lawson came to the Bureau to remain until its close. 
Mr. Wm. L. Amoss, of the U. S. Department of Labor, was in charge of 
the Farm Service Division, the duty of which was to induce soldiers and 
sailors to return to farm work whenever possible. 

Financial Sources and Amount of Funds 

The offices occupied by the Bureau in the Hoen Building were given 
free of any charge through the courtesy of the War Camp Community 
Service, thus greatly reducing the running expenses of the office. The 
salaries of the various workers connected with the Bureau were paid by 
tlie organizations of which they were representatives. 

An appropriation of $5,000.00 was made by the Maryland Council of 
Defense, for the general maintenance of the office, including Janitor 
Services, Salary of Assistant Clerk, Stationery, Telephone, Ice, Towel 
Supply, Dally Paper, Printing, Soliciting Clerk, as well as other miscel- 
laneous expense. All bills paid by the Council of Defense were first 
approved by Mr. John K. Shaw, Federal Director of the State, and Mr. 
Clarence S. Green, Director of the Bureau. 

Activities and Statistics 

There has been no real difficulty in placing the applying soldiers and 
sailors in positions suited to their qualifications, or at least to place 
them temporarily, until there might be an opening along the particular 
line desired. The following is a list of the monthly registrations from 
the time of opening to the present date, July 30, 1919. 

January.. 000 March.. 1511 May.. 1749 July.. 1911 
February. 1777 April... 1531 June. 19G2 

Opportunities to place men given to the Bureau by various employers. 
January., 450 March.. 2000 May.. 2.530 July.. 2832 
February. 1510 April... 1880 June. 3025 

273 



Men referred to positions. 
January.. 505 March.. 1278 May.. 1624 July.. 1536 
February. 1552 April... 1354 June. 1807 

To date we have men reported placed as follows : 

January.. 405 March.. 968 May.. 1325 July.. 1212 
February. 1062 April . . . 1083 June . 1473 

It will be noted that there was a small difference between the number 
of men registered and referretl, which is due to the fact that many men 
registered at the Bureau, were out of town men, or for some good reason, 
were not referred to positions. The difference between the referred and 
placed was due to the fact that sometimes the men would return to the 
Bureau reporting that the position had already been filled, or that the 
work was not just what they had expected, or perhaps they were unable 
to fill the position. This necessitated their applying to the office the 
second time or perhaps even the third and fourth before being placed. 

This Bureau had a vast field to cover, being the only Bureau of its 
kind in the State, whereas, other states had several, in many instances. 

The difficulties were met as they arose, largely through Saturday 
meetings of the representatives of the Bureau. At these Saturday 
morning gatherings, the problems of the Bureau were discussed and 
remedies applied accordingly. 

Work of the Bureau 

The representatives were divided equally into groups, in order that 
the work of the Bureau might be carried on more easily. A Publicity 
Ck)mmittee was formed, the duty of which was to make public work of 
the Bureau through the daily newspaper, and also to keep in touch with 
the employers through circular letters sent to them, from time to time, 
•fhis Committee also visited houses. A Committee was also formed to 
handle the out-of-town men applying at the Bureau and to determine 
whether or not the out-of-town men should be placed in Baltimore posi- 
tions. This was never done unless there was an excellent reason for so 
doing. 

Mere statistics have no real meaning to the average reader, and for 
this reason fail to convey the real work done. There was much real 
pleasure in the work of the Bureau, and the returning men almost, with- 
out exception, were grateful for the aid given them. Not only were they 
grateful, but many of them were surprised that the home folks were 
ready for them with a "Job." This was illustrated by the fact that the 
returning soldier upon reaching his home, or shortly after his arrival, 
found a card awaiting him, asking him to call at the Bureau for Return- 
ing Soldiers and Sailors, Lexington and Holliday Sts., in reference to a 
position, stating just the position for which he had been fitted, or for 
which he expressed a desire on the card, which he had filled out either 
in France or on board a transport. When he presented the card sent 
out from this office, his card made out in France was foimd in the file 

274 



end shown to him. Many of the men smiled, when they saw these cards 
and said, "Well, I never thought I would see that card again." This 
was further illustrated by the following incident : A young man came 
into the office one day, and presented his card sent out from this office to 
call in reference to a position. He went to one of the representatives of 
the Bureau and presented the card we had sent him. The representative 
found his card made out in France, in the file and showed it to him. 
He smiled and said, "Well, I am provided for with a position. My 
former place is awaiting me, but I was curious to know just what you 
would do with that card. I never expected to hear of it again." He 
seemed very much pleased to find that there was a real vital interest 
existing in the employing of returning service men. 

The human and personal touch was felt by many of the men applying 
to the Bureau. On more than one occasion, when a man came into the 
Bureau rather discouraged and ready to give up, the representative to 
whom he applied for a position, would talk kindly to him, give him some 
good advice and send him away, feeling that he had a friend who was 
interested in his welfare. Thus the Bureau was striving, not only to 
report the men who were registered and placed, but to be real friends to 
those who needed friendship. 

The employers, both large and small, have co-operated with the Bureau 
in a most splendid manner in giving employment, both to the men who 
were formerly in their employ and also employing other service men, 
whom the Bureau sent to them. For this reason, and to encourage those 
employers, who had not been so generous, to do more for the returning 
men. Colonel Arthur Woods, Assistant to the Secretary of War, Washing- 
ton, D. C, sent a representative, Captain C. C. Rutledge, to the Bureau to 
inform the Director that the War and Na\'y Departments were issuing 
citations to all employers who proved to them that they were taking back 
all former employees, and as far as ix)ssible, employing service men in 
their vacant positions. This Bureau was gi*anted the special privilege 
of enclosing a form to the various firms co-operating with it, asking 
tEem to fill out the form and return to this office. When this form had 
been approved by the Bureau, it was forwarded to Washington, and the 
citation was sent to the Bureau to be forwarded to the employer. All 
Baltimore Irms seemed anxious to secure one of these citations, and did 
so, if they expressed a desire for one. 

Publicity 

A large amount of publicity was given to the Bureau through the co- 
operation of the newspapers of Baltimore. Interesting articles appeared, 
from time to time, in the Sun, American and News, giving an account of 
the work of the office and calling upon the employers to co-oi)erate with 
us in our efforts to place the returning men. The Baltimore American 
also gave a column to the soldiers and sailors. In which they were per- 
mitted to advertise their desires for positions, if the Bureau did not have 
just what they wished at the time they applied. This column was most 

275 



successful, as employers often consulted this list of situations wanted 
and applied, to the Bureau for the man who advertised The Bureau kept 
a record of the men advertising, and sent them to the employer imme- 
diately upon request. 

Another source of publicity was through the courtesy of the United 
Railways in permitting the Bureau to place large posters on the front of 
the cars soliciting employers' co-operation. The results of this advertis- 
ing were also favorable. 

Many organizations not directly represented at the Bureau telephoned 
opportunities to place returning service men. 

Hours 

When the Bureau was first organized, it was thought a good plan to 
keep open from 8 A. M. to 10 P. M., also to keep open on Sunday. This 
plan was carried out for a while, but was found unnecessary, as men 
would not apply until in the neighborhood of 9 A. M. and very seldom 
after 5 P. M.. and we had none applying on Sunday, as they could not be 
referred to business places on Saturday afternoons or on Sunday. The 
Bureau was then put on a working basis of 8.30 A. M. to 5 P. M., and 
until about 2 or 2.30 on Saturday. 

Recognition 

Sometime after the Bureau had been opened, the organization was 
thought so much of by Colonel Arthur Woods, Assistant Secretary of 
War, that he sent a party of officers to the Hoen Building, to study the 
working conditions of the Bureau. These men were sent in two groups 
consisting of 20 men each. They were thoroughly instructed in the 
methods of procetlure of the office. Every detail was explained and 
samples of all cards and blanks used in the office were furnished to those 
desiring them. They were then sent throughout the country to re- 
organize Bureaus that were not meeting with success, and to try to place 
them on the same working basis as the one in Baltimore. 

At other times, many representatives from various Bureaus ail over 
the country, were sent to the Baltimore Offices for observation and ad- 
vice, having heard of the success of the Baltimore Bureau for Returning 
Soldiers and Sailors. Either through the advice of one of Colonel Arthur 
Woods' representatives, who from time to time visited the Bureau, or 
through the publicity given in the newspai^ers of the country, many 
states have since organized Bureaus on the same plan as the Baltimore 
one, and are now meeting with success. 

The real success of the Bureau for Returning Soldiers and Sailors of 
Baltimore, however, is entirely due to the wonderful co-operation and 
good will of all War Working Organizations, regardless of creed or faith, 
ami their united efforts to do all possible in an unselfish way for the good 
of the returning service men, who so valiantly defended our country. 

On the 17th of April, 1919, the following letter was received from the 
Council of National Defense : 

276 



Mr. Lynn R. Meekins, Secretary, 
Maryland Council of Defense, 
Baltimore, Maryland. 
My dear Sir : — 

I beg to report the receipt of your questionnaire and particularly want 
to thank you for the information which you give us covering the Bureau 
for Returning Soldiers working under the $5,000 appropriation of the 
Maryland Council. I am very glad to be able to tell you that Colonel 
Woods is particularly struck with the work of the Maryland Council 
and the visit which he and his officers made to your oflQces has been re- 
flected in all of his talks, orders and instruction to the officers under 
Bis command. 

Respectfully yours, 

D. M. REYNOLDS, 

Assistant to the Director. 

The Model Bureau of the Country 

October 21, 1919. 

I cannot tell you how refreshing it is to deal with an organization 
which functions so efficiently and promptly. Looking back over the work 
of the last seven months and comparing the work of the Baltimore 
Bureau with that of the other Eastern Cities and after making all due 
allowance for the personal element, I wonder whether the superiority of 
the Baltimore Bureau is not largely due to the form of your organization. 
If you could accompany me on a tour to the various cities in the Eastern 
District, you would have a new application of your own good fortune in 
having the hearty co-operation of all the agencies working for the service 
men. 

We feel very strongly that this effort for the service men should con- 
tinue unabated until January 1. There are still soldiers and sailors to 
be discharged and there are also many other men who have not yet called, 
upon us, that are entitled to our services in securing employment. Even 
though the work diminishes from now on, it will be far better to con- 
tinue for a few weeks after the work is really finished than to close the 
Bureaus before the last man has been served. I feel sure that Baltimore 
is one of the cities that will stay with us until the job is cleaned-up 
right. If there is a tendency to slacken, I would urge you to keep your 
entire force together, by all means. This is especially important in view 
oT the fact that Baltimore is and has been from the beginning the model 
Bureau of the country. If you should let-down in the least degree, it 
would have a bad effect in all other cities. 

Hoping to hear from you soon to the effect that Baltimore's unique 
organization will be held in tact until January 1st at least, I remain 
Yours very sincerely, 

(Signed) CARL C. RUTLEDGE, 
Major, Infantry, 
Commandmg Eastern District. 

277 



Appendix S 

Staff of the United States Employment 
Service, State of Maryland 

Federal Director for the State of Maryland 

JOHN K. SHAW 

Acting Federal Director for the State of Maryland 

THOMAS M. BARR 

Federal Director of the U. S. Boys' Working Reserve 

CLINTON L. RIGGS 

Asst. Federal Director in charge of Farm Service Division 

WILLIAM L. AMOSS 

Special Agent, Asst. to Federal Director 

CHARLES W. SHAW 

Asst. Federal Director of the V. S. Boys' Working Reserve 

CHARLES E. ADAMS 

Baltimore Offices 

Senior Examiner in Charge, Longshoremen and Marine Workers Division 

ANTHONY J. CHLOPEK 

Acting Examiner in Charge, Men's Division 

LEON R. FOUCH 

Superintendent, Women's Division 

NANNIE IRVINE 

Senior Examiners 

GEORGE G. JOHNS O. B. NICHOLS 

Traveling Examiner 

ROBERT F. WALTER 

Special Agents 

Armstrong, A. C. McBride, W. J. 

CoTTMAN, Thomas P. Perkins, Thomas P. 

Janes, Henry P. Warburton, William T. 

Examiners 
Frank P. Campbell Walter H. Long 

John E. Fowler Julius A. Loose 

Clarence S. Green Arthur J. Maldeis 

Harvie F. Guy John E. Moore 

Edward A. Hardy James J. MoNamara 

Alonzo R. Hussey Harry V. Shipley 

James M. Johns, L. & M. W. D. Edward L. Gilpin 
Henry Law George S. Webster 

Robert L. Livingston *William A. Ward 

Robert E. Lewis Charles H. Windus 

**Earl C. Noyes 
*Diecl October IStli. ims. 
**Entered U. S. Army August, miS. 

278 



Junior Examiners 
James A. Campbell William O. Reese 

Floyd Jennings Bakeb Joseph H. Sewell 

Thomas Andeew Babborka, L.& M.W.D. William H. Staubitz 
Charles W. Dorsey Robert Wallis, Jr., F. S. D. 

Meyer Eld'onte Allyn G. Whitehead 

EJleanob Irvine Elizabeth Williamson 

Marie V. Kelly Joseph W. Carroll 

Amy R. Zeigler 

Clerks 
CHARLOTTE M. ARMELING, B. W. R. 

Under Clerk 
MARY E. WELLS 

Cumberland, Md. 

Examiner in Charge. 
GEORGE C. SMITH 

Junior Examiner 
ARNETT WIDENER 

Under Clerk 
JENNIE NEUMANN 

Hagerstown, Md. 

Examiner in Charge 
GEORGE M. HEILMAN 

Junior Examiner 

WILLIAM SPIELMAN 

Under Clerk 

MYRIL L. CECIL 

Salisbury, Md. 

Examiner in Charge 

GREENLEAF J. HEARN 

Junior Examiner 

OSCAR DAVIS 

Clerks 
KATIE M. PARSONS BERTHA I. CURRY 



279 



Special Agents 

J. L. C. Sunday Frederick, Md. 

Ohaeles W. Hammond Hagerstovvn, Md. 

Aleck Sloan Lonaconing, Md. 

Allen Poffenberger Sharpsburg, Md. 

Benjamin Mitcheli. Hancock, Md. 

Noah E. Cramer Frederick, Md. 

Jno. S. McDaniel Eastou, Md. 

Frank C. Beall Frostburg, Md. 

GiLMOB S. Hamill Oakand, Md. 

John F. Lillard Hyattsville, Md. 

Louis C. Carrico, M. D Bryantowii, Md. 

George W. Fry Leonardtown, Md. 

H. A. PiTZER Mount Savage, Md. 

Charles O. Clemson Westminster. Md. 

Charles J. Fox Baltimore. Md. 

John W. Harman Rock Hall, Md. 

Wm. H. Hellen Solomons, Md. 

B. C. Leferer Frostburg, Md. 

Lewis F. Abell Leonardtown, Md. 

PuRNELL T. White Sharpstown. Md. 

Thomas M. Baldwin Laurel, Md. 

Philip Briscoe Mutual, Md. 

Joseph W. Apslbty Jlock Hall, Md. 

Statistical Report Showing the Operation of the U. S. 

Employment Service, Baltimore, Md., from 

Organization to Close of Fiscal Year, 1919 

1918 Registra- Referred Placed Transfered Transferred 

tions in out 

January. 953 

February 1,254 

March .. 6,561 5.571 3,636 2,666 

April . . . 7,900 5,289 3,611 861 

May .... 8,608 8,032 6,928 1,811 

June 8,750 6,150 7,158 1,476 

3,214 



Sub-total 31,819 


25,042 


23,540 i 


July 10,736 


9,146 


9,106 


1,100 


August . . 21,975 


19,435 


17,175 


2,660 


September 13,411 


13,421 


11.822 


2,611 


October . 11,546 


11,519 


9,777 


902 


November 10,642 


10,630 


9,117 


954 


December 11,893 


11,785 


9,392 


420 



Sub-total 80,203 75,936 66,389 8,647 



Annual total 112,022 100,978 89,929 11,861 

280 



1919 

January . 14,589 10,228 9,649 14 2,574 

February 5,708 3,559 1,982 3,188 

March .. 7,436 6,928 3,728 1,376 

April ... 4,658 3,847 3,093 1,870 

May 4,893 4,608 3,569 463 

June 5,449 5,177 4,020 322 



Sub-total 42,728 34,347 26,041 14 9,793 



Total 154,750 136,325 115,970 11,875 9,793 

Appendix T 

Compulsory Work Bureau 

December 3l8t, 1918. 
General Francis E. Waters, 
905 Union Trust Bldg., City. 
Dear Sir:— 

With the close of business today, the Maryland Compulsory Work 
Bureau ceases for all practical purposes to exist. 

When the Compulsory Work Bureau was officially inaugurated on 
August 20th, 1917, Maryland launched a campaign which was unique in 
its legal history, and the success of which was looked upon with many 
misgivings by the public and officials of our State; viewed vrith both 
interest and criticism by other States and more or less facetiously refer- 
red to by the leading papers of the United States. The writer himself is 
perfectly frank to admit that when he assumed the Directorship of the 
Compulsory Work Bureau it was an open question in his mind whether 
the Law could be successfully enforced. It was, of course, freely recog- 
nized that a successful enforcement of the Law would depend entirely 
upon the weight of public opinion that could be gotten back of it. Not 
only was there present the question of whether or not the Law could be 
successfully enforced, but also the question whether the results would be 
commensurate with the energy and expense of enforcing it. It is with 
a feeling of pardonable pride that the Bureau has been able to demon- 
strate the practicability of both of the foregoing possibilities. 

As this is my final report as Director of the Compulsory Work Bureau, 
it seems to me fitting that a brief review of the difficulties presenting 
themselves in the enforcement of the law and how they were overcome 
should be touched upon. It must be borne in mind that here was a 
Bureau charged with the enforcement of a Law and dependent for 
practical results upon a number of State Officials, in some instances 
elective, in some appointive, whom it could not order or direct to dis- 
charge their duties under the Compulsory Work Law, which the Legisla- 
ture by the Act itself had laid upon them, but could simply solicit and 

281 



request their co-operation and support. Through continuous and persist- 
ent efforts most all of the officials throughout the State of Maryland 
finally evidenced an appropriate interest in the Law and its enforcement, 
with the exception of Washington County and particularly the City of 
Hagerstown in that County ; in only a few localities in Washington 
County were we able to get any assistance or support. 

For the results secured in Baltimore City I wish right here to pay 
tribute to the co-operation of the ix>lice authorities and the station house 
magistrates who have, almost without exception, done everything in their 
power to make the Law effective as far as it was possible so to do. 

It was found necessary when the Law first went into effect to fre- 
quently advise the State's Attorneys and Sheriffs throughout the State 
in order that there might be uniformity in the handling of cases. Either 
the Director, or one of the Field Representatives, has many times person- 
ally conferred with State's Attorneys, Sheriffs, and many of the Justices 
of the Peace throughout the State in connection with a more energetic 
enforcement of the Law. This practice was started as soon as the 
Bureau was launched and has been persistently maintained. Our Field 
Representatives have not infrequently addressed, upon invitation, the 
employes in industrial plants in various parts of the State and explained 
to them the provisions of the Law with the view to securing the co-oper- 
ation of that large body of loyal workers whose industry and patriotism 
has so vitally contributed toward the success of the war. 

Placards calling attention to the requirements of the Compulsory Work 
Law and its penalties have been approved by the Bureau and placed in 
various industrial plants in Baltimore City, as well as in plants in other 
parts of the State; placards have also been placed in a number of the 
Counties; all without expense to the State. 

At the beginning, the small degree of interest and often the total lack 
of it, evidenced by the various State officials and the citizens of differ- 
ent communities in the enforcement of the Compulsory Work Law was 
rather hard to fathom, as it could reasonably be assumed that no com- 
munity would be willing to have idlers loafing around ; it might further 
be taken for granted that the patriotic citizens of any given locality 
would insist that there should be no ''work slackers" in their communi- 
ties. A careful study of the underlying reasons has convinced me that 
the causes for this attitude on the part of officials and citizens may be 
summed up under three general heads, to wit : 

Obstacle 1. Lack of public opinion to support officials who were 
willing to do their duty ; 

Obstacle 2. Petty politics ; 

Obstacle 3. Lack of knowledge on the part of citizens and officials 
as to the provisions of the Compulsory Work Law 
and its potentialities. 
For the first and third obstacles alwve mentioned a solvent was found 
in our educational program of persistently keejiing l)efore the communi- 
ties the reasons for the enactment of the Compulsory Work Law and the 
duty of all patriotic citizens to assist in its enforcement; and of course, 

282 



with the disappearance of obstacles one and three, obstacle two had no 
foundation to support it and disappeared in the same ratio. 

The reaction in favor of the Law began to assert itself last Spring and 
for sometime past most of the officials throughout the State, as well as 
citizens seem to have been solidly back of the Law. As a matter of fact, 
since it became known that the Bureau would cease functioning with the 
close of the year I have had expressions of regret not only from business 
men of Baltimore City, but from all over the State that the enforcement 
of the Law could be continued and the hope further expressed that some 
authority could be found for the enactment of peace-time legislation 
which would prevent idling. 

A very large measure of credit for the successful prosecution of the 
Compulsory Work Law properly belongs to the newspapers of the State 
of Maryland and our appreciation and thanks are hereby extended to 
them. The Press, as a whole, have given wide publicity to the Law and 
so far as I have been able to observe or ascertain have supported it. 

The Law has been enforced without fear or favor and both rich and 
poor who have come within its provisions have been treated on exactly 
the same basis, despite subtle suggestions in some cases (very few in 
number I am glad to say) that there should be a distinction. If any 
corroboration of this claim Is desired, those interested are referred to 
the news columns of the Press of the State for the past year. 

Special care was taken by the Bureau to prevent any injustice being 
caused under color of enforcing the Compulsory Work Law, and it is a 
source of particular gratification to be able to say that, so far as the 
Bureau has any official knowledge, there have been no arrests caused, 
unless upon reasonable grounds, by any of the representatives of the 
Bureau. 

The successful administration of the Maryland Compulsory Work Law 
has caused many other States to inaugurate similar legislation and, as 
stated in my annual report to you of August 19th, 1918, its importance as 
a valuable factor in the War Program has been officially recognized by 
the President of the United States as far back as May, 1918. at the time 
the Provost Marshal General of the United States issued his "Work or 
Fight" order. 

According to the copies of registration cards received by this Bureau 
from the clerks of the various Courts there have been registered 3,413 
persons under the Compulsory Work Law. It has been necessary to 
arrest some persons more than once for violating the Compulsory Work 
Law and therefore we have actually received more registration cards 
than the foregoing number. The registrations in Baltimore City were 
as follows : 

Voluntary registrations 962 

Arrests 876 

Voluntary registrations 343 

For the Counties : 1848 

Arrests 1303 

1646 

Total 3484 

283 



The difference between 3413 and 3484 is accounted for by the arrests of 
persons more than once. 

Unfortunately the Magistrates throughout the State have not appreci- 
ated the importance of always filling out a registration card when a 
person has been convicted by them for violating the Compulsory Work 
Law, and this has resulted in a similar number of arrests being shown 
in our records. Investigation into this angle of the work has led me to 
believe that of the total arrests throughout the State for violations of the 
Compulsory Work Law, the Bureau has failed to receive registration 
cards equal in number to at least 20 per cent, of the 3,484 registrations 
heretofore mentioned ; adding this 20 per cent, we arrive at the figure of 
4,180 as a reasonable total of cases handled throughout the State for 
the period the Compulsory Work Bureau was in existence. 

The personnel of the Compulsory Work Bureau at the time it closes 
is as follows : 

George A. Mahone, Director. 

Miss C. Leona Bass, Chief Clerk-Stenographer, since Aug. 27, 1917. 

Mark Jackson, Field Representative, since Aug, 25, 1917. 

Ch^arles C. Reisinger, Field Representative, since Jan. 21, 1918. 

William T. Collins, Field Representative, since Feb. 21, 1918. 

Edmund J. Flowden, Field Representative, since May 20, 1918. 

It gives me a great deal of pleasure to testify to the ability and con- 
scientious application to their respective duties of ray entire staff. I 
have never associated with a more loyal group of workers. Hours have 
meant nothing to them and they demonstrated in their work a degree of 
interest that can only be ascribed to their intense patriotism in the 
service in which they were engaged. Whatever success the Compulsory 
Work Bureau has achieved in the administration of the Law they have 
contributed their share. 

The cost of the administration of the Compulsory Work Bureau has 
been kept as low as was consistent with efliciency. The total expense 
down to and including December 31st, 1918 will not exceed $16,500.00, 
which divided by the estimated total of 4,180 cases handled by the Bureau 
represents a cost per capita of $3.86. We might, of course, roam afar 
In the speculative field of economics in determining on a "dollar" basis 
what value the Compulsory Work Law has been to the State of Mary- 
land ; but, if we should even assume that, as a result of the application 
of the Compulsory Work Law to the estimated 4,180 cases handled, each 
one of these men contributed one week's work more than he would have 
contributed if the Law had not been in force, the value of the Law is at 
once apparent. All of this, of course, is aside from the immense value of 
tBe Law in having kept at work men who would otherwise have been 
Inclined to work less regularly. 

It would indeed be remiss if I did not take this occasion to express 
to the Executive Committee of the Maryland Council of Defense, and 
particularly to his Excellency, The Governor, and yourself as Chairman 
of the Executive Committee, my profound appreciation of the manner in 
which you have supported and reinforced my efforts to administer the 
Compulsory Work Law. Very truly yours, 

GEORGE A. MAHONE, 
284 Director. 



Appendix U 

The Maryland Council's Effort to Increase the 
Supply of Nurses During the War Period 

In the Spring of 1918 reports came to the Council of Defense from 
different parts of the State and from Baltimore City that it was practi- 
cally impossible to secure the services of nurses, even in critical cases. 

The Chairman requested the interest and co-operation of Dr. John S. 
Fulton, secretary of the State Department of Health, and Dr. C. Hamp- 
son Jones, chief of the Bureau of Communicable Diseases. 

Dr. Jones obtained from the hospitals of Baltimore reports of the 
numbers of their nurses in 1918 as compared with 1917, as follows : 

Internes Trained Nurses 

1917 1918 1917 1918 

Johns Hopkins Hospital 67 45 52 40 

Hebrew Hospital 12 6 8 8 

Hahnemann General Hospital 2 1 6 5 

*St. Agnes Hospital 10 2 11 5 

Union Protestant Infirmary 7 4 6 5 

Municipal Hospital 10 2 9 6 

St. Joseph's Hospital 9 5 98 111 

Mercy Hospital 15 8 77 61 

♦♦Franklin Square Hospital 5 4 4 4 

Medical Students 

Johns Hopkins 368 369 

University of Maryland 298 266 

♦St. Agnes Hospital. Of this number 2 were student internes. 
♦♦Franklin Square Hospital. Of this number 2 were student internes. 

The Chairman of the Maryland Council of Defense to the 
Council of National Defense 

July 19, 1918. 
Council of National Defense, 
State Councils Section, 

Mr. Arthur H. Fleming, Chief of Section, 
Washington, D. C. 
Dear Sir : — 

Referring to your Bulletin relating to the proposed enrollment of 
women to be trained as nurses, I beg to ask whether these nurses are 
to be used exclusively in the nursing of those connected directly in the 
Government service and the families thereof, to the exclusion of the use 
of such nurses by civilians who are not connected with the service? 

We, of course, can be depended upon to co-operate in securing the 
enrollment of women for nurses. 

285 



We wish to say, however, that the scarcity of trained nurses in this 
State for use by the general public has been increased to the extent of 
making it extremely difficult, especially by those who are located in rural 
districts, to secure the services of competent persons in that line. 

To overcome this local shortage, has been an object which this Council 
has considered, and it has taken some steps to that end. We are engaged 
in laying the ground for courses of training of a short period, hoping to 
use the hospitals throughout the State for that purpose, to the end that 
should emergencies arise by which the services of a graduated, trained 
nurse could not be secured, that there might be those who have had at 
least some training that would tend to ameliorate such a condition. 

That we may fully understand what is expected of us, and to prevent 
duplication of work, we would like to ask if the Government's plans for 
the training of nurses will provide for such emergencies as we in this 
State have started out to provide for locally, as above outlined? 

Yours very truly, 

FRANCIS E. WATERS, 

Chairman. 

Reply to the Letter of the Chairman 

COUNCIL OF NATIONAL DEFENSE 

Medical Section 

Washington 

July 27, 1918. 
From Dr. Franklin Martin, 
Member of Advisory Commission. 
To : Mr. F. E. Waters, Chairman, 

Maryland Council of Defense, 

Baltimore, Md. 
Subject: Campaign for Recruiting Student Nurses. 

1. Your letter of July 19th, addressed to Mr. Arthur H. Fleming, State 
Councils Section, Council of National Defense, has been referred to this 
office for answer to that paragraph of your letter which refers to the 
local shortage of graduate nurses, and the steps which your Council has 
been considering for the relief of the situation. 

2. The Committee on Nursing is of the opinion that the inauguration 
of short courses in connection with an established training school for 
nurses is very inadvisable. The reasons for this are as follows. 

3. As regards your own situation, for instance, no short course will 
supply graduate nurses. Only an adequate course of training produces 
a graduate nurse. 

4. Short courses in connection with established training schools in the 
good hospitals increases the responsibility of the instructors ; necessitates 
the employment of i dditional instructors who might otherwise be enroll- 
ed for military service, and interfere with the training of the regular 
student body. 

280 



5. The Red Cross is asking the public to forego the luxury of employ- 
ment of graduate nurses for special duty, except in extreme cases, and 
suggests the more general use of the visiting nurses, the hourly nurse 
service, and hospital service of pupil nurse service under adequate super- 
vision. 

6. As you know, the Red Cross accepts for enrollment in the Army 
and Navy Nurse Corps only graduates of accredited training schools. It 
would seem very unwise at this time, when a national campaign is in 
progress for recruiting a Student Nurse Reserve, to undertake anything 
which would detract from the success of this campaign. A short course 
would not increase your supply of graduate nurse and would deflect a 
number of serious minded candidates who might otherwise take the full 
course of training. On the other hand, might it not, by reason of its 
shortness attract a larger number of less desirable applicants. 

7. May we not ask for your assistance in maintaining the educational 
standards in nursing which have been and are being carefully built up; 
and may we have your full co-operation with the Woman's Committee 
of your State Council in the present campaign for the enrollment of 
25,000 U. S. Student Nurse Reserves? 

By direction of Dr. Franklin Martin : 

ELLA PHILLIPS CRANDALL, 

Secretary, Committee on Nursing, 

General Medical Board. 

The Chairman to Dr. Franklin Martin 

August 16, 1918. 
Council of National Defense, 
Medical Section, 

Dr. Franklin Martin, Member of Advisory Commission, 
Washington, D. C. 
Dear Doctor : — 

1. Your letter of the 27th ulto. has not been earlier acknowledged for 
the reason that I did not care to do so until after the period for the 
campaign of the Government for the enrollment of nurses, for fear that 
what I am about to say might be construed in some way as interfering 
with, or lacking in support of, the campaign, which I deeply regret was 
not more successful. 

2. The Maryland Council of Defense regrets very much that it feels 
constrained to differ with your views, as expressed in your letter, in 
respect to the advantages of having short intensive training courses for 
nurses. 

3. As regards our own situation, we quite understand of course that 
you are right, that no short course will supply graduate nurses, and that 
only an adequate course of training produces a graduate nurse. 

4. We hold, however, that whilst we would much prefer to have 
graduate nurses, to provide for conditions when they cannot be had, It is 

287 



incumbent upon us if possible, to provide the next best thing to a gradu- 
ate nurse, and we do not know bow to accomplish this other than 
through a short course of intensive training of those willing and com- 
petent to take the training and perform the service. We are also of the 
opinion that there are perhaps in Maryland quite a number of serious 
minded, fine women who might be secured to enlist for such service if 
they were assured of the need of their doing so, who might not be willing 
or in a position to enlist for a long term of training. 

5. We are not looking to provide luxuries, as your letter would indi- 
cate, but to provide for necessities, and the fact that the Red Cross 
accepts for enrollment in the Army and Navy service only graduates of 
a training school, it occurs to us, makes it more imperative that such 
nurses as can be trained in a short period should be provided to take 
care of the civil population who are not connected with the U. S. Service 
and to provide such sei-vice we do not see that your suggestion that the 
more general use of the visiting nurses, the hourly nurse service and the 
hospital service of pupil nurse service under adequate supervision, can 
be made to meet the situation v^'hich we have in mind. As an illustra- 
tUm, neither the visiting nurse, the hourly nurse, nor the pupil nurse un- 
der adequate supervision could be used for isolated sections in the rural 
districts of the State. 

6. We feel that those at the front are entitled to have the very best 
service possible, of every kind, even though this takes every registered 
nurse from the country to France, but, because this is so does not justify 
us in the thought that those who remain at home, among whom illness 
is just as certain to prevail in the future as it has in the past, and the 
necessity of nursing be just as imperative in the future as it has been in 
the past, that some provision should not be made to take care of them 
as best we can. It does not seem possible that registered nurses can be 
provided for all. 

7. We express to you our thoughts frankly in regard to the matter, 
and would be glad to have any further suggestions from you to lead us 
in the right path if we are not thereupon. 

8. We would not have you construe our position as being one where 
we wish to tear down standards. We want to do all that we can to aid 
those at the front and those at home, and we would thank you very much 
to give this matter further consideration and kindly write us your 
turther views in respect to it. 

9. We feel there is no time to be lost, and if it is possible for any- 
thing to be done to meet such emergencies as we have in mind and as 
herein outlined, steps should be taken to that end without delay. 

With great respect, I have the honor to be, 

Yours truly, 

F^RANCIS E. WATERS, 

Chairman. 

288 



The Chairman to the Council of National Defense 

National Council of Defense, August 16, 1918. 

State Councils Section, 

Mr. A. H. Fleming, Chief of Section, 
"Washington, D. C. 
My dear Mr. Fleming: — 

I wrote you on July 19th, and received a letter from Dr. Franklin 
Martin, to whom my letter had been referred, copy of which letter from 
Dr. Martin I enclose herewith together with copy of my reply to it. 

The suggestion that Dr. Martin makes, that we make no provision for 
training nurses by short courses of intensive training, is not at all in 
conformity with the views of our Council, nor with the views of 
prominent physicians in this section with whom I have talked. 

It seems to me to be imperative that either locally or through govern- 
mental aid, we must have nurses other than trained nurses, of whom 
there does not seem to be enough even now, to take care of our sick at 
home, where necessity demands the services of a nurse. 

I asked in my letter to you whether or not the nurses which the 
Government would enroll, were to take care of this situation, but Dr. 
Martin does not reply to that part of my letter, nor has it been replied 
to. 

We do not wish to do anything in opposition to the views of the 
National Council of Defense, but once again we are asking you to take 
this matter up and to let us have your further views in respect thereto. 

Yours very truly. 

FRANCIS E. WATERS, 

CMirman. 

Reply of Mr. Arthur H. Fleming 

COUNCIL OF NATIONAL DEFENSE 
Washington 
State Councils Section, August 17th, 1918. 
State Council of Defense, 
Union Trust Building, 
Baltimore, Maryland. 
Gentlemen : — 

Attention Gen. F. E. Waters 
Your letter of August 16th, enclosing copies of your correspondence 
with Dr. Franklin Martin, has come to our ofiBce at the end of the week 
when it is impossible to arrange for a personal conference with the 
authorities on the General Medical Board who are concerned. 

Our present letter, therefore, is little more than a note of acknowledge- 
ment. We feel very strongly, however, that the basic principles with 
regard to the training of nurses should be worked out along national 
lines. Action in any one State contrary to these principles might seriously 
embarrass the situation elsewhere. You will remember that this 
Section sent out a bulletin (No. 71) on August 13th, on this subject. 

289 



You will doubtless hear from Dr. Franklin Martin directly. In any 
event, we shall take up this matter with him and with the Committee on 
Nursing. We sincerely hope that a report will be made that will be 
satisfactory to you. We hope also that in the interest of smooth develop- 
ment of policies throughout the country, that Maryland will not en- 
courage state training of nurses which is not in accordance with these 
national policies. 

Very truly yours, 

ARTHUR H. FL-EMING, 

Chief of Section. 



Reply of Dr. Franklin Martin 

COUNCIL OF NATIONAL DEFENSE 

Medical Section 
Washington 



From : Dr. Franklin Martin, 

Member of Advisory Commission. 



August 31, 1918. 



To : Gen. Francis E. Waters, 

Chairman, Executive Committee, 
Maryland Council of Defense, 
Baltimore, Md. 

Subject: Courses in Nursing. 

1. Reply to your letter of August 16th has been delayed in the ex- 
pectation of a meeting of the Committee on Nursing. Until that time, 
there seems nothing further to be said inasmuch as the present position 
of the Committee on Nursing with regard to the adoption of short 
courses established in training schools for nurses was fully stated in a 
letter to you under date of July 27th. 

2. While the thoughts which you have frankly expressed will be 
given full consideration, we are glad to note that you do not "wish to 
tear down standards." Meanwhile, your loyal support of the National 
Advisory Committee will be greatly appreciated. 

ELLA PHILLIP CRANDALL, PHB., 

Committee on Nursing 

General Medical Board. 



290 



Appendix V 

Non-War Construction— The Work at Mount 
Vernon Place 

WAR INDUSTRIES BOARD, PRIORITIES DIVISION, WASHINGTON 

September 12, 1918. 

From : Non-War Construction Section, Priorities Division. 

To: Chairman, State Council of Defense, 

Union Trust Building, Baltimore, Md. 

Subject: Street Improvements, Baltimore. 

1. Our attention has been called to the fact that the City of Balti- 
more is going ahead in improving Mount Vernon Place Square and the 
Sunken Garden along St. Paul Street. 

2. Will you kindly take this matter up with the City authorities in 
accordance with Circular No. 21, showing them the Circular and explain- 
ing to them that the War Industries Board does not look with favor upon 
the doing of any work of this nature that can be postponed until after 
the war shall have been won. The labor shortage is very acute and is 
rapidly becoming more so, and we think it ought to be entirely practicable 
to defer this work. 

3. We have requested Mr. C. A. Otis, Chief of the Resources and 
Conversion Section, to ask his Regional Director at Baltimore to co- 
operate with you in this matter. 

4. We shall be glad to hear from you after you have had time to go 
into it. 

D. R. McLENNAN, 

€Mef of the Non-Wwr Construction Section. 



291 



War Industries Board, Priorities Division, 
Mr. D. R. McLean, Chief of 

Non-War Construction Section, 
Washington, D. C. 
Subject: Municipal Improvements in Baltimore, Md. 
Sir: 

Replying further to yours of the 12th Inst. 

1. Permit me to say that you are not asking us in your letter to do 
anything in respect to the above subject that has not already been done. 

On or about April 27th, we sent to the Mayor of Baltimore a circular 
issued by the Maryland Council of Defense, addressed to all its mem- 
bers and representatives, embracing in it the resolution passed by the 
War Industries Board (March 21st, 1918). to which we refer. We 
enclose copy of our circular referred to in this paragraph. 

2. We enclose you copy of resolution passed by the Maryland Council 
of Defense, protesting against any action of the City of Baltimore in 
violation of, or contrary to the spirit of the resolution passed by the 
War Industries Board on March 21st, 191 S, which resolution is also 
referred to in your circular No. 21. 

Copy of resolution referred to in this paragraph as having been 
passed by this Council was sent to the Mayor of Baltimore. 

3. We also enclose you copy of Mayor Preston's letter in reply thereto. 

4. You are properly informed, however, in respect to the fact that the 
work referred to in your letter is still being prosecuted by the City of 
Baltimore. 

5. Having taken all the steps which you suggest in your letter of the 
12th Inst., to stop this work, we deem it to be useless to undertake to do 
so by following the same lines. 

6. We would suggest for your consideration that any means recom- 
mended by you to have this municipal work stopped, should have behind 
them some power of enforcement. 

Yours very truly. 

FRANCIS E. W^\TERS, 

Chainrmn. 



ENCLOSURES IN LETTEPv TO WAR INDUSTRIES BOARD 

April 27, 1918. 
To All Members and Representatives of the Maryland Council of Defense: 
At the request of the Council of National Defense I ask your particular 
attention to the resolutions passed by the War Industries Board on the 
discouragement of new enterprises not essential to the war. These reso- 
lutions are given below and you are requested to read them carefully and 
to discuss them with the people of your community. 

Very truly yours, 

FRANCIS E. WWTERS, 
Chairman of Mari/land CounHl 
of Defense. 
292 



Resolution Passed By The War Industries Board : 

Whereas, It has come to the notice of this Board that new industrial 
corporations are being organized in different sections of the United 
States for the erection of industrial plants which cannot be utilized in 
the prosecution of the war ; and 

Whereas, Plans are being considered by certain states, counties, cities 
and towns for the construction of public buildings and other improve- 
ments which will not contribute toward winning the war; and 

Wherblas, The carrying forward of these activities will involve the 
utilization of labor, materials and capital urgently required for war 
purposes : 

Now Therefore, Be It Resolved, by the War Industries Board that in 
the public interest, all new undertakings not essential to and not contri- 
buting either directly or indirectly toward winning the war, which in- 
volve the utilization of labor, material and capital required in the pro- 
duction, supply or distribution of direct or indirect war needs, will be 
discouraged, notwithstanding they may be of local importance and of a 
character which should in normal times meet with every encouragement. 

Be It Further Resolved, That in fairness to those interested therein, 
notice is hereby given that this Board will withhold from such projects 
priority assistance, without which new construction of the character 
mentioned will frequently be found impracticable, and that this notice 
shall be given wide publicity, that all parties interested in such under- 
takings may be fully apprised of the difficulties and delays to which they 
will be subjected and embark upon them at their peril. 



RESOLUTIONS ADOPTED BY THE EXECUTIVE (X)MMITTEE OF 

THE MARYLAND COUNCIL OF DEFENSE AT THE REGULAR 

MEETING HELD MAY 1st, 1918 

Whereas, The Council of National Defense and the War Industries 
Board have distinctly protested against "all new undertakings not essen- 
tial to and not contributing either directly or indirectly toward winning 
the war, which involve the utilization of labor, material and capital re- 
quired in the production, supply or distribution of direct or indirect war 
needs, notwithstanding they may be of local importance, and of a char- 
acter which should in normal times meet with every encouragement :" 

Resolved; That the Executive Committee of the Maryland Council of 
Defense does hereby protest against any action of the City of Baltimore 
in violation of or contrary to the spirit of said instructions of the 
National Council of Defense and the War Industries Board ; and 

Resolved ; That a copy of these resolutions be sent to his Honor, the 
Mayor of Baltimore, and to the Board of Estimates. 

LYNN R. MEEKINS, FRANCIS E. WATERS, 

Secretary. Chairman. 

293 



MAYOR'S OFFICE, BALTIMORE 
General Francis E. Waters, May 6, 1918. 

703 Union Trust Building, 
Baltimore, Md. 
My dear General Waters : — 

I have the resolution of the Executive Committee of the Maryland 
Council of Defense and letter from your Secretary, Mr. Lynn R. Meekins. 
I am quite in sympathy with the spirit of the resolution. The City 
has already postponed its entire paving program, both in the City proper 
and the Annex, is doing no new water construction work whatever, is 
reducing its engineering forces of all classes, has reduced more than 
twenty-five per cent, its street cleaning forces, — all in the effort to 
conserve labor in the interest of war work. 

The development at Mount Vernon Place, however, is a cut stone 
proposition. The stone is Beaver Dam and already here on the ground 
and the men who will do the work are high price skilled workmen for 
whose services there is no demand by the Government. Stone work is 
cheaper now than it was before the war for the reason that there is 
n^w but little stone construction work under way, either by the Govern- 
ment or by private individuals. 

The Mount Vernon Place development has been undertaken at the 
request of the Municipal Art Commission, headed by Mr. Theodore Man- 
burg, the Park Board, the City Planning Commission, and at a meeting 
held April 5th, all of the following gentlemen, who were present, strongly 
urged the development : 

Messrs. John R. Bland, 

Waldo Newcomer, 
W. W. Abell, 
R. Brent Keyser, 
General Felix Agnus, 
Blanchard Randall, 
H. Crawford Black, 
Josiah Pennington, 
John Hubert, 
Miles White, 
Judge Harlan, 
Gov. Bdwin Warfield. 
We are all very strongly in sympathy with every movement which 
has for its purpose the winning of the war and the conservation of 
energy and material, but I apprehend that this does not mean that work 
shall stop that bears no relation to the progress of the war. 

Yours very truly, 

JAMES H. PRESTON, Mayor. 
P. S. — I would call your further attention to the fact that our con- 
struction work on the Civic Center east of Gay Street has been entirely 
suspended because it involved very considerable labor and material out- 
tut that might be regarded as in some sense in competition with Govern 
ent work. 

294 



OITY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND— MUNICIPAL DEPARTMENTS 

May 8, 1918. 
Mr. Lynn R. Meeklns, Secretary, 

Maryland Council of Defense, 

703 Union Trust Building, City. 
Dear Sir:— 

The Board acknowledges receipt of Resolution, in regard to the pro- 
posed improvements for Mt. Vernon Square, and begs to assure you that 
the subject will receive due consideartion. 

Yours very truly, 

BOARD OF ESTIMATES, 

Per C. H. SUMWALT, Clerk. 



B. M. Baruch, Chairman. C. A. Otis, Chief of Section. 

WAR INDUSTRIES BOARD 

Resources and Conversion Section 
Maryland — Virginia, Region No. 11 
Headquarters, Baltimore, Md. 
Regional Advisor 
Frank S. Chavannes September 18, 1918. 

To: General Francis E. Waters, 
From : F. S. Chavannes, 
Subject: Street Improvements in Baltimore. 
Dear Sir: — 

I am today in receipt of a letter from Mr. Charles A. Otis, Chief, 
Resources and Conversion Section, War Industries Board, enclosing copy 
oi letter to him under date of September 12th, from the Non-War Con- 
struction Section, Priorities Division, also copy of letter to you under 
same date, relative to the above subject. 

In the letter from the Non-War Construction Section, Mr. Otis is 
requested to write to me to get in touch with you regarding the con- 
templated improvements at Mt. Vernon Place Square, and the sunken 
garden along St. Paul Street. It is my understanding that request was 
made to His Honor, the Mayor, that this would be discontinued, but that 
he has not recognized the necessity of doing so, and the work is now 
proceeding. 

This is to advise you that I shall be glad to co-operate with you to the 
fullest extent, and as this work comes under your jurisdiction, shall 
await further advices. 

I am not advised as to how far the material required for this project 
has been provided for. The non-delivery of the necessary material would 
be the most efficacious way of bringing the work to a stop, if the 
materials are not in hand. 

Awaiting your further advices and convenience in the matter, I am. 
Very truly yours, 

F. S. CHAVANNES, 

Regional Adi)isor. 
295 



September 19, 1918. 
War Industries Board, 

Resources and Conversion Section, 

Mr. F. S. Chavannes, Regional Advisor, 
109-111 E. Redwood St., City. 
Subject : Street Improvements in Baltimore. 
Dear Sir: — 

Acknowledging receipt of yours of the ISth inst., beg to say the Mary- 
land Council of Defense will be very glad to co-operate with you in 
respect to this matter, and to that end I will be glad to have you call 
and afford me an opportunity to submit to you such records concerning 
the same as I have in this office. 

Yours very truly, 

FRANCIS E. WATERS, 

Chairmen. 

MARYLAND COUNCIL OF DEFENSE, BALTIMORE 
BUILDINGS POSTPONED IN MARYLAND 

Reports received in January, 1919, show that 18 building and other 
construction projects in the State have been indefinitely postponed on 
account of war conditions. Five were under way and 35 were to be taken 
up during the year, making a total of 58 projects valued approximately 
at $14,615,000. Twenty-three of these projects, aggregating $8,620,000 in 
value, were public works ; eight being street improvements estimated to 
cost $6,150,000 and six schools estimated to cost $115,000. (Statistics 
specially compiled by the Division of Public Works and Construction 
Development, U. S. Dept. of Labor, April 17, 1919.) 

Appendix W 

Colored Division, by Dr. Ernest Lyon 

The Colored Division of the Maryland Council of Defense is com- 
posed of men and women of the colored race, representing every branch 
of professional and economic life in the State. 

The chief officers are : Dr. Ernest Lyon, former United States minister, 
resident and consul-general to Liberia, state chairman ; Rev. Dr. A. L. 
Gaines, treasurer ; Professor H. M. Gross, secretary ; Miss Ida R. Cum- 
mings, chairman of the Woman's Division, and H. M. St. Clair, of Cam- 
bridge, first vice-chairman. 

The division since its organization has yielded cheerful obedience and 
loyal support to the program of defense as outlined by the National and 
State Governments. It has by public meetings throughout the city and 
State, inspired the patriotism of the race, which has shown itself in 
genuine and tangible contributions to the war program in the giving up 
of the sons for service at the front; by the purchase of Thrift and 

296 



United States War Savings Stamps; by liearty compliance with the 
doctrine of conservation as announced by the Food and Fuel Administra- 
tors; by renewed energy and interest in farm and agricultural products 
for the increase of food supplies ; by the dissemination of patriotic prin- 
ciples through the spoken and written word from the platform and 
through the press, in order that the race might maintain the traditions 
of its ancestors as a dependable element In times of peace and a fighting 
asset in times of war. 

It is impossible to give an accurate and concrete report of the contri- 
bution of service, money and energy of the colored race in Maryland, 
since the division was commissioned by Governor Harrington, but these 
few items which are matters of record will furnish evidence of its 
activity and co-operation with the white people of the State. In the 
three Liberty Loan campaigns the colored people of the State purchased 
and subscribed to $2,000,000; Red Cross membership fee and other con- 
tributions to the general war fund, $65,000; Thrift and United States 
War Savings Stamps, $100,000; the Woman's Division has made and dis- 
tributed to the enlisted men, not only of Maryland, but of other States, 
2,000 sweaters, wristlets, socks, etc. It has prepared and distributed 
1,500 comfort kits at an average cost of 70 cents per kit ; it has contri- 
buted through its affiliated organizations for musical instruments, 
pianos, recreation, etc., $1,500. It has held and addressed about 150 public 
meetings. It has sent out, since January, about 5,000 pieces of literature, 
n has kept up continuous office correspondence, which has steadily in- 
creased in volume. Long before the Federal Government had provided 
for the recreation of the colored soldiers at Camp Meade, the Colored 
Division had perfected plans for their recreation and moral supervision 
through the good offices of the ministers of the city and their patriotic 
followers and the presidents of clubs and benevolent organizations, who 
placed at their disposal their lecture rooms and club houses for the us© 
and comfort of the soldiers. 

Under its various departments, labor problems, home economics, con-, 
servation of food supplies and fuel, legal aspects of registrants, etc., 
have been considered and looked after. The work done and the interest 
conserved have won for this division the praise and commendation of 
both Governor Harrington and the Executive Committee through General 
Waters, its chairman. 

The division closed what has become a part of Maryland's history, a 
State-wide Farmers' Exhibition and Conference. It brought together 
a great concourse of colored people. It was liberally patronized by the 
white people. The Governors of New York, Pennsylvania, Delaware, 
"Virginia and West Virginia sent prominent colored men to represent 
their respective commonwealths at the conference. Governor Harring- 
ton opened the conference Monday, September 16, 1918, with a great 
address, which has been widely circulated and favorably commented 
upon. The press has been unanimous in acknowledging that the event 

297 



was not only one of the most creditable, but one of the most profitable 
in the history of the colored people of the State. 

The Colored Divsiou and the Women's Section of the same provided 
a suu parlor for convalescents at Camp Meade, maintained rest rooms 
ead a Y. M. C. A. in Baltimore, and took good care of all colored soldiers. 

Letter of Dr. Lyon to the Chairman 

April 2, 1918. 
Gen. Francis E. Waters, 

Chairman, Executive Committee, 
Maryland Council of Defense, 
703 Union Trust Building, 
Baltimore, Maryland. 
Sir:— 

The Colored Women's Section ul the Council of Defense has just 
secured a building on South Eutaw Street, not very far from the tem- 
porary ticket office of the Camp Meade Depot in Baltimore, vi'hich can 
Be used for the accommodation of the soldiers coming from Camp Meade. 
The Women's attention was called to it by the White Women's Defense 
Council. In fact, it was through their influence that the place was 
secured. The women propose to put the building in condition so as to 
be able to furnish the soldiers coming in from Camp Meade with a light 
lunch, coffee, and sandwiches, and also a rest place for reading, etc. It 
will require about two hundred and fifty dollars ($250) to equip the 
place. The Colored Women's Division has been very little expense to 
the Council. I have inspected the place and have gone pi-etty thoroughly 
over the situation. 

If we can equip this place it will minimize the temptation offered to 
the soldiers to secure refreshments, etc., at cafes and many questionable 
places opened to them in the city, which are accepted because of the 
absence of such a place as we propose to establish. I am therefore 
■making the request if it can be done that two hundred and fifty dollars 
($250) be allowed for the purpose aforementioned. 
Very respectfully, 

ERNEST LYON, Chuirman. 
A. L. GAINES, Treasurer. 
This appropriation was made as requested. 

Letter of Officers to the Chairman 

March 4, 1918. 
Gen. Francis E. Waters, 
Chairman, Executive Committee, 
Maryland Council of Defense, 
902 Union Trust Building, 
Dear Sir: — 

That you may have some definite idea as to the work and activities of 
the Colored Division of the Maryland Council of Defense, we beg to call 
your attention to the following definite work done by our Council since 
its organization : 

298 



1. rmring the recent Liberty Loan our Council was requested to 
assume the work of interesting the colored people in the loan. The mag- 
nificent results have been published in the daily papers. 

2. When representatives of the I. W. W. were in the city for the 
purpose of creating discontent among the colored laborers in order to 
impede the progress of Governmental contracts, Mr. A. S. Goldsborough 
called upon the Council of Defense to counteract the efforts of the I. 
W. W. agents. The results of the Council are on file in the office of 
Mr. Goldsborough. 

3. When the Red Cross Membership Campaign was on, the Campaign 
Committee called on our Council to conduct the campaign among the 
colored people. The results of our efforts in this line were publicly 
acknowledged in the newspapers by the General Red Cross Membership 
Campaign Committee. 

4. The United States Government War Savings Committee, under the 
direction of Mr. W. Bladen Lowndes, is at present conducting a cam- 
paign among the colored people through our Council with the colored 
headquarters located at 608 N. Eutaw St. 

5. On February 22, when four hundred colored soldiers from Camp 
Meade, under the direction of white officers, came to the city for a bene- 
fit entertainment at the Richmond Market Armory, our Council received 
them at the station, escorted them to Metropolitan M. E. Church on 
Orchard St., where the Women's Section of our Council served them a 
luncheon and otherwise looked after their entertainment during the 
time intervening between their arrival in the city and the time for the 
benefit at Richmond Market Armory. 

6. On January 16th, a State-wide meeting of the city and county 
Commissioners was held, the results of which were most gratifying and 
stimulating. 

(A) 11 A. M. the male Commissioners from the city and counties 
assembled in Sharp St. M. E. Church. The County Commissioners made 
gratifying reports of the activities in the counties. The Chairman of the 
Colored Division gave a summary of the work accomplished by the 
Council. An inspiring address was delivered by Former Governor 
Phillips Lee Goldsborough. 

(B) At 3 P. M., the Women's Section under Miss Ida R. Cummings, 
held its conference. The reports submitted by the various departments 
and clubs affiliating with the Women's Section showed that this section 
of the Colored Council is engaged in every phase of war activities, in- 
cluding Red Cross work, knitting, food conservation, education, etc. The 
Women's Section was addressed by Mr. Osborne I. Yellott, representing 
the United States Government War Savings Committee. 

(C) At night a mammoth patriotic meeting was held at Albaugh's 
Theatre and was addressed by His Excellency, Emerson C. Harrington 
and Mr. Emmett J. Scott, Special Assistant of Mr. Newton D. Baker, 
Secretary of War, with special authority to speak for the United States 
Secretary of War. 

299 



7. Our Council has been recently called upon by the Medical Staff of 
the colored hospital at Camp Meade, to construct in connection with the 
hospital a Sun Parlor for the health of colored soldiers recovering from 
pneumonia. Our Council is engaged in private subscriptions for that 
purpose. 

8. The Hon. Francis M. Jencks, President of the Maryland Branch of 
the National Defense League, called upon our Council to inaugurate for 
colored men of draft age a school of instruction in United States military 
war training. Our Council has launched this class and at Richmond 
Market Armory a class of one hundred and seventy-five to two hundred 
colored men are being trained by United States Army Officers twice a 
week. We beg to report that when the next draft is called practically 
all of these colored men of draft age will be prepared to assume th© 
duties of non-commissioned officers. 

9. Through the efforts of our Council and its allied organizations, 
two pianos have been furnished the Y. M. C. A. buildings at Camp 
Meade and the instruments for a regimental brass band have been 
provided. 

Aside from the above specific engagements of our Council, the work of 
organizing the counties by districts, the arrangements for meetings in 
the city and counties, the supplying of speakers through our Speakers' 
Bureau, the many requests that have come to our Council for information 
and help of various kinds from colored soldiers for their dependencies, 
have involved an amount of labor and correspondence beyond the ex- 
pectation of the Executive Officers of our Council. The work has proven 
arduous and exacting beyond our thought. It has imposed upon the 
Executive Officers of the Council duties and responsibilities that have 
been a severe tax on their patriotism. 

Respectfully, 

ERNEST LYON, Chairman. 

H. M. GROSS, Secretary. 

A. L. GAINES, Treasurer. 

MARYLAND COUNCIL OP DEFENSE, BALTIMORE 

March 8, 1918. 
Maryland Council of Defense, 

Dr. Ernest Lyon, Chairman, Colored Division, 
421 Druid Hill Ave., City. 

Dear Sir: — 

I beg to acknowledge receipt of your very comprehensive report of 
the 4th iiist., as to the work and activities of your di\asion of the 
M'aryland Council of Defense, and to congratulate you and your associ- 
ates upon the excellent results which you are obtaining. 

On the 5th inst. our section of the Maryland Council held a meeting 
here, nearly all of the counties being represented, and it gave me a great 
deal of pleasure to make public to them your letter, which I had read 
at the meeting; it was very well received, and the work being done by 

300 



you as Indicated in it, complimented. I am also sending a copy of your 
letter to tlie National Council of Defense. 

Yours very truly, 

FRANCIS E. WATERS, 

Chairman, 

Letter and Statement of Dr. Lyon 

December 20, 1917. 
President and Members of the Executive 
Committee of the Maryland Council of Defense. 

Gentlemen : — 

We have planned to hold a general conference of the Colored Division 
of the Maryland Council of Defense on Wednesday, January 16, 1918. 
It is our purpose to have such a meeting as will impress itself upon the 
city and state. We plan to have a business session for the men in the 
forenoon and one for the women in the afternoon ; and at night a great 
demonstration and public meeting at Albaugh's Theatre. The Hon. 
Emmet J. Scott, recently appointed Assistant to the Secretary of War, 
has been assigned by Secretary Baker to represent the War Department 
to be the principal speaker. His presence will inspire the colored people 
as he was appointed by the President to advise Mr. Baker on matters 
pertaining to colored people during the war. In order to carry out our 
program — to secure the theatre, music and other items necessary to 
make the demonstration a success, we respectfully ask that an amount 
of three hundred dollars ($300) be appropriated — this amount to be 
subject to the order of the Chairman after proper vouchers shall have 
been presented to your Secretary. We believe that the returns from the 
conference and meeting at the theatre will justify the expenditure of 
this amount. I have already given my personal check for twenty-five 
dollars ($25), the deposit necessary to bind the agreement for the 
theatre which will cost one hundred and twenty-flve dollars ($125) for 
the night. 

Up to this time, there has been no general gathering of the colored 
people for patriotic instructions. We had planned our smaller meetings 
with the view of this large central meeting. The acceptance of Mr. 
Scott and other distinguished charaters, whom we hope to get, will add 
much to the occasion. We trust, therefore, that the Committee will see 
its way clear to make the appropriation asked for. 

Attached is a partial summary of the work to December 15th. 

Very respectfully, 

ERNEST LYON, 

Chairtn'On. 

Thifi appropriation was made. 



301 



A Partial Summary of the Work of the Colored Division 
of the Maryland Council of Defense to Dec. 15th 

As soon as the Commission was named by Governor Harrington official 
endorsement of the Council was given by the Baltimore African Metho- 
dist Episcopal Conference, the Methodist Episcopal Preachers' Meeting, 
the Ministerial Alliance of Baltimore City, composed of all the colored 
denominations of the city, the various other colored denominational 
Preachers' Meetings, the School Masters Club of Baltimore, the Mary- 
laud Teachers* Association and various other associations. 

The colored women of the city and State have been commissioned by 
Governor Harrington with Miss Ida K. Cummings as Chairman, to act 
as an auxiliary to the Colored Division of the Maryland Council of 
Defense. 

In order that the colored people of the city and State might be aroused 
to do their part in the war by way of constancy in labor, conservation 
of food and manifestation of patriotism, public meetings have been held 
and are planned throughout the city and State and are being addressed 
by representatives of the Council furnished by its Speakers' Bureau. 

When the Second Bond Issue Campaign was instituted, Hon. Phillips 
l.ee Goldsborough called to his assistance the Colored Division of the 
Maryland Council of Defense and by public meetings and otherwise, the 
colored people of the city were induced to purchase bonds amounting to 
nearly $20,000. This does not include the amount of bonds purchased by 
individuals of color on their own initiative through banks and trust 
companies. 

When information was obtained by the Civic and Industrial Bureau 
that agents of the I. W. W. were in the city in an effort to create dis- 
satisfaction among colored laborers and thus impede the progress of 
governmental contracts, Mr. A. S. Goldsborough, Director of the Civic 
and Industrial Bureau, called upon the Colored Council to counteract 
this effort. Immediately the machinery of the Colored Council was put 
in action and in twenty-four hours nearly one hundred and fifty colored 
ministers were actively engaged in counteracting the efforts of the repre- 
sentatives of the I. W. W. by advising the men of their congregation 
not to be used as dupes and tools by the unpatriotic representatives of 
the I. W. W. 

The activities and patriotic services of the Colored Division of the 
Maryland Council of Defense have reached the attention of the Hon. 
Newton D. Baker, Secretary of War. He has arranged to have Mr. 
Emmet J. Scott, Special Agent of the War Department, to personally 
represent him at a mass meeting to be held in the City of Baltimore, 
January 16fh, in connection with the general conference to convene on 
the same date. 

302 



Through the Colored Division of the Maryland Council of Defense, the 
Hon. Francis M. Jencks, President of the Maryland League for National 
Defense, opportunity has been given colored men of draft age to take 
the National Training Course. This work among colored men of draft 
age has been committeed to a special committee of the Colored Council. 
The committee is : Ernest Lyon, A. L. Gaines, H. M. Gross, E. B. Taylor, 
Mason A. Hawkins, R. W. S. Thomas, George A. Watty, Junius Gray, 
George B. Murphy. A mass meeting for the purpose of inaugurating 
this course vv'as held Thursday night at Trinity African Methodist 
Episcopal Church, Biddle St. and Linden Ave. Former Governor Golds- 
borough, Hon. Francis M. Jencks, Mr. E. A. Derr, and W. Ashbie Haw- 
kins, Esq., delivered addresses. 

The Colored Council through its Library Committee is making efforts 
to supply text books to the colored illiterates at Camp Meade, having 
been informed that the colored officers will volunteer their services in 
Instruction if books are provided. 

The Council members, both male and female, are at present conducting 
the Red Cross Membership Campaign among the colored people of 
Baltimore City under a call from the Judge John C. Rose, to the 
chairman with his urgent request that the colored people of Baltimore do 
their share In this most laudable and philanthropic work. In order to 
carry on the above and other activities of the Council an amount of cor- 
respondence, clerical work, time and postage has been necessary beyond 
our expectation and calculation. For the executive management of the 
same, much of the time of the Chairman and Treasurer has had to be 
given entirely to this work. 

Appendix X 

Report of Chas. E. Pritchett, Chief of Police, 

Camp Meade, Md., from September 25, 

1917, TO September i, 19 19 

To the Maryland Council and the Honorable Gov. Emerson C. Harrington : 

My territory takes in Camp Meade and a five mile zone. This is an 
idea of the distance around the Camp : Beginning at Odenton, from 
Odenton to Academy Junction, from Academy Junction to Waterbury, 
from Waterbury to Pautuxant, from Pautuxant to Laurel, from Laurel 
to Annapolis Junction, from Annapolis Junction to Jessups, from Jessups 
to Severn, from Severn back to Odenton. 

I have performed my duties as an officer to the best of my ability. I 
have made 191 arrests that were fiueable and have turned over to Police 
Justice John A. Watts, $1,140.70 for fines and costs. Five (5) prisoners 
to the House of Correction. One murderer and three (3) pick-pockets to 
the Court of Annapolis, also served as an officer at the inquest of six 
(6) deaths by railroad accident, I have had a number of civic cases to 

303 



attend to, that are too numerous to mention. I have had papers to serve 
in and tluough the Oamp nearly every day, such as an olHcer's work 
requires. 

I have given you an idea of the work I have done and what an 
officer's work is at Camp Meade. 

CHAS. G. PRITCHETT, 

Chief of Police, 
Camp Meade, Md. 

Appendix Y 

Commendations of Work and Publications of 
THE Maryland Council 

From the National Council 

Your letter of March 18 and the Bulletin of the Maryland Council, 
Volume 1, No. 2, have been received. It was with great interest that 
I read through General Waters' complete report of the activities of the 
State Council to date. The clarity with which each activity was stated 
and the all inclusiveness of the report present in fine style the work that 
the Maryland Council has been accomplishing. I cannot praise too 
highly the report of the Women's Section in this same issue of the 
Bulletin. It brings to us a great deal of material which will be collated 
in our files and which we can use in advising other States and County 
t!ouncils of Defense. 

With regard to the form and style of the Bulletin, I have nothing to 
suggest. It makes an impression of dignity. 

Chief of Section, 
STATE COUNCILS SECTION. 
• COUNCIL OF NATIONAL DEFENSE, 



For our purpose, nothing could be better than the present Maryland 
Bulletin. It gives us that information about your State which the 
departments here find so necessary for effective co-operation. 

ELLIOTT DUNLAP SMITH, 

Director, Information Department, 

Council of National Defense. 

From State Councils 

We have received a copy of your latest Bulletin, containing the report 
that covers the work during ]!>17 done by the Maryland Council of 
Defense. We have read it with care, and are very grateful to you for 
sending it to us. 

We cannot speak in too high praise for the tremendous amount of 
detail which your State Council has handled ; especially are we impressed 
with your Compulsory Work Bui'eau, something that has not yet been 
handled in this State. 

STATE OF MAINE, 
COMMITTEE ON PUBLIC SAFETY. 
304 



The Bulletin is a very interesting one and the efforts of the State 
Council seem to be most extensive and effective. The report is one in 
which you can take much pride. 

THE STATE COUNCIL OF DEFENSE, 

SPRINGFIELD, ILLINOIS. 



We have the reports of the work done by the Maryland Council of 
Defense. It is excellent. 

MISSOURI COUNCIL OF DEFENSE. 



The first copies of the Bulletin of the Maryland Council of Defense 
received by us have been extremely helpful. The Bulletin is attractive, 
substantial, informative and inspiring. 

The report of Maryland's work during 1917 given in issue No. 2 should 
be a matter of pride to every American citizen and not only to the 
citizens of Maryland. 

THE COLORADO STATE COUNCIL OF DEFENSE. 



Maryland's Legal Booklet 

Council of National Defense, 
Washington, D. C. 
State Council of Defense, July 7, 1918. 

San Francisco, California. 
Gentlemen : — 

The Council of National Defense has recommended that every State 
Council of Defense should provide for the publication of a legal booklet 
for the use of State and Local Legal Committees, organized to give 
advice to soldiers and sailors. 

We are sending to you herewith as an excellent example of such 
a legal booklet, the handbook compiled under the direction of the Mary- 
land Council of Defense. 

Very truly yours, 

ARTHUR H. FLEMING, 
Enclosure. Chief of Section. 



Letter From Dr. William H. Welch 

THE JOHNS HOPKINS UNIVERSITY 
School of Hygiene and Public Health 

Baltimore, Md., March 27th, 1920. 
Francis E. Waters. Esq., 
Chairman, The Maryland Council of Defense, 
Baltimore, Md. 
Dear General Waters : 

I beg to acknowledge with sincere and grateful appreciation the 
receipt of the handsome diploma of recognition of my services in the 
course of the Great War. 

305 



I esteemed it a great privilege to have the opportunity to serve my 
country. I appreciate highly the action of the Council in awarding to 
me the diploma, which I shall always prize. 

As a citizen of Maryland I should like to take the opportunity to 
express the pride and appreciation which all of our citizens must feel 
for the admii'able organization and administration and the very etlicient, 
important and patriotic services of our Maryland Council of Defense 
during the Great War. 

May I not also offer to you personally as Chairman of the Council my 
warm congratulations upon the successful conduct of a great under- 
taking involving many serious and difficult problems. 

With cordial regards. I am. 

Very respectfully and sincerely yours, 

WlLLlA^tl H. WELCH. 

From the Provost Marshal General 

Office of the Provost Marshal General 
Washington. 

September 13, 1918. 
Mr. D. M. Reynolds, of the Council of National Defense, has laid before 
the Provost Marshal General a full report of the fine support which you 
and your State and County Councils gave in the registration of the man- 
power of the country. 

General Crowder desires that the thanks of this Department be 
extended to you and the members of your organization. 
Yours respectfully, 

JOHN H. WIGMORE, 

Colonel, J. A., V. 8. A. 
Telegram 

Washington, D. C. 335P. 13. 
Maryland Council of Defense: 

Provost Marshal General greatly pleased. Your fine support and that 
given by State and County Councils in draft registration. Congratulations. 

REYNOLDS. 
Baltimore Is Model 
E. W. Drake, of the U. S. Employment Service, who is co-operating 
with Alfred L. Smith, manager of the Industrial Bureau of the Mer- 
chants' Association, and the various business and welfare organizations 
interested in the new offices, said that the new employment bureau is 
patterned after the co-operative employment bureau in Baltimore, Md., 
which, in the opinion of all expert employment managers is the most suc- 
cessful in the country. 

"If the various welfare organizations in New York City co-operate with 
the U. S. Employment Service in the operation of the new office as they 
do in Baltimore, the employment question in New York City will be 
solved as far as soldiers and sailors are concerned," said Mr. Drake 
to-day. — From the Neic York Journal, April 23, 1919. 

306 



Address Unanimously Adopted by Women's Section 
in Honor of Mrs. Shoemaker 

Madam Chairman : — 

As this occasion probably marks the conclusion of our gatherings as a 
war body, it seems only fitting that we should briefly trace in retro- 
spection the path that we have trod during the past twenty months. 
Called together by the Chief Executive of our State to act as the agency 
to enlist and organize the women of Maryland for the greatest possible 
utility in the war for liberty and civilization, we have devoted these 
months to this great work. Strenuous as have been our labors, we all 
feel that it has been the most useful i^eriod of our lives, and mingled 
with our joy in the coming of a glorious peace is a prayer of thankful- 
ness that we have had the opportunity to be of service to our country 
and to humanity. 

As the leader in a work never before undertaken by women in the 
history of the world, both our State and its women were fortunate in 
that one was chosen who assumed the task with zeal for the cause, 
ability for the duties, wisdom for many problems which have arisen, and 
with a rare personal charm that inspired her colleagues and secured for 
the common cause the united effort of a numerous army of workers 
while retaining the benefits of individual action. We who have l)een 
associated with you. Madam Chairman, in this noble work here make 
acknowledgment and express our appreciation of your splendid leader- 
ship and able administration of the mobilization of the women of 
Maryland for war work. The women of our State, in their efforts to 
take their proper place beside man, as his helpmeet and fellow human- 
being, owe much to you for your demonstration of the ability of women 
to discharge many duties which have been heretofore deemed the func- 
tion of man alone. 

Today, as we near the completion of our labors as members of the 
Women's Section of the Maryland Council of Defense, we who know 
best what you have had to do, gladly bear witness to your devotion to 
the work. We predict that as time passes and the part that women 
played in the fight for freedom becomes more apparent, those who write 
the story of women in the world-war, will give you an even higher niche 
in the temple of those who have rendered good service to their State, 
their Country, and Mankind. 

Resolution in Honor of Mrs Shoemaker by the Counties 

Resol\t:d : The County Chairmen desire to place on record their warm 
appreciation of the skill with which Mrs. Edward Shoemaker, the State 
Chairman, has directed the activities of the Maryland Council of De- 
fense, Women's Section. The number of letters sent to the County Chair- 
men indicated the magnitude of the office work. In any difficulty she 
was always ready to advise. As a Presiding Officer, she has made it a 
pleasure to attend the monthly meetings of the Council. The quiet dig- 
nity, the fairness and Impartiality of her rulings, and her never failing 
patience have endeared her to all of the County Chairmen, and we here- 
by extend our hearty thanks. 

307 



Resolution in Recognition of Mrs. Maloy's Work 

Resolved : The County Chairmen wish to express their cordial appre- 
ciation of the efficient services which Mrs. William Milnes Maloy has 
rendered the Maryland Council of Defense, Women's Section, as its 
Secretary. She has shown great ability in performing a laborious 
and difficult task, and the County Chairmen extend their hearty thanks 
to her, for the prompt and courteous attention which they always 
receiv^ed from her. 

Editorial in the Baltimore Sun 

The Maryland Council of Defense has virtually demobilized, but it 
should not be allowed to withdraw from public sight without a genuine 
expression of public appreciation. What form this should take we do 
not undertake to say, but its membership is certainly entitled to some 
kind of decoration that would constitute a permanent testimonial to its 
patriotism and public service, and an appropriate recognition of the part 
it has performed. 

The recital in yesterday's Sun of the scope and character of the work 
done by the Maryland Council In the last year and a half is, to some 
extent, a revelation to the general reader. We all knew that such a 
body existed, but few of us realized the variety and the essential value 
of what it was doing, because it was more concerned in doing than in 
talking and was content to get things accomplished rather than to 
advertise them. No one can read the summary of its comprehensive 
activities and achievements without feeling that the Maryland Council 
of Defense was an indisr)ensable factor and that without it the noble and 
effective role Maryland has taken in the war could not have been proper- 
ly sustained. It was by all odds the most efficient and best organized 
public agency we have ever had in the State. It drafted men and women 
of brains and experience in its service, and called to its aid the highest 
quality of intelligence and zeal. It combined practical direction and 
ardent idealism in a very rare and happy fashion, and consequently made 
few mistakes and suffered little from misdirected energy. The list of its 
material accomplishments includes something of everything worth while 
that has been performed in Maryland since the Defense Council was cre- 
ated, but its influence upon private and popular morale was even greater 
and more important. It touched the heart and quickened the patriotism 
of every section of the State, and the effect of its quiet but awakening 
and convincing propaganda was seen in enlistments in the military and 
naval service, in the responses to Liberty Loans and Red Cross and other 
war relief appeals, in better farming and larger crops — in short, in a 
Maryland throbbing in every vein with pride and patriotic enthusiasm. 

The Council of Defense has taught us how to do things, and it may 
well serve as a model for future public service. It is an honor to have 
belonged to it. to have been enrolled in a home army that has contributed 
so materially to the winning of the war. Its work can never be forgotten, 
whether thei'e is any formal recognition of its services or not. But 
it would be an extremely graceful act to cro\A'n it with some expression 
of the public gratitude and good will. 

308 



Appendix Z 

The Council's Work in Taking Care of the War 
Truck Trains in 191 8. 

On December 6, 1917, on the request of the Quartermaster Corps, the 
Council of National Defense called on the Maryland Council of Defense 
and its local organizations for their assistance in the movement of war 
truck trains over the highways to the seaboard. These trains entered 
Maryland from the West by way of Taneytown and Westminster and 
Frostburg and Cumberland, and from the North by way of Belair. At 
Baltimore the Grovernment had purchased the site for Camp Holabird, 
but it had no accommodations. The Council and its local organizations 
escorted the trains through Maryland to tidewater, fed and housed the 
men at the stopping points and gave co-operation to the whole movement. 
Tliere was unusual interest in the first test made by the train from 
Detroit that came across the mountains through heavy snow and intense 
cold. From the time this train entered Maryland special committees 
and local officials gave their aid with true Maryland hospitality. 

During the next three months many trains reached Baltimore from 
the West and North and the Maryland Council of Defense was ever 
ready to assist and to take care of the men. In thus meeting an emer- 
gency which the Government was not prepared to handle the Council 
performed a signal service for the Government. In the development of 
Camp Holabird and the concentration of motor trucks at Baltimore the 
Council gave further aid. 

The telegrams and letters quoted which follow are among the many 
received and sent in the performance of this service. 

COUNCIL OF NATIONAL DEFENSE 

Washington 
Section on Co-operation with States. December 6, 1917. 

Chairman, Maryland Council of Defense. 

The movement of war trucks over the highways to the seaboard will 
start from Detroit within a week. This is the initial test by the Quar- 
termaster Corps. It is expected that after January 1st, the movement 
over the roads of the large fleet of motor trucks being constructed for 
the Government, will be steady and continuous. The route for this 
test has already been established by a path-finder car and in your State 
win pass through the following counties and among others the following 
towns : Carroll County — Taneytown, Frizzleburg, Westminster ; and 
through Baltimore County to Baltimore City. 

The Quartermaster Corps requests the assistance of your State Council 
and its local organizations in rendering this test a success. You can 
give important aid by directing the train along the selected roads and 
particularly the streets in the larger towns and cities ; also, by arranging 
with the police officials for a proper patrol of the streets and by securing 
a right of way for the trucks. Each town should advise the next town 
of the approach of the train and should be ready to furnish pilots for 

309 



local sections of the route, where necessary. luformatiou in regard to 
provisions which the commander may need to purchase and possible 
sleeping-quarters such as armories, should be prepared; and other 
methods of helping will suggest themselves to you and your local organi- 
zations. We particularly urge that you arrange public demonstrations 
in every town v^^hich this train passes. Here will be an opportunity, 
perhaps the first, for the towns to see a part of the Army in action. It 
is a splendid chance to arouse the people to enthusiasm; incidentally, 
patriotic receptions will encourage the personnel of the train. 

The train will not move on any set schedule nor has the time of 
departure been definitely fixed so that it will be difficult for you to 
arrange an extended program. It is important, however, that local 
communities carry out the above suggestions, so far as the limited time 
for preparations permits. We will notify you, at the earliest possible 
moment, of the time of departure of the train from Detroit and furnish you 
promptly with such other detailed information as may become available. 

In the meantime, it is essential that you fui-nish us with the name of 
a person in each community uix)u which the commander in charge of the 
train may call for assistance, when necessary. 

It is very important that this initial test be a complete success and 
the Quartermaster Corps is relying upon you for assistance and co- 
operation. Very truly yours, 

HENRY M. ROBINSON, 
Asst. Chief of Section. 



TELEGRAM 

Officer in charge of Motor Truck Convoy, 
Quartermaster Corps, 

care Quartermaster, Fort Wayne, Detroit, Mich. 
Maryland reception and escort; Carroll County — Dr. H. M. Fitzhugh. 
Chairman, Westminster, Md. ; Johnzie E. Beasman, Nathan H. Baile. 
Herbert R. Wooden, Preston B. Englar; Baltimore County— Charles J 
Fox, Chairman, Equitable Building, Baltimore; Oscar W. Keys, Car 
ville D. Benson, Fred Von Kapff, Wm. R. Gundry ; General Baltimoro 
Committee to provide escort from Maryland line to tidewater, H. N. 
Abercrombie, E. E. Foster, W. Stran McCurley, Richard T. Waters, 0/ 
Automobile Club of Maryland; and C. O. Reville, H. S. Briscoe and L. F 
O'Brien, automobile editors of daily papers. Maryland Council of De 
fense offers every courtesy and service. 

LYNN R. MEEKINS, Secretaru, 

Maryland Council of Defense 

COUNCIL OF NATIONAL DEFENSE 
Washington 
Section on Co-operation with States. 
Mr. L. R. Meekins, Secretar.v. December 1.3, 1017. 

Maryland Council of Defense, 
Dear Sir : Baltimore, Maryland. 

Your letter of December r2th to Mr. Robinson enclosing cony of 
telegram sent to the Officer in charge of the motor truck convoy at 

310 



Detroit, also copy of letter to Mr. Fitzhugh, Chairman of Carroll County 
Council, has been referred to me for reply. We have just been advised 
through the Highways Transport Committee of the Council of National 
Defense, that the motor truck convoy will leave Detroit tomorrow morn- 
ing. We expect to have daily reports on the progress of this convoy, 
and will keep you advised of same. 

Owing to the uncertainty of the movement it is difficult to arrange 
a definite program in advance, but we shall endeavor to secure further 
details as soon as possible, and advise you immediately of same. 

We appreciate very much the action of your Council in handling this 
matter, and will endeavor to assist you in making it as great a success 
as possible. 

Very truly yours, 

PERRY H. KEENEY, 

Member of Section. 

Washington, D. C, December 15, 1917. 
Maryland Council of Defense : 

Captain Bronson, commander motor convoy, advises arrived Monroe, 
Michigan, nine Friday evening ; greatly delayed by snow drifts ; expect 
to reach Toledo Saturday evening. Cars about thirty-two, personnel 
eighty. Are supplied with bedding and kitchen equipment. 

GEORGE F. PORTER. 

Council of National Defense. 



Washington, D. C, December 17, 1917. 
Maryland Council of Defense: 

Motor convoy reaches Cleveland tonight. Quartermaster requests 
special assistance in keeping roads clear. 

GEORGE F. PORTER. 



Baltimore, December 26, 1917. 
Captain Bennett Bronson, U. S. A., 

Commanding Army Truck Train, 
Chambersburg, Pa. 
Please wire your schedule through Maryland and what our Committees 
can do to give you proper escort and reception. Please send full infor- 
mation as delays have upset many of our plans ; want to give you real 
Maryland welcome and anything we can do is yours. Telephone Number 
St. Paul two four nine five. 

MARYLAND COUNCIL OF DEFENSE. 



Westminster, Md., 812P Feb. 4, 1918. 
Maryland Council of Defense, 
Baltimore, Md. 
Truck company six in Westminster. Roads reported closed from here 
to Baltimore. Will start in A. M. for Baltimore. Open roads if pos- 
sible; we cannot shovel all the way. 

MULLINEAUX. 
311 



COUNCIL OF NATIONAL DEFENSE 

Washington 

January 3, 1918. 
General Francis E. Waters, Chairman, 
Maryland Council of Defense, 
Baltimore, Maryland. 
My dear General Waters: — 

We congratulate you and the Maryland Council on your splendid 
work in handling the Motor Truck Transport within the borders of 
your State. 

We are pleased to note that the Transfer Train awakened a great 
deal of interest. 

Thanking you again for your splendid work in this particular and 
with our best wishes, we beg to remain 

Very truly yours, 

JOHN S. CHAVENS, 

Memher of Section. 



COUNCIL OF NATIONAL DEFENSE 
Washington 
State Councils Section. 

February 8. 1918. 
General Francis E. Waters, 

Chairman State Council of Defense, 
Baltimore, Maryland. 
Dear Sir: — 

On Monday, February' 11, a motor truck train of about 30 trucks is 
leaving Buffalo in command of Major G. F. Bailey. According to their 
schedule they should reach Baltimore on the 20th. 

They desire our State Council representative to secure accommoda- 
tions for the party, which will consist of 169 enlisted men, and 7 oflicers. 
The Government will of course, pay for the accommodations. 

I have written Major Bailey that you will be very glad to arrange 
for the accommodations in Baltimore, and have esiiecially requested 
him to give you not less than 24 hours notice of his expected arrival, 
by what route he is coming and where he would desire the train to be 
met. 

As you should receive this letter on February 9th, it might be in 
order to wire Major Bailey before he leaves Buffalo and ask him to be 
sure and let you know well in advance so that proper arrangements may 
be made. 
Thanking you, we are 

Yours very truly, 

JOHN S. CRAVENS, 

Member of Section. 



312 



Washington, February 9, 1918. 
Greneral Francis E. Waters, 
State Council Defense, 

Baltimore, Maryland. 
Referring letter yesterday motor truck train Major Bailey wires leav- 
ing Tuesday morning with hundred and seventy-six, sixty-four trucks. 
Supper, lodging, breakfast needed at stopping places together with 
luncheons for party for following day. Please wire him for informa- 
tion exact date arrival. 

GEORGE F. PORTER. 

Major G. F. Bailey, 

in care Pierce Arrow Motor Gar Company, 
Buffalo, N. Y. 
Accommodations in Baltimore for your seven officers and one hundred 
sixty-nine men at Young Men's Christian Association. Please advise 
progress of your train and time expected arrival in Baltimore. Our 
office is seven hundred three Union Trust Building and telephone St. 
Paul two four nine five. 

MARYLAND COUNCIL OF DEFENSE, 



Little Falls Depot, N. Y., February 21, 1918. 
General Francis E. Waters, 

State Council Defense, Baltimore, Md. 
Itinerary motor convoy abandoned account road conditions ; you will 
be notified forty-eight hours in advance of our arrival. 

BAILEY. 



COUNCIL OF NATIONAL DEFENSE 
Washington 
State Councils Section. 

February 26, 1918. 

General Francis E. Waters, 

State Council of Defense, 

Baltimore, Maryland. 
Dear Sir: — 

We are just in receipt of a wire from Major G. F. Bailey informing 
us that on March 2, a second convoy will leave Buffalo, followed by 
others on the 4th and 5th, also another on the 6th. They will make the 
same schedule as the first convoy which means that they will stop at 
Baltimore in your State. Major Bailey says you will be notified forty- 
eight hours in advance of the arrival at Baltimore and we send you 
this information in order that you may be prepared to do all in your 
power to provide their accommodations. 

Yours very truly, 

(Signed) JOHN S. CRAVENS, 

Member of Section. 
313 



Newark, N. J., March 1, 1918. 
General Francis E. Waters, 
State CJouncil Defense, 
Baltimore, Md. 
Expect to arrive with motor truck convoy 60 trucks night March 2nd, 
164 men, 5 officers. Will require supper and sleeping quarters ; also 
guide and police detail at outskirts of city. Philadelphia tonight. 

HAY, COMMANDING. 



Albany, N. Y., March 9, 1918. 
General Francis E. Waters, 
Baltimore, Md. 
Expect to make destination Wednesday; 4 officers; 152 enlisted; 60 
trucks, 4 touring, 2 light repair. Request that quarters be prepared. 

M. L. KNOWLTON, 

Capt. Comdg. Detach. 



Phila, Pa., 501PM, March 11, 1918. 
General Francis E. Waters, 

Stafford Hotel, Baltimore, Md. 
Expect to arrive in Baltimore Tuesday night. Make arrangements 
Tor feed and quarters eighty-one men and one officer ; have thirty-one 
trucks and two touring cars in train. 

LIENT. WARREN. 



Philadelphia, Pa., 750A, March 13, 1918. 
General Francis E. Waters, 
Baltimore, Md. 
Co. D leaves Philadelphia 7 A. M. ; Co. F at 8 ; arrive destination 
tonight. 

KNOWLTON, Capt. Comd^. 



Baltimore, March 13, 1918. 
Captain Knowlton, 

Commanding Company D, Army Truck Train, 
Havre de Grace, Md. 
(Operator will please watch for truck train crossing Susquehanna 
and deliver message.) Quarters for you aud all your men at Young 
Men's Christian Association, Franklin ami Cathedral Streets. 

MARYLAND COUNCIL OF DEFENSE. 



314 



Newark, N. J., 7.46 P. M., March 14, 1918. 
General Francis E. Waters, 
Baltimore, Md. 
Headquarters and Companies B and C Fourth Supply Train, five 
officers, hundred fifty-one enlisted, sixty-two trucks, 6 Dodge cars, one 
motorcycle will arrive Baltimore late afternoon March sixteenth. Will 
you see that mounted policeman joins command at City limits and 
escorts same to parking place. Please arrange for supper and break- 
fast for hundred and fifty-nine if not already arranged for. 

MEYER. 



Poughkeepsie, N. Y., 8.20 P. M., March 20, 1918. 
General Francis E. Waters, 

Chairman, Maryland Council of Defense. 

Motor convoy, 73 men, 30 trucks, will arrive Baltimore late Satur- 
day afternoon. Kindly make arrangements for housing men and place 
where we can cook our own meals. Wire at Newark, N. J. State 
Armory. 

TRIMBLE, COMMANDING. 



Baltimore, March 21, 1918. 

Trimble, Commanding Motor Convoy, State Armory, 
Newark, New Jersey. 
Fourth Regiment Armory, Fayette and Paca Streets, housing arrange- 
ments seventy-three men with your own bedding ; gas ranges for cooking 
own meals. Please telephone Fourth Regiment Armory Baltimore from 
Havre de Grace or Belair as to time arrival in Baltimore. Officer will 
meet you at edge of city. Police will be at your service. Call on any 
other aid. 

FRANCIS E. WATERS, Chairman, 

Maryland Council of Defense. 



Philadelphia, Pa., March 21, 1918. 
General Francis E. Waters, 
Baltimore, Md. 
Convoy will arrive Baltimore late tomorrow. Request you arrange 
for quarters, parking and place to cook. Have thirty trucks and seventy- 
nine men. 

SEABROOKE, Commanding. 



315 



MARYLAND COUNCIL OF DEFENSE 
Baltimore 

March 21, 1918. 
Captain Trimble, 

Commanding, Motor Convoy, 

State Armory, Newark, N. J. 
Dear Sir:— 

Please find enclosed copy of telegram sent you today. We hope that 
everything will go through promptly and that the arrangements will be 
satisfactory to you. 

If you should want to reach me after you are in Baltimore, use the 
office telephone, or after 5 o'clock call Mt. Vernon 2559, leaving the 
message for me to call you up should you miss me. 
Any service we can render is at your command. 
Very truly yours, 

LYNN R. MEEKINS, 
Enclosure. Secretary. 



Poughkeepsie, N. Y., March 21, 1918. 
General Francis E. Waters, 
Baltimore, Md. 
11th and 12th convoy consisting of 147 men, 5 officers, <iO trucks will 
arrive in Baltimore Sunday afternoon. 

W. S. MILNES. 2nd Lieut., 

Q. M. C. N. A. Commanding. 



Philadelphia, Pa., March 21, 1918. 
General Francis E. Waters, Chairman, 
Maryland Council of Defense. 
Convoy will arrive Baltimore late tomorrow. Request you arrange 
for quarters parking and place to cook. Have thirty trucks and seventy- 
nine men. 

SEABROOK. COMMANDING. 



Poughkeepsie, N. Y., March 22nd, 1918. 
General Francis E. Waters, Chairman, 
Maryland Council of Defense. 
11th and 12th convoy consisting of 147 men, 5 officers, 60 trucks will 
arrive in Baltimore Sunday afternoon. 

W. S. MILNES, 2nd Lieut, 

Q. M. C. N. A. Commanding. 

316 



Baltimore, March 22, 1918. 
Captain Trimble, U. S. A., 

Commanding Motor Convoy, 

State Armory, Newark, N. J. 
Colonel Leisenring directs motor convoy on arrival in Baltimore to 
proceed to Colgate Creek, where barracks are ready. Police will give 
route in city. This annuls our telegram and letter of yesterday. 

MARYLAND COUNCIL OF DEFENSE. 

To Western Union : — Party may have left Newark. Follow up and 
deliver message. Charge expenses to us. 



Poughkeepsie, N. Y., March 29, 1918. 
General Francis E. Waters, 
Baltimore, Md. 
Eighteenth convoy Company F, 4th Supply Train, with twenty-four 
trucks, 5 officers, 55 enlisted men, will arrive Newark Saturday. Phila- 
delphia Sunday. Baltimore Monday. KNOWLTON. 



Albany, N. Y., April 15, 1918. 
General Francis E. Waters, 

Stafford Hotel, Baltimore, Md. 
Twenty-fourth convoy will arrive Belair, Friday afternoon. Would 
like to stop there over night if convenient. If not make arrangements 
to quarter men and trucks in Baltimore. Please wire me care City Hall, 
Philadelphia, 30 trucks, 68 men and 2 officers. 

TRIMBLE, COMMANDING. 



Baltimore, April 17, 1918. 
Trimble, 

Commanding 24th Convoy Motor Trucks U. S. A., 
care of City Hall, Philadelphia, Pa. 
Communicate with Motor Storage Depot Camp Holabird, Baltimore, 
Md. They will send man in machine to meet you and escort you to 
camp. They have orders for you to stop in Baltimore and stay at Camp 
Holabird. 

MARYLAND COUNCIL OF DEFENSE. 



New York. N. Y., April 7, 1918. 
General Francis E. Waters, 
Baltimore, Md. 
Convoys number fifteen including thirty-one trucks, two touring cars 
and seventy-nine men will arrive Baltimore about four P. M. April 
ninth. Request arrangements be made for parking trucks and quartering 
men. PURMAN. 

317 



General Francis E. Waters, Albany, N. Y., August 5, 1918. 

Baltimore, Md. 
Company F, one hundred and six supply train, Rochester, (Convoy num- 
ber 4, will arrive Baltimore about 3 F'. M. August 10th. Thirty trucks. 

BRADFORD. 



HEADQUARTERS, CAMP HOLABIRD, 

Administrative Division. 

Baltimore, Md., August 7, 1918. 
Maryland Council of Defense, 
Baltimore, Md. 

Attention Mr. Meekins. 
Dear Sir: — 

In reply to your letter of August 5th to the Commanding Officer allow 
me to thank you for your thoughtfulness and extend to you our apprecia- 
tion of your desire to help. I do not believe there is anything necessary 
in connection with this work. 

Yours very truly, 

H. J. LA WES, 

Major, Q. M. €'., A'. A. 
Executive Officer. 

Appendix ZZ 

Historical Division— Summary of Work 
War Records Commission 

In the summer of 1918 the Chairman of the Executive Committee of 
the Maryland Council of Defense appointed Mr. George L. Radcliffe to 
organize and undertake the task of compiling the records of Maryland's 
part in the war, his office being chairman of the Historical Division. 
The Committee confirmed this appointment imanimously on September 
IS, 1918. 

Mr. Radcliffe and a committee made a trip to Ottawa upon invitation 
of the Canadian Government, to study the very thorough work being 
carried on by the Public Archivist of Canada in compiling war records. 

Karl Singewald was appointed executive secretary, and the Historical 
Division opened office January 1, 1919, in the Fidelity Building. 

The first step was to plan the work. Inquiry was made as to similar 
undertaking in other States. In February, Mr. Radcliffe invited to a 
dinner at the Maryland Club about twenty representative men of Balti- 
more, who were asked to become members of an advisory committee, 
together with several women who had been active in war work. At this 
conference, there was a general discussion of the scope of the under- 
taking — whether it was to be restricted to the preparation for publica- 
tion of a more or less popular history of Maryland's part in the war, or 
whether the much broader program was to be adopted of compiling per- 

318 



manent reference war history records. The sentiment of the conference 
was strongly in favor of a very thorough and comprehensive endeavor. 
The program of the Historical Division is indicated by the following : 

OUTLINE OF FILES AND RECORDS. 

1. General Military Roster — An alphabetical file to contain the indi- 
vidual War Service Records of the approximately 60,000 Mary- 
landers who served in the military and naval forces of the United 
States or of the Allies during the war, together with photographs, 
letters, narratives, diaries, etc. 

2. Special index of casualties. 

3. Special index of decorations, citations, etc. 

4. Records of military units composed largely of Marylanders. 

5. Records of camps and other military and naval establishments in, 
Maryland. 

6. Records of civilians — Individual records of persons who rendered 
Important sei'vice in relation to the war in a civilian capacity — in 
government position, in patriotic, welfare, or relief agency, in finance 
or industry, etc. 

7. Records of non-military war agencies and activities — i. e.. Govern- 
ment services, patriotic, welfare, or relief agencies, etc. 

8. Records of Maryland war industries. 

9. Material on topical subjects, in relation to the war and its effects — ■ 
financial, commercial and industrial, medical, public opinion, social 
conditions, music, education, religion, etc. It is planned to have 
Eistorical i-eviews written on these several subjects by qualified 
persons. 

10. Records of celebrations and memorials of victory and in honor of 
our soldiers and sailors. 

n. War collections and exhibits : — 

1. Photographs. 

2. Trophies, relics and mementos. 

3. Letters and narratives of special interest, by soldiers or 
by civilians. 

4. War literature — books, notable speeches, articles, poems, 
etc. — by Marylanders, or in connection with events in 
Maryland. 

5. War songs, music, etc. 

12. Files of the five leading Baltimore newspapers, for the period of 
the war, and files or scrap-books of clippings of leading county and 
special newspapers. 

13. County and local war reviews or histories. 

14. General war literature, maps, etc. 

(Such material to be collected only in a very limited way, 
to assist in the main purpose.) 

319 



During the first four monUis, the office staff consisted only of the 
Secretary and a stenographer assistant, Miss Nettie E. Williams. A 
large part of the time was devoted to the compilation of a roll of Mary- 
landers who lost their lives in the war, for special use in connection with 
the presentation of a certificate by the State of Maryland to the families 
of those who made the supreme sacrifice. Meanwhile, attention was 
given to getting in touch with the various organizations, agencies, etc., 
for the purpose of securing records. 

In May, upon the invitation of the Maryland Historical Society, the 
ofiBce of the Historical Division was moved to the Maryland Historical 
Society Building, where commodious quarters were provided. In view 
of the approaching return of the 29th and 79th Divisions, containing the 
largest numbers of Marylanders, the office force was now gradually in- 
creased to meet the need for greater activity. Miss Lucy T. Latane was 
engaged as curator of the files and records, and Mr. John C. Fell as 
special assistant to the Secretary. The clerical force has varied in 
number, reaching twelve at the height. 

The plan of organization of the Historical Division included historical 
committees in the counties of the State. The general relaxation from 
war endeavor made it a matter of great difficulty and patience to get 
the right persons to act as Chairmen of the County Committees. A debt 
of gratitude is due the patriotic men and women who are serving as 
county chairmen, most of them very efficiently. 

It may be well to give a brief statement of what is being done under 
headings in the outline. 

1. General Military Roster. 

An index for the whole State is maintained at the office of the 
Historical Division, to which names are added from all sources. 
The county committees are making up indexes of their own. By 
checking the central index with the local indexes, as near as pos- 
sible to completeness will be attained. 

It is the purpose to have a War Service Record, on a form pre- 
pared for that purpose, filled out by every Marylander who was in 
the service. The campaign for these Records was started August 
16th, with a proclamation by the Governor. 

In the counties, the Records are being secured by the county com- 
mittees, through district and local committees. In Baltimore City, 
the forms were placed at a number of favorable places, and, 
also, the assistance of large employers and of organizations such 
as the American Legion, W. C. C. S., etc., was enlisted. The 
co-operation of the schools and churches has been very helpful 
throughout the State. 

The indifference of the men has been a great obstacle, but the 
results have been good. In the city, about 20.(KX). or three-fifths of 
the Records, have been obtained. For the counties, the returns are 
about one-third. The total for the State is oO.OOO, or about one-half. 

320 



In Baltimore City, au extremely valuable piet-e of work was done 
by the Police Department— namely, a house-to-house canvass to 
obtain the names of all who were in the service during the war. 
These census books were turned over to the Historical Division. 
The Police followed this up by distributing forms and collecting the 
War Service Records. 

The relation between these "popular" records and the official 
records in Washington should be explained. The War and Navy 
Departments will in course of time furnish to the several States 
brief transcripts of the service records of the men. These official 
records will not, however, credit to Maryland several thousands 
of men who belong on the Maryland roll — men who enlisted from 
other States, and men who served in the Canadian, British or 
French Armies. 

4-5. Records of military units and of camps, etc. 

A large amount of extremely valuable material has been gathered 
— histories, rosters, official records, photographs, etc. 

ft-7. Civilian records. 

Histories, records of personnel, etc., of civilian agencies and 
activities are being gathered, and an index has been prepared of 
those who rendered important service. Individual records of those 
whose names are in this index are being obtained on a form pre- 
pared for that purpose. 

8. War industries. 

Information has been obtained from various bureaus and offices 
in Washington as to war contracts and orders in Maryland, as a 
basis for further inquiry. 

9-10-11. Considerable material is being gathered. 

12. Newspaper files. 

From the time the office opened, January 1, 1919, daily copies of 
the Baltimore newspapers have been received, and clipped for 
material. Clipping the county newspapers is part of the task of 
the county committees. 

ia-14. General material is being gathered to some extent. 

War Records Commission 

Act Passed by the Legislature in the Session of 1920. 

AN ACT to create the War Records Commission to complete the work 
begun by the Maryland Council of Defense, of collecting and com- 
piling the records of Marylanders who aided in the prosecution of 
the war. 

WHEREAS, The Maryland Council of Defense authorized the expen- 
diture of certain funds for collecting and compiling the records of Mary- 
landers who were in the service of the United States Military, NavaJ 
and Marine forces, or who otherwise rendered conspicuous public servicf 
diirius ti>'^ recent war; and 

321 



WHEREAS, The Maryland Council of Defense is about to be dis- 
solved and the work of gathering the war records cannot be completed 
for some time ; and 

WHEREAS, It is extremely desirable that the State of Maryland 
have permanent records of its sons during the great conflict ; 

NOW, THEREFORE, The State of Maryland provides herein for 
the creation of a War Records Commission to carry on to completion 
the work begun by the Council of Defense. 

Section 1. Be it enacted hy the General AssemUy of Maryland, That 
there is hereby created the War Records Commission, consisting of five 
members, who shall be appointed by and hold ofl^ce during the pleasure of 
the Governor, One of the members of the Commission shall be the 
Maryland Department Commander of the American Legion. The Gov- 
ernor shall designate the Chairman of the Commission. 

It shall be the duty of the Commission to collect and compUe the 
records of all the sons of Maryland in the service of the United States 
Military, Naval and Marine forces, or who otherwise rendered conspico- 
ous public service during the recent war, and to arrange to have such 
records kept in some permanent place for future reference. The final 
disposition of the records shall be determined by the Commission, sub- 
ject to the approval of the Governor. 

Section 2. And be it further enacted, That the War Records Commis- 
sion shall continue the work begun by the Maryland Council of Defense 
on the war records of Marylanders. It shall be the duty of the Mary- 
land Council of Defense, when this Act takes effect, to transfer all of 
its data, papers and documents of every description connected with the 
collection of .such records over to the War Records Commission ; and co 
turn over to the Commission any unexpended balance in its hands which 
had been set aside to pay for the work of collecting war records. 

Section 3. And be it further enacted, That the members of the War 
Records Commission shall serve without compensation, but the Commis- 
sion is hereby authorized, with the approval of the Governor, to incur 
such expenses as may be necessary to carry out the purposes of this Act 
within the limits of the amount appropriated therefor in the Budget Bill. 
The Commission shall from time to time report to the Governor con- 
cerning the progress and scope of its activities. 

Section 4. And be it further enacted. That this Act is hereby declared 
to be an emergency law necessary for the immediate preservation of tlie 
public safety, and being passed upon a yea and nay vote, supported by 
three-fifths of all the members elected to each of the two Houses of the 
General Assembly, the same shall take effect from the date of its passage. 

Under the foregoing Act, Governor Ritchie appointefl tlie following 
commission April 24, 1020: Lt. Col. Stuart S. Janney. Baltimore county; 
George L. RadcJiffe, Baltimore; Van I.ear Black Baltimore; Captain 
Philip G. Mclntire, Baltimore; Major Harvey B. Stone. Baltimore. 

On May 17, 1920, this Commission met and organized : chairman, 
Lt. Col. Stuart S Janney; trea.surer, George L. Radcliffe; secretary^ 
Karl Singewald. 

322 



The amount appropriated for the Commission in the budget is .$15,000 
per year for two years. The Maryland Coimcil of Defense paid over 
to the Commission the sum of $14,164.68. The Maryland Council's total 
contribution to the work of collecting the records was $35,000.00. Also, 
the Maryland Council gave a large part of the equipment of the 
Historical Division. 

Advisory Committee of the Historical Division 

At a dinner given by Mr. George L. Radcliffe at the Maryland Club, 
February 16, 1919, the following Advisory Committee of the Historical 
Division was formed : 

Hon. Emerson C. Harrington, Governor of Maryland ; General Francis 
E. Waters, Chairman Maryland Council of Defense; Dr. Wm. H. Welch, 
Johns Hopkins Medical School ; Van Lear Black, president Fidelity Trust 
Company ; Dr. Ronald T. Abercrombie, Johns Hopkins University ; 
W. J. Casey, Vice-President Continental Trust Company; Charles 
M. Cohn, Vice-President Consolidated Gas Electric Light and Pow.t 
Company; Lynn R. Meekins, Secretary Maryland Council of Defense; 
Hon. Samuel K. Dennis, United States District Attorney ; L. H. Dielman, 
Executive Secretary Peabody Institute ; Dr. Frank J. Goodnow, President 
Johns Hopkins University ; Arthur W. Hawks, Jr., Director of Publicity, 
C. G. E. L. & P. Co. • Dr. Horace E. Flack, Director Department of Leg- 
islative Reference; E. P. Keech, Jr., Director Bureau of Personnel, 
American Red Cross; Dr. John H. Latane, Professor of American His- 
tory, Johns Hopkins University ; Lieut-Comdr. M. A. Leahy, Fifth Naval 
District, Section 1; Major R. V. D. Magoffin, U. S. Army War College; 
Dr. Karl Singewald, Secretary Historical Division, Council of Defense; 
Percy G. Skirven, Historian and Genealogist; Dr. Bernard C. Steinrr, 
Librarian Enoch Pratt Library; Prof. John M. Vincent, Professor of 
European History, Johns Hopkins University; Adjutant-General Henry 
M. Warflield and N. Winslow Williams. 

Subsequently the following names were added : Mrs. Edward Shoe- 
maker, Chairman of Women's Section, Maryland Council of Defense; 
Mrs. Emilie McKim Reed, President Colonial Dames ; Mrs. J. H. Adams, 
Mr. John Wilber Jenkins, Assistant to Secretary of the Navy, and Rob- 
ert D. Carter, Marshal of Police Department of Baltimore. 

County Chairmen 

Allegany Daniel Annan, Sr. 

Anne Arundel Hugh R. Riley 

Batimore William P. Cole, Jr. 

Calvert Philip Briscoe, M. D. 

Miss Li die B. Duke, Secretary in charge 

Caroline Wesley E. Thawley 

Carroll rr.- .Henry M. Fitzhugh, M. D. 

Cecil Henry L. Constable 

Charles John E. Stone 

323 



Dorchester James S. Shepherd 

Frederick Noah E. Cramer 

Garrett Mrs. E. Z. Tower 

Harford Mrs. Otho S. Lee 

Howard Mrs. W. Bhiden Lowndes 

Kent Fred G. Usiltou 

Mrs. W. W. Hubbard 

Montgomery Miss Martha Sprigg Poole 

Prince George's L. Giselin Sasscer 

Queen Anne's J. H. C. Legg 

Mrs. J. H. C. Legg, Vice-Chairman in charge 

St. Mary's J. F. Coad 

Somerset Henry J. Waters 

Miss Emily R. Waters, Secretary in charge 

Talbot Clement E. Gray, Sr. 

Washington David P. Schindel 

Miss Alice E. Edmonds, Secretary in charge 
Wicomico L. W. Gunby 

Mrs. E. Stanley Toadvin, Secretary in charge 
Worcester James B. Whaley 

Mrs. Pauline N. Murray, Secretary in charge 

ADDENDUM 

October, 1919, to June 30, 1920— The Final Meeting of the 
Executive Committee 

lu October, 191'J, the report of the Executive Committee was 
sent to the printer. It contained the audit of the finances to 
October 1, 1919. The following letter was sent to the Attorney 
General under date of October 4, 1919: 

October 4, 1919. 
Hon. Albert C. Ritchie, 
Attorney-General of Maryland, 
Baltimore, Md. 
My dear General Ritchie: 

General Waters would like to have your advice and suggestions as to 
procedure and form in winding up the affairs of the Maryland Council 
of Defense. 

The only work projected beyond the life of the Council is that of the 
Historical Division. On March 12, 1919, the Executive Committee made 
an appropriation of $25,000 for the Division in this way: "Mr. Dennis 
moved that the Chairman be authorized to apportion such funds as may 
be necessary for the historical work to a sum not exceeding $25,000. 
Mr. Furst seconded this motion and it was carried." 

To date the Historical Division has spent $7,074.83. How can the 

324 



remainder of the $25,000 be continued beyond the life of the Council? 
The idea is to carry on the Historical work uninterruptedly. So far its 
expenditures have been in the usual way through this office. The Divi- 
sion is housed in the Maryland Historical Society Building and is under 
the direction of its own chairman, George L. Radcliffe, who works in 
oo-operation with General Waters. 

Yours truly, 

LYNN R. MEEKINS, 

Secretary. 

The following i*eply to the above was received on December 
5, 1919: 

Lynn R, Meekins, Esq., 
Maryland Council of Defense, 
Union Trust Building, 
Baltimore, Md. 
Dear Mr. Meekins : 

I beg to reply to your letter of recent date to Mr. Ritchie in which 
you ask whether the expenditure of $25,000 for historical work can be 
continued beyond the life of the Maryland Council of Defense. I do not 
know of any way in which this can be done. 

Yours very truly, 

PHILIP B. PERLMAN, 

Asst. Attomey-Oeneral. 

The printed report was sent to Governor Emerson C. Har- 
rington, and the following letter was received from him Janu- 
ary 9, 1920 : 

General Francis E. Waters, Chairman, 
Maryland Council of Defense, 
Baltimore, Md. 
My dear General Waters: 

The time has now come when the work of the Council is practically 
over, and, were it not that the Committee appointed by your Body to 
collect the data of the war work activities, and esi^ecially the record or 
history of every one in the service of our Country from Maryland in 
the late war, have not completed its work, I would deem it proper at this 
time to dissolve your body. But, believing that the completion of this 
work will be of the highest importance to the State, I shall continue the 
legal existence of the Council until such time as this work shall be 
completed or until such time as my successor shall act in the premises. 

I want, in language as strong as I can command, to commend the 
excellent service rendered by the Council, and especially to commend the 
noble, patriotic work of the Executive Committee in the great trust 
committed to them. May I not. through you, express to them my highest 
appreciation of their service. No Governor in the Union had the support 
of abler or more patriotic men and women than I had during the war. 

325 



To you persoaally, as Chairman of this body and this Committee, I 
extend my own and the State's warmest congratulations and good 
wishes. 

Very sincerely yours, 

EMERSON C. HARRINGTON. 

A meeting of the Executive Committee was held February 
18, 1920, and the following letter was sent to Governor Albert 
C. Ritchie: 

Hon. Albert C. Ritchie, 
Governor of Maryland, 
Annapolis, Maryland. 
My dear Grovernor Ritchie : 

At the meeting of the Executive Committee held February eighteenth 
the following action was taken on motion of Hon. Stevenson A. Williams, 
seconded by Hon. John M. Dennis, the vote being unanimous : 

"RESOLVED, that the Executive Committee approves and accepts 
the printed report of the Chairman and requests that he submit it to 
the Governor with an expression that it is the sense of the Committee 
that the work of the Maryland Council of Defense has reached as 
nearly as possible the point of completion ; and further 

"RESOLVED, that the Chairman be asked to convey to the Governor 
the recommendation that he dis.solve the Council at such date as may 
be in his judgment proper." 

Herewith is respectfully submitted the printed report which contains 
the statement of our work and the details of our finances, with the 
audit of the State Auditor to October 1, 1019. The publication of this 
report is held back so that it may include the action of Your Excellency 
and the final details of Council work and the audit of its accounts for 
the i^eriod from October 1, 1911>, to the close. 

The remaining work of the Executive Committee is the collection of 
several accounts due for property sold, the selling of a few articles, 
the completion and distribution of the Report, and the sending out of 
about three hundred certificates to Council workers, all of which should 
be complete<l by the fifteenth jiroximo. 

At the same meeting of the Executive Comimittee on February 
eighteenth an appropriation of ten thousand dollars was made for the 
work of the Historical Division, the understanding being that this was 
desired by Your Excellency and that it would be turned over in due 
course to the War Records Board. The resolution was as follows : 

'•WHERE.^S, it is important that the work of the Historical Division 
should go on, and 

"WIIEERAS, money appropriated by the General Assembly in its 
present session will not be available until October 1, 1920. 

"RESOLVED, that the Executive Committee hereby appropriates the 
sum of ten thousand dollars for the work of the Historical Division." 

For myself as Chairman and for the Executive Committee, I beg to 

326 



offer our full co-oi>eration In bringing the work of the Council to an end. 
We believe this work has been of value to the State, and it is both 
an honor and a pleasure to submit to you the account of our stewardship. 

Yours very truly, 

FRANCIS E. WATERS, 

Chairman. 

Under date of March 37, 1920, the Governor wrote : 
"I have your favor of March 24fh enclosing warrant of the Executive 
Committee of the Maryland Council of Defense for the work of the 
Historical Division. I have signed the warrant and return it to you 
herewith. 

"The Act creating the War Records Commission was approved by 
me yesterday, so that I will now be able to wind up the Council at an 
early date." 

Yours very truly, 

ALBERT C. RITCHIE, 

Oovernor. 

The War Records Commission met and organized May 17, 
1020. It adopted the following resolution: 

"Resolved that the Chairman and the Treasurer, on behalf of 
the Commission, receive from the Maryland Council of Defense, 
and receipt for the files and records and the unexpended balances 
of monies for the Historical work, in accordance with the Act 
creating the War Records Commission." 

On May 18, 1920, the Chairman of the Executive Committee 
sent the following letter, with enclosure, to the Chairman of 
the War Records Commission : 

Colonel Stuart S. Janney, 

Chairman of the War Records Commission. 

My dear Colonel Janney : 

The Act creating the War Records Commission says: 
"It shall be the duty of the Maryland Council of Defense, when this Act 
takes effect, to transfer all of its data, paper and documents of every 
description connected with the collection of such records over to the War 
Records Commission ; and also to turn over to the Commission any 
unexpended balances in its hands which had been set aside to pay for 
the work of collecting war records." 

All the data, papers and documents of the Council have been stored 
in the rooms of the Historical Division, now taken over by the War 
Records Commission, except flie accounts with the books and vouchers 
connected therewith, which have been filed with the Comptroller and 
the Board of Public Works. I shall be glad to know from you whether 
or not this has been done to the satisfaction of yourself and your 
Commission. 

327 



Enclosed is a cheek for ten thousand dollars covering the appropria- 
tion for the Historical Division made by our Executive Committee 
February 18, 1920. 

Of the original $25,000 set aside for the Historical Division we have 
paid on vouchers signed by the Chairman of that Division, $20.835.;^2. 
When we secure the State Auditor's approval on these figures our check 
for the balance will be sent to your Commission. 

Yours very truly, 

(Signed) FRANCIS E. WATERS. 

Chairman. 

The Chairman received the following letter on May 21. 1920: 

May 20 1920. 
Francis E. Waters, Esq., Chairman, 
Executive Committee, Maryland Council of Defense, 
703 Union Trust Building, Baltimore, Md. 
My dear General Waters: 

I have received your letter of May 18th, addressed to mc as Chairman 
of the War Records Commission, noting the fact that the data, pajiers and 
documents of the Council of Defense, Historical Division, stored in the 
building of the Maryland Historical Society, have been taken over by 
the War Records Commission, createtl by the Act of 1920. Chapter 92. 
The War Records Commission has organized and taken formal possession 
of these data, papers and documents, and will endeavor to continue the 
very efficient work which has been done by the Historical Division of 
the Council of Defense up until the present time. 

I also acknowledge the check of the Council of Defense to the order 
of George L. RadcliCfe, Treasurer of the War RecoMs Commission, for 
$10,000, and note that the unexpended balance of the original $2.5,000 set 
aside for the Historical Division will he remitted to us after the State 
Auditor's approval of the expenditures made by the Council. The orderly 
and efficient work done by the Historical Division up to this time will 
greatly lighten the work of the War Records Commission. 

Yours very truly, 

STUART S. JANNEY, 
Chcirman, 
War Records Commission. 

On June 10, 1920, the Chairman received the following letter 
of the Governor, formally dissolving the Maryland Council of 
Defense on June 30. 1920 : 

EXECUTIVE DEPARTMENT 

Annapolis, Md., June 9, 1920. 
General Francis E. Waters, 
Union Trust Building. 
Baltimore, Maryland. 
Dear General Waters : 

The emergency which called into being the Maryland Council of 

328 



Defense, created by Chapter 24 of the Acts of 1917, being terminated, 
and the activities of the body being ended, it becomes my duty to formally 
dissolve the Council, which I hereby do, to take effect June 30, 1920. 

I have been advised that the Council, of which you are Chairman, has 
wound up its affairs and is awaiting this letter from me before holding 
its final meetng. 

The termination of the Maryland Council of Defense marks the close 
of a bright page in the history of the State. You and your associates 
are deserving of the highest praise for the able, conscientious and un^ 
tiring manner in which all of you worked during the war to enable 
Maryland to respond to the demands made upon its resources at a 
time when the existence of the nation was imperiled. 

I congratulate you and the other members of the Council upon the 
splendid services you have given the State. 

Very truly yours, 

ALBERT C. RITCHIE, 

Oovemor. 

The following call was issued the same day the Governor's 
letter was received : 

MARYLAND COUNCIL OF DEFENSE 

Baltimore, June 10, 1920. 
Dear Sir : 

This day the Chairman received a letter from the Governor dissolving- 
the Maryland Council of Defense on June 30, 1920. 

It is necessary to hold a final meeting of the Executive Committee 
and it is very important that you should be present. 

Therefore, the meeting of the Executive Committee is called for eleven 
o'clock A. M. Tuesday, June 15, 1920, in Room 905, Union Trust Building, 
Baltimore, and you are urged to attend. 
By order of the Chairman. 

LYNN R. MEEKINS, 

Secretary. 

Meeting of the Executive Committee, Maryland Council of 

Defense, at 11 A. M., June 15, 1920, 

905 Union Trust Building 

General Francis E. Waters, Chairman, presided. Present 
were: Judge Hammond Umer, John M. Dennis, Stevenson A^ 
Williams and Frank A. Furst. 

The minutes of the previous meeting were read and approved. 

Mr. W. O. Peirson, Treasurer, presented the report of the 
State Auditor, accompanied by the following letter, and with 
the statement that the full Auditor's report would be pre- 
sented to the Chairman on or before June 30 : 

329 



Maryland Council of Defense. 
General Francis E. Waters, Cliairuuiu. 
Dear Sir: 

Acting under your instructions, we report we have brouglit the audit 
of the booiis and accounts of your Council up to May 31, 1920, inclusive, 
and submit attached hereto manuscript schedules showing the Receipts 
and Disbursements of the Council for the period July 28, 1917, to May 
31, 1920, supported by detailed schedules (manuscript submitted due 
to insufficient time to type same). 

We are advised your Council is to be dissolved June 30th, at which 
time It is our intention to furnish you a complete report of your trans- 
actions for the full period, but we wish to take this opportunity to state 
that the books, records and accounts of your Council are in good con- 
dition, and have been well kept, and great care seemed to have been 
exercised in handling and recording the transactions of the Council. 
Respectfully submitted, 

(Signed) WIi>L!AM A. GILLESPIE, 

State Auditw. 

The Chairman stated to the Committee that the expendi- 
tures since the last meeting had been of a routine character. 
The disputed account with the A to Z Business Bureau was 
settled for |108.25, the figures claimed by the Executive Com- 
mittee. The only large sums paid over were |12,500, balance 
of the appropriation for the Spring Grove State Hospital, and 
110,000 to the War Records Commission. 

The four bills of the Western Maryland Railroad, for recon- 
verting passenger coach used in the hospital train, were pre- 
sented as follows : $0.59.90, $71.24, |3.12, .f 29.01— total, 17033.27. 
The Chairman laid before the Committee letters from the 
Pennsylvania Railroad and the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad, 
stating that they had no bills against the Council for recon- 
verting the coaches loaned by them The letter from General 
Gray, in reference to the Western Maryland coach, was read, 
and the Committee voted tliat tlie four bills of the Western 
Maryland Railroad should be paid. 

The rei)ort of the Council as printed was considered, and it 
was ordered that the report should be brought up to include 
the full proceedings of the Council to the day of dissolution, 
and that it should be reprinted. The Committee ordered that 
three hundred copies be bound, at a cost of fifty cents each. 

330 



The Secretary reported that the only outstanding accounts 
of money due the Council were the following: 

War Camp Community Service — 

Appropriation, $7,500. Rfturns, $2,287.05. 
Seed Account — 

Appropriatiou, $7,000. Returns, $2,605.95. 

A letter from Col. Stuart S. Janney, Chairman of the War 
Records Commission, on behalf of the Commission, requested 
that to the monies appropriated for the Historical Division, 
the sum of |5,000 be added, and turned over to the War Rec- 
ords Commission for the historical work. This matter was 
fully discussed and attention was centered on the wording of 
the Act which created the War Records Commission and which 
read : "It shall be the duty of the Maryland Council of Defense, 

when this Act takes effect , also to turn over to the 

Commission any unexpended balances in its hands which had 
been set aside to pay for the work of collecting war records," 
The members of the Committee expressed entire favor with the 
purpose of Colonel Janney's request, but they could not see 
how they could make this new appropriation after the Legisla- 
ture had acted and after the Commission had been duly organ- 
ized. It was with regret, therefore, that they felt compelled 
to refuse it. 

A letter from Dr. William H. Welch, thanking the Commit- 
tee for his diploma for services, was read, and the Committee 
directed that it be printed in the report of the Council. 

The following resolution, offered by Judge Urner, seconded 
by Mr. Dennis, was passed unanimously : 

RESOLVED, That tlie Chairman of the Executive Committee be 
g:iven full authority to close up the work of the Committee, and 
of the Maryland Council of Defense, and to turn over to the 
Treasurer, after all monies appropriated at this meeting have been 
paid, all monies in hand, and to the Board of Public Works all 
accounts due, unless instructed otherwise by the Governor, on or 
before June 30, 1920. 

The Committee directed that the minutes and the Auditor's 
reports be filed with the Board of Public Works at Annapolis, 
and that the records, data, papers and documents connected 
with the collection of war records be turned over to the War 
Records Commission. 

331 



Judge Umer offered the following, which was seconded by 
Mr. Dennis and adopted unanimously: 

The Seci'etary is requestetl to make the following entry in the 
minutes of the final meeting of the Executive Committee of the 
Maryland Council of Defense: 

The members of the Committee record their grateful appre- 
ciation of the service to the State and Nation rendered by their 
Chairman, General Waters, and of the spirit of patriotic devotion 
in which he performed the arduous duties of the Chairmanship, 
the great ability with which he presidetl over and aided the deliber- 
ations of the Committee, and the unfailing courtesy and consider- 
ation which characterized his relations with its members. 

Judge Urner stated that the minute did not and could not 
contain the full appreciation of the members of the Committee 
for the splendid work of the Chairman and, especially, it could 
not express the strong personal affection which had grown 
up in the progress of the work of the Maryland Council. Mr, 
Dennis said the great success of the Council's work had been 
mainly due to the leadership and inspiration of the Chairman. 

General Waters, in thanking the members of the Committee 
for the minute and the personal expressions accompanying it, 
said that he could not adequately convey to those with wliom 
he had associated on the Committee his appreciation of the 
splendid things which they were good enough to say of him in 
the minute. '*We have as members of this Committee grown 
closer together as men, with warmer feelings of friendship for 
one another as we continued our work Sad though the pur- 
pose of our duties has been, I regard it as a glorious experience 
to have been associated in them with men of such splendid char- 
acter. Do not feel, I beg you, that I am undertaking to fitly 
express my appreciation; I can only say again that I thank 
you for the loyalty, the faithfulness and the determination of 
your support of my efforts to successfully manage the affairs 
of the Council, and without such support my efforts would have 
been absolutely futile. 

"^With all my heart, gentlemen, I thank you for your gener- 
ous expressions of appreciation of my services." 

Mr. Dennis: "No chairman ever had greater affection and 
regard." 

General Waters: "You have given me absolutely faithful 
support." 

833 



Judge Urner: ''You have had the complete confidence in 
every respect of every member of the Committee." 

CJeneral Waters: "I thank you, gentlemen, with all my heart, 
and I think in years to come it will be a satisfaction to those 
who care for us to remember that we did the work of the State 
as members of the Maryland Council of Defense." 

The folloT\ang resolution, offered by Mr. Dennis and second- 
ed by Judge Urner, was adopted unanimously : 

RESOLVED, That the cordial thauks of the Executive Committee 
of the Maryland Council of Defeuse are hereby extended to Mr. Lynn 
R. Meekins for his faithful, efficient and highly successful services 
as Secretary of the Committee during the momentous period of 
its existence, and he is assured of the best wishes of all the mem- 
l>ers of the Committee for his future welfare." 

The members paid individual tributes to the work of the 
Secretary. The Chairman said these tributes were deserved, 
because the Secretary had been faithful to his work and 
had performed it in a high spirit of patriotism and with 
great intelligence. The Secretary expressed his thanks for 
their appreciation and personal kindness and for the co-opera- 
tion he had found among all the members of the Committee. 

The Committee then adjourned sine die. 

Closing the Council's Accounts 

.lune 30, 1920. 
Flon. John M. Dennis 

Treasurer of Maryland, 
Annapolis, Md. 
My dear Mr. Dennis : 

I have the honor to enclose herewith voucher check No. G669 for 
^7.fK)7.30 on the Union Trust Company of Maryland, it being the balance 
in full in the treasury of the Maryland Council of Defense, as shown by 
the attached reiwrt of the State Auditor. 

The form of receipt which I enclose and which I ask you to sign and 
return, was prepared, by the Attorney-General. 

I also enclose for your information a copy of my letter to the Gov- 
ernor. 

We return our most cordial thanks for the courtesy of your office in 
our work for the State, and we wish you and your staff all prosperity 
and happiness. 

Ver.v trul.v .vours. 

FRANCLS E. WATERS, 

Chairman. 

333 



June 30, 1020. 
Hon. Albert C. Ritchie, 
Governor of Maryland, 
Annapolis, Md. 
My dear Governor Ritchie: 

Following your esteemed letter of June 0th. 1020, dissolving the Mary- 
land Council of Defense on .June 30th, 1020. the Elxecutive Committee 
held a meeting .June 1.5th and wound up its affairs. 

We have this day turned over to the Treasurer of Maryland a cheek 
for $7,007.30, on the Union Trust Company of Maryland, lieing the bal- 
ance in full remaining in the treasury of the Council of Defense, as 
shown by the report of the State Auditor accompanying our communi- 
cation. 

There ren)ains in the hands of the Comptroller the sum of $!)0,0O.5 of 
the first million-dollar war loan. The second loan of a million dollars 
was not issued. 

We have paid over to the War Records Conuuission, as directed by 
the Act of 1020. Chapter 02, the sum of .$14.1(;4.<;8. 

We have disposed of our records as directe<l by you and by Chapter 
92, Act of 1020. 

The only accounts due the Council are balances from the War Camp 
Community Service and from the Seed Fund, both of which have been 
turned over to the Board of Public \Vorks. 

With warm ai)preciation and deep sincerity, we thank you for your 
great courtesy and your approval of the Conuuittee's work, and we 
unite cordially in our best wishes for your health and happiness. 

Yours very truly, 

FRANCIS E. WATERS, 

Chairman. 



June 30, 1020. 
Received of the Maryland Council of Defense the .sum of 
Seven Thousand, Nine Hundred and Seven Dollars and Thirty 
Cents (17,007.30), being in full of the balance of cash in the 
liands of said Maryland Council of Defense ui)on tliis date, as 
8hown by the audit of the State Auditor of the accounts of said 
Council, which is hereto attached. 

John M, Dennis, 
P Treasurer of Manjlfuid. 

334 



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